Swirling effects on the performance of the micro-particle acceleration and penetration: parametric studies

A unique biomedical delivery system (biolistics), for micro-sized powder formulation of drugs (typically protein- and/or DNA-based macromolecules) to be effectively and efficiently delivered into human skin or mucosal tissue for the treatment of a scope of diseases, has been proposed. One of the key concerns for designing and evaluating the biolistic system is to warrant that micro-particles are accelerated and penetrated in to the skin with a controllable velocity range and uniform spatial distribution for optimal targeting the cells of interest. In this paper, we numerically interrogate the performance of a prototype biolistic device, designed for a uniform micro-particle acceleration and penetration. Swirling effects on the gas-particle dynamics, the particle acceleration and penetration as well as the device performance are presented and interpreted. Variations of the micro-particle velocity range and spatial distribution with swirl ratios are examined. The ability of the micro-particles penetrating in to a model skin target is demonstrated and discussed.     

超音速喷管内准一维气相流动建模与数值模拟

通过理论分析建立考虑壁面摩擦和换热影响的喷管内气相准一维流动数理模型,在气动方程组矢通量分裂基础上,采用有限差分方法对其变体形式进行离散,空间导数采用五阶精度WENO格式,时间导数采用三阶精度三步TVD龙格库塔方法,在Fortran平台上进行编程和计算,进行模型方法验证和参数研究。结果表明,在适当选取摩擦修正因子时,数值模拟与实验数据吻合较好,验证了数理模型、数值计算与求解方法的有效性。喷管半扩张角增大时,出口气流速度和马赫数增大,而静压减小;进口总温提高时,出口速度显著升高,但由于壁面摩擦和换热加剧,相应的出口马赫数会减小;进口总压提高时,出口气流速度并不显著增大;壁面温度升高时,出口气流速度和马赫数均减小。     

Effect of thrust on supersonic gas jet penetration in gas-solid fluidized beds

Most of the jet penetration studies in gas-solid fluidized beds are for subsonic gas jets, for which many correlations can be found in the literature. In this work, horizontal supersonic gas jets, produced by convergent-divergent nozzles, have been studied, and the intent was to investigate the relationship between the thrust produced by supersonic nozzles and the jet penetration. Different nozzle geometries were used, with three gases having different characteristics (air, helium and carbon dioxide) and at different pressures. All the experimental runs were performed with silica sand particles with the same particle size distribution, and the fluidization velocity was set at a constant value of 0.09 m/s.Jet penetration was measured with a set of triboelectric probes, and it was found that the correlation proposed by Merry, although originally developed for subsonic gas jets, fits really well the experimental results. It was also confirmed that jet penetration displays a strong correlation with the thrust produced by the convergent-divergent nozzles.A correlation originally proposed by Benjelloun's has been modified and the corrected correlation gives the best predictions for gas jet penetration     

薄板坯连铸浸入式水口结构数值模拟

使用有限元计算方法开展薄板坯连铸浸入式水口流场的研究 ,分别对水口不同浸入深度的流场分布、水口出口不同角度的流场分布进行计算。结果发现 :水口的浸入深度在 30 0mm时较为合理 ;水口的出口角度以R1 5、60°、45°为宜     

超声速气体浸没射流的数值计算和实验

从实验和数值计算两方面研究了超声速气体射流在水中的喷射过程.用高速摄影机拍摄了三维水下超声速气体射流的流场.针对实验工况,基于VOF方法,建立水下超声速气体射流的二维轴对称数值计算模型,并开展了相关数值模拟.成功模拟了射流初期气泡运动演化的复杂过程;分析了水下超声速气体欠膨胀射流的流场结构,包括流场的压力和速度等参数分布以及变化规律.数值结果与实验结果对比得知数值计算结果不仅与实验数据吻合较好,而且给出了实验中没有发现的激波、膨胀波等流场结构.     

Numerical simulation of cavitation in the conical-spray nozzle for diesel premixed charge compression ignition engines

The conical-spray injector is capable of achieving lean mixture with high homogeneity in the cylinder for diesel Premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engine with advanced injection timing. To better understand the cavitating flow inside the conical-spray injector, numerical simulations have been conducted by using a mixture multiphase model and a full cavitation model in this study. The results indicate that the cavitation evolution significantly affects the liquid sheet thickness and velocity at nozzle exit, which further change the spray angle and droplet Sauter mean diameter (SMD) dramatically. Based on the cavitation distribution inside the nozzle, the cavitating flow inside the conical-spray nozzle can be classified into four regimes with no cavitation, cavitation inception at inlet, developing cavitation at nozzle exit and super cavitation respectively. The extension of cavitation to nozzle exit in the super cavitation regime significantly improves the fuel atomization by increasing the injection velocity and decreasing the thickness of the liquid sheet. A cavitation map for the conical-spray injector has been developed by sweeping the ambient pressure and injection pressure simultaneously. It is found that the phenomenon of super cavitation only occurs in a narrow region where ambient pressure is very low. Therefore, the start of injection timing should be kept well before top dead center (TDC) to ensure the occurrence of super cavitation inside the nozzle in order to provide more homogeneous fuel/air mixture for diesel PCCI engines.     

