Friction measurement in dense phase plug flow analysis

Pneumatic conveying, employing the dense phase plug flow regimen, is largely used to transport bulk solids. This process permits the conveying of large amounts of material in economical manner with less particle and pipe degradation compared to dilute phase conveying. By using an experimental system with special measurement devices and different materials of construction and transport, the friction between the material being transported and the pipe wall, the actual motion of the particles was determined, and the degree of fluidization were estimated. This information permits more accurate modeling of dense phase plug flow providing basic parameters to insert in existing and developing models.     

Computation of wall to suspension heat transfer in vertical pipes

In this article, turbulent gas-solid flow in a vertical pipe is investigated for predicting the heat transfer from the heated wall to the suspension. The Eulerian-Eulerian model is used, incorporating a four-way coupling; i.e., considering inter-particle collisions as well as particle-wall collisions. Both the phases are simulated based on Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS) with a two-equation k ? ? turbulence model for the gas phase and a granular temperature equation for the solid phase. The closure of the granular temperature (kinetic energy associated with the random motion of the particles) equation is done by the use of kinetic theory of granular flows. The main objective of the study is to investigate the variations of two-phase heat-transfer coefficient and Nusselt number with flow parameters like flow Reynolds number, particulate loading, and particle size. In comparison to single-phase flow, heat transfer is found to be significantly increased with the increase in Reynolds number and particulate loading. This happens because of the presence of the solid particles in a gas flow, which bring changes to the heat-transfer characteristics of the gas phase. Heat transfer increased by adding solid particles for particulate loading in the range of 1 to 20 and particle size in the range of 30 to 50 µm.     

Flow characteristics and pressure drop across the Laval nozzle in dense phase pneumatic conveying of the pulverized coal

Experimental studies were performed to describe the physical phenomena occurring in dense phase pneumatic conveying of the pulverize coal with a Laval nozzle installed in the pipeline. The maximal coal mass flow rate decreased from 0.87 kg/s to 0.35 kg/s and an obvious decrease in the solids loading ratio was revealed after the Laval nozzle was installed. In addition, the Laval nozzle showed a better capacity of resisting disturbance, which made it easier to control the coal mass flow rate precisely and promoted the stable conveying process. These specific physical phenomena were proved to result from the high pressure drop of the Laval nozzle. Thereby, a mathematic model was developed to predict the two-phase pressure drop across the Laval nozzle. The pressure drop model described the experimental data within the 15% deviation. The main influence factors contributing to the pressure drop of the Laval nozzle were discussed using the model. Then the effects of gas mass flow rate, solids loading ratio, convergence angle, throat diameter and throat length were revealed.     

A particle-to-particle heat transfer model for dense gas-solid fluidized bed of binary mixture

A particle-to-particle collisional heat transfer model in the frame of Eulerian-Eulerian approach was proposed in this paper. By incorporating it into the multi-fluid model to close the enthalpy equations, the heat transfer between different particle classes in a gas bubbling fluidized bed of binary mixture was investigated, based on the CFD simulations of particle mixing in literature (Cooper and Coronella, 2005). The results showed that the particle-to-particle heat exchange coefficient between different particle classes increases with increasing the size of large particle class and the superficial gas velocity. The ratios of the particle-to-particle heat transfer to the gas-to-particle heat transfer range from 8.04% to 15.0% for various calculating conditions. In order to better understand the heat transfer behavior in a dense gas-solid fluidized of binary mixture, it is important to take the particle-to-particle heat transfer into account.     