Swirling flow of natural gas in supersonic separators

The supersonic swirling separator is a new apparatus for offshore and subsea natural gas separation, due to its lightweight and the viability of unmanned operation. A new supersonic swirling separator was designed for the numerical calculation, in which a central body was inserted based on the principle of conservation of angular momentum. Axial and radial distribution of the main parameters of natural gas flow was investigated with RNG K-? turbulence model. The effects of the shock waves on the natural gas flow fields were analyzed in the supersonic separator. The results show that water and heavy hydrocarbons can be separated from natural gas due to the low temperature and high centrifugal field. The non-uniformity of radial distribution of the gas dynamic parameters significantly affects the gas/liquid separation. The position of the shock wave determines the distribution of the temperature, which has a great influence on the re-evaporation of liquid droplets.     

天然气部分氧化炉的数值模拟

采用CFD模拟计算高温高压下天然气部分氧化炉。通过冷态模拟计算喷嘴端部区域的回流情况,并以此作为确定喷嘴结构的判据之一;通过热态模拟计算研究天然气部分氧化炉内的速度、温度、组分浓度分布,其出口气体组成和温度与通用过程模拟软件AspenPlus的模拟结果吻合。说明模拟结果是准确的,可用于辅助解决实际工程问题。     

Numerical investigation and improvement strategy of flow characteristics inside supersonic separator

In order to study the flow behavior and optimize separation performance, a three-dimensional numerical model of an improved supersonic separator was developed. The proposed model takes into account the compressible and strong swirling effect. Four widely-used turbulence models include Sparlart–Allmaras model, realizable k–ε model, shear-stress transport (SST) k–ω model, and Reynolds stress model (RSM) were validated and compared by the experimental date reported in the literature. The comparison results indicated that RSMs have great potential to predict the flow inside supersonic separator. Based on the established numerical model, the distribution of critical parameters such as temperature, pressure, and Mach number was obtained. The influence of the pressure loss ratio on the shockwave location occurred at the divergence section of the Laval nozzle was systematically studied. Analysis about the relationship between the pressure effect and shock wave location was carried out to explore the principal factors that limit the performance of the supersonic separator.     

硅砖成型用摩擦压砖机及烧成用天然气烧嘴的改造

为了节能降耗,降本控费,对硅砖成型生产中能源利用率低和存在跑风、漏风现象的摩擦压砖机的传动系统、阀门和输气管道进行了一系列的改造;同时对硅砖烧成隧道窑天然气烧嘴的喷枪及旋流片也进行了一系列改造,从而降低了硅砖生产成本及烧成费用。     

超音速气流粉碎机喷嘴的模拟与实验研究

采用Matlab软件,利用工程热力学的知识设计实验室气流粉碎装置的喷嘴结构和参数,用Fluent流体模拟软件对所设计喷嘴进行流场模拟,并以此对所设计喷嘴的效果进行检验.讨论了顶锥角对超音速喷嘴的影响.通过模拟比较得到,入口压力3.5MPa、入口直径为6mm的喷嘴为设计的最佳喷嘴.对于设计出的超音速喷嘴,顶锥角在8°～12°之间变化时,对喷嘴的性能影响不大.用所设计的喷嘴对重质碳酸钙进行粉碎实验的研究,证明了所设计的喷嘴的粉碎能力,同时得到了其粉碎重质碳酸钙的最佳工艺参数:即在入口压力为3.8MPa,靶距为25mm,管距为1 mm的工艺条件下,可将平均粒径为300μm的重质碳酸钙粉碎至20μm以下.     

Numerical analysis of penetration lengths in submerged supercritical water jets

“Hydrothermal spallation drilling” is a possible alternative drilling technology that uses the properties of certain rock types to disintegrate into small fragments when heated up rapidly by a hot impinging fluid jet. Hot supercritical water jets are favored to provide the required heat for thermal rock fragmentation. However, the indispensable presence of a dense water-based drilling fluid during operation can cause considerable heat losses in the supercritical water jet before impingement on the rock surface. To predict these heat losses from the hot jet to the cold aqueous environment, a numerical model based on the commercial CFD tool ANSYS FLUENT^® was established. Penetration lengths of the supercritical jet plume at near-critical pressures were determined numerically and validated with experimental values for a wide range of conditions. Experiments and simulations showed an acceptable agreement and the experimental trends were satisfactorily predicted by the model.     

地沟油生物柴油在旋流喷嘴中的雾化实验及模拟

对地沟油生物柴油在旋流雾化喷嘴中的内部流场及外部流场进行数值模拟,考察了喷嘴孔径、旋流芯螺距、螺柱槽道横截面积和槽道形状等结构参数对出口雾化速度及索特平均直径的影响,通过实验对模型进行了验证。结果表明,0.7 mm孔径的喷嘴的韦伯数最大,索特平均直径与雾化锥角最优。螺距4 mm的喷嘴雾化特性最优,旋流芯螺距越小,流体在喷嘴内旋流次数越多,阻力损失越大,流体在切向分量上速度越大。梯形槽道的雾化效果最好,相同横截面积下槽道的水力直径越大,雾化效果越好;截面积1 mm2槽道的喷嘴最优,槽道横截面积越小,流体在槽道中的湍流程度越大,流体内部剪切应力越大,液体表面不稳定波急剧增大。     

环形喷嘴预混无焰燃烧的数值模拟(英文)

This paper reports an investigation of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) on the influence of injection momentum rate of premixed air and fuel on the flameless Moderate or Intense Low oxygen Dilution (MILD) combustion in a recuperative furnace. Details of the furnace flow velocity, temperature, O2, CO2 and NOx concentrations are provided. Results obtained suggest that the flue gas recirculation plays a vital role in establishing the premixed MILD combustion. It is also revealed that there is a critical mo-mentum rate of the fuel-air mixture below which MILD combustion does not occur. Moreover, the momentum rate appears to have less significant influence on conventional global combustion than on MILD combustion.     

中间包透气上水口的研制与使用

本文介绍了中间包用新型透气上水口的研制过程、生产工艺及在钢厂的使用情况。     

Ablation mechanism of carbon/carbon composites in internal flow field comprising supersonic multiphase flow coupled with ground simulation supersonic ablation

A supersonic multiphase flow was coupled with a ground simulation supersonic ablation test system to evaluate internal flow-field ablation/erosion performances of three-dimensional four-way braided carbon/carbon (C/C) composites. The results showed that the C/C composite mass and linear ablation rates were 0.0123 g/s and 0.0106 mm/s, respectively, in the supersonic inner flow-field ablation environment wherein kerosene and oxygen were completely burned. The overall material ablation was dominated by mechanical ablation accompanied by some C/CO₂ and C/H₂O thermal oxidation ablations. With increasing oxygen enrichment, the composite mass and line ablation rates considerably increased to 0.0158 g/s and 0.0161 mm/s, respectively, in the 10%-oxygen-enriched internal flow-field ablation environment. And the composite thermal oxidation ablation was dominated by C/O₂ and supplemented by C/CO₂ and C/H₂O reactions accompanied by rapid-airflow-induced mechanical erosion. In addition, the condensed-phase particle-induced erosion considerably reduced the C/C composite ablation resistance in the supersonic internal flow-field ablation environment.     

催化裂化再生器树枝状气体分布器喷嘴的射流特性

在催化裂化装置中再生器底部通常设置有树枝状管式气体分布器,通过分布器上的喷嘴分布气体。但在实际运行过程中喷嘴常出现布气不均和磨损问题,影响其自身的布气性能和使用寿命。为此,在二维床实验装置上针对喷嘴的射流特性进行了实验研究。实验物料为FCC催化剂颗粒,喷嘴出口气速范围为30～70 m·s^-1,喷嘴喷射角度范围为0°～67.5°。实验用摄影观察法测量喷嘴射流的射流长度和附近的流场流态。实验结果表明射流长度随喷嘴气速和喷射角度的增大而变长。射流气体在向上翻转过程中,在树枝状管式气体分布器两分支管之间产生旋转涡流现象,旋转涡流的大小与喷嘴出口气速和安装角度有密切关系。最后基于实验数据,建立了喷嘴射流长度的计算模型。     

A new liquefaction method for natural gas by utilizing cold energy and separating power of swirl nozzle

A swirl nozzle with a central body was newly designed to make full use of the cold energy and separating power, and the coupling of swirling flow and condensation was realized based on a condensation model, a droplet surface tension model and a Reynolds stress model turbulence model. The flow and condensation characteristics of methane gas under supersonic swirling flow conditions were studied. The results show that the flow and condensation parameter distribution in the swirl nozzle are similar under varying swirling intensities, but the swirling performance improves with the increase in swirling intensity, and a tangential velocity is beneficial before the gas enters the nozzle. As the inlet temperature decreases or the inlet pressure increases, the liquefaction efficiency increases, and the gas condensation process can be promoted. With the advancement of the initial nucleation position and the increase in the droplet radius, the separation efficiency of the swirl nozzle increases.     

水辅助注塑中高压水穿透过程的数值模拟

对水辅助注塑(WAIM)中高压水的穿透过程进行有限元模拟,研究熔体的充模行为,并分析其拉伸场和剪切场。结果显示,高压水推动熔体充模的过程可分为填充初期、快速填充期和填充末期3个阶段;较明显的拉伸应变速率仅出现在高压水前沿和熔体前沿区域;高压水前沿区域存在分布较宽且较为强烈的剪切速率,而高压水对已穿透区域的熔体几乎没有剪切作用。此外,模拟所得WAIM制品的穿透长度和掏空率与实验结果较吻合。