纵向涡强化圆管内换热的数值模拟及性能分析

对布置有涡发生器小翼对的圆管内部湍流流动和强化传热特性进行了三维数值模拟。研究了涡发生器的形状和对数对流动传热特性的影响并采用综合性能指标进行优化。结果表明：涡发生器后横截面上产生的多纵向涡结构使管内流体混合更加充分,促进了壁面边界层与主流的动量和能量交换,提高了传热强度。每排4对矩形小翼时的换热性能最好,Nusselt数比光管平均提高了27.2%。相同形状下,每排4对涡发生器的综合性能均高于每排3对;相同对数下,梯形小翼的综合性能最好,三角形小翼次之,矩形小翼最差。每排4对梯形小翼时的整体综合性能最优,性能评价标准达到了0.97～1.07。     

空气横掠中空纤维膜管束的流动与传热性能

采用标准k-ε模型和增强壁面函数法对空气横掠中空纤维膜管束的强制对流换热进行数值模拟。采用SIMPLEC算法求解速度场和压力场的耦合,守恒方程采用二阶迎风格式离散。计算得到了不同管间距比下的管束平均Nusselt数和阻力系数。分析了纵横管间距比及Reynolds数的改变对管束平均Nusselt数和阻力系数的影响。     

单弓折流板管壳式换热器壳程局部传热及流阻研究

对半圆形单弓折流板管壳式换热器壳侧局部传热性能、局部流速及阻力进行了实验研究,测量结果表明,其壳侧局部传热膜系数的变化规律与相应点速率变化规律相一致。所取24个测量位置点分布较为合理,基本上反映了换热器局部相应换热及流场分布规律。同时归纳出换热器壳侧的平均努塞尔准数Nu与雷诺准数Re的关联式及流动阻力系数f与雷诺准数Re的关联式,为换热器的实际运用提供了参考依据。     

椭圆管矩形翅片空冷器流体流动与传热特性数值分析

对电站空冷器椭圆管矩形翅片空气侧的流动与传热特性进行了数值模拟,分析了翅片间距、翅片厚度、迎面风速以及环境温度对翅片侧流体与壁面之间的表面传热系数以及流动阻力的影响。数值模拟结果表明：随着迎面风速的增加,表面传热系数和流动阻力显著增加;翅片间距对表面传热系数影响不大,但对流动阻力和总散热量的影响显著;表面传热系数和流动阻力随翅片厚度的增加呈单调增加的趋势。本文数值模拟结果可为电站空冷器的设计与实验提供参考。     

Numerical modelling of hydrothermal fluid flow and heat transfer in a tubular heat exchanger under near critical conditions

Continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis processes are of interest for the manufacture of nanoparticle metal oxides. In such processes, nanoparticle nuclei (in a slurry) which are initially formed, may continue to grow and agglomerate to generate larger particles as they pass through the synthesis apparatus. These processes can widen the size distribution and also affect the ultimate particle shape in the recovered product. Therefore, fast cooling or quenching the initial nanoparticle slurry using a highly efficient heat exchanger may minimise or stop further crystallisation/agglomeration processes. This may be achieved by optimising the design of the heat exchanger based on detailed examination of flow patterns and heat transfer profiles using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling approach. The predicted flow and heat transfer patterns in the heat exchanger can also provide detailed information for the identification of any heat transfer deterioration or hot spots where further reactions may occur. This paper employs a CFD modelling approach to simulate the heat transfer processes in a tubular heat exchanger of a continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis system and also to examine the effect of various operating conditions, including inlet temperature and flowrate of hot slurry and inlet flowrate of cooling water, on the fluid and thermal features in the heat exchanger. The simulated results show that the predicted temperature and heat transfer coefficient are in good agreement with experimental measurements.     

三分螺旋折流板换热器内二次流分布与强化传热关系分析

通过对倾斜角35°首尾相连的三分螺旋折流板换热器的数值模拟,展示了其壳侧通道内流体在典型切面上的流场和流线分布,以及典型切面上典型直线的流动和换热参数分布,并与性能测试结果进行了对比。结果表明,数值模拟结果与实验结果是吻合的。螺旋折流板形成的近似螺旋通道,使换热器壳侧流体受离心力和向心力共同作用形成了迪恩涡二次流,且在每个螺旋周期内都存在;二次流增强了主流区域流体与靠近壁面流体的掺混,使得壳侧典型切面上中心线和折流板外缘直线的轴向速度较大;除主流中心区域外,壳侧流体在二次流的作用下具有均匀的湍流动能;二次流所在区域内,壳侧同心柱面内典型直线上换热系数相差不大,但由于二次流能使其附近区域传热面上的流体得到不断卷吸掺混,由此强化传热。     

不同气候条件下相变屋顶传热性能数值分析

相变墙体可以有效降低建筑能耗并提高热舒适性。相变屋顶多孔砖内部填充相变温度为25~33℃的石蜡,引入考虑辐射与空气温度的等效温度,本文利用高性能计算显卡（GPU）加速基于焓法的多松弛时间格子玻尔兹曼算法（MRT-LBM）,分析了2020年8月典型天气下中国7个城市应用不同相变温度的石蜡对屋顶热响应特性的影响。采用相变温度为27℃的石蜡进行研究,结果表明,上海地区相变屋顶中的石蜡没有发生相变,空调运行期间由屋顶进入室内单位面积的热量高达324.3kJ/m²;成都地区相变屋顶中的石蜡液化率变化最大为30%,内表面温度在25.6~27.3℃波动,温差仅为1.7℃,由屋顶进入室内单位面积的热量仅为50.9kJ/m²;武汉和北京地区的液相率变化很接近,其相变时间达到全天的50%,对应的由屋顶进入室内单位面积的热量为上海地区的0.37倍;昆明与哈尔滨地区屋顶内表面温度波动分别达到4.5℃与4.4℃,但对应的温度均在28℃以内;广州地区相变屋顶中的石蜡几乎没有发生相变,室内温度波动幅度为成都的2.6倍。北京、成都、武汉和昆明地区适合采用相变温度为27℃的石蜡,而广州、上海和哈尔滨地区适合采用相变温度为29℃、31℃和25℃的石蜡。本文工作可为相变建筑优化设计提供参考。     

Mass transfer around freely moving active particles in the dense phase of a gas fluidized bed of inert particles

The mass transfer coefficient around freely moving active particles under bubbling/slugging fluidized bed conditions was measured in a lab-scale reactor. The technique used for the measurements consisted in the oxidation reaction of carbon monoxide at over one or few Pt catalyst spheres immersed in an inert bed of sand. It was shown that this technique is simple and accurate, and allows to overcome most of the difficulties and uncertainties associated with other available techniques. The experimental campaign was carried out by varying the fluidization velocity (0.15-0.90 m/s), the active particle size (1.0-10.0 mm) and the inert particle size (0.1-1.4 mm). Results were analyzed in terms of the particle Sherwood number. Experimental data showed that Sh is not influenced by the fluidization velocity and by a change of regime from bubbling to slugging, whereas it increases with a square root dependence with the minimum fluidization velocity and with the active particle size. These results strongly suggest that the active particles only reside in the dense phase and never enter the bubble/slug phase. Data were excellently fitted by a Frössling-type correlation:

Sh=2.0·ε_mf+K·(Re_mf/ε_mf)^1/2·Sc^1/3     

淬火过程流动与传递现象数值模拟

根据淬火过程中多相流动与传热的特点,提出了简化模型。基于两相流体动力学及流固耦合传热建立了流动与传热方程。推导出了计算模型并结合大型软件Fluent进行了用户子程序（UDF）设计,利用此方法对影响流动与沸腾传热的几个因素进行了数值研究,数值计算结果与理论分析吻合。最后对金属铝块的淬火过程进行了计算,计算得到的金属表面测点温度随时间变化历程与文献中实验数据误差在15%以下,表明计算方法可行并且把握了物理过程的本质。     

柱形流化床传热特性的数值模拟

对Shedid等搭建的圆柱体流化床采用欧拉?欧拉法进行三维数值模拟,考察了颗粒球形度、表观进气速度和床料初始堆积高度对流化床内垂直加热壁面与流动床料之间对流传热特性的影响,采用有效导热系数分别计算气相和固相的对流传热系数。结果表明,随表观进气速度增大,流化床内颗粒物料湍流运动加剧,加热壁面平均温度和流体平均温度下降,壁面流体间传热平均温度差减小,壁面流体间对流传热系数增大;随初始床料高度增加,流化床内颗粒与加热壁面的接触面积增大,导致固相平均对流传热系数增大。     

CFD analysis of flow pattern and heat transfer in direct contact steam condensation

Direct contact steam condensation used in steam jet injectors, and direct contact feed water heaters, has been studied using CFD simulations. Fairly good agreement has been obtained, with the available experimental data of plume length and the profiles of axial and radial temperature. Further, critical analyses have been carried out for all the published semi-empirical models and correlations. In addition, CFD analysis has been extended to examine the role of nozzle diameter and geometry, on heat transfer phenomenon which governs the direct contact steam condensation phenomenon. A new hydrodynamic model has been formulated which estimates the interfacial area available for condensation. A rational correlation has been developed for the estimation of interfacial area, expressed in terms of Nusselt number (Nu), Reynolds number (Re), Prandtl number (Pr) and ratio of viscosity of steam and water.     

双套管双管板换热器流动及传热性能数值模拟

采用CFD软件方法,研究双套管双管板换热器传热及流动特性.对隔绝腔连同内外套管的环形间隙内分别充入空气、水、甲苯气体和氩气4种介质进行模拟.结果表明:不同介质对传热有不同影响,充入水时的换热效果最好,甲苯气体的最差;壳程介质在流体接管进、出口附近存在回流和绕流且速度较小,管程介质流动较为均匀,受壁面边界层影响,速度在管...     

Inter-particle heat transfer in a riser of gas-solid turbulent flows

Effects of the particle-particle heat transfer in a gas-solid turbulent flow in a riser were evaluated. An Eulerian/Lagrangian four-way interaction formulation including the particle collisions in conjunction with the k − τ and the k_θ − τ_θ model equations were used in the numerical simulation. Inter-particles and particle-wall interactions were accounted for with an inelastic collision model, where the restitution coefficient was evaluated for each collision. The special case when the flow initially contains two groups of hot and cold particles was treated in details. Particular attention was given to the nature of heat transfer to particles due to inter-particle interactions. The results showed that the effect of particle-particle heat transfer was more significant for smaller sizes, lower flow Reynolds numbers, and for higher loading ratios. Solid thermal properties, however, did not have a noticeable effect on the inter-particle heat transfer. The simulation results indicates that although the heat transferred to each group of hot and cold particles was significant, the mean values of gas and particle temperatures and suspension heat transfer was insensitive to the inter-particle heat transfer.     

Numerical study of the flow pattern and heat transfer enhancement in oscillatory baffled reactors with helical coil inserts

Oscillatory baffled reactors (OBRs) are a means of process intensification as they allow processes with long residence time to be converted from batch to continuous processing. Helically baffled OBRs have only been developed at “mesoscale” so far, but at this scale have displayed significant advantages in terms of the increased range of conditions over which plug flow is achieved. Scale-up studies are underway to determine whether this is replicated at larger scales. This paper reports fluid mechanical modeling of a helically baffled oscillatory flow for the first time. Time-dependent flow structures induced in tubular reactors have been analyzed on the basis of periodic, laminar flow numerical simulation. A reversing swirled core flow and its interaction with the unsteady mechanism of vortex shedding downstream of the wires has been described. This has allowed greater understanding of the flow structures, which will underpin optimal design and scale-up. The potential for heat transfer enhancement is discussed, considering the compound effect of oscillatory motion and helical coil inserts. The results show that the heat transfer for the helical baffled tube could be enhanced by a factor of 4 compared to a smooth tube in the tested range of oscillation conditions.