基于遗传规划集成学习的网络作弊检测

网络作弊检测是搜索引擎的重要挑战之一,该文提出基于遗传规划的集成学习方法 (简记为GPENL)来检测网络作弊。该方法首先通过欠抽样技术从原训练集中抽样得到t个不同的训练集;然后使用c个不同的分类算法对t个训练集进行训练得到t*c个基分类器;最后利用遗传规划得到t*c个基分类器的集成方式。新方法不仅将欠抽样技术和集成学习融合起来提高非平衡数据集的分类性能,还能方便地集成不同类型的基分类器。在WEBSPAM-UK2006数据集上所做的实验表明无论是同态集成还是异态集成,GPENL均能提高分类的性能,且异态集成比同态集成更加有效;GPENL比AdaBoost、Bagging、RandomForest、多数投票集成、EDKC算法和基于Prediction Spamicity的方法取得更高的F-度量值。     

三种用于垃圾网页检测的随机欠采样集成分类器

针对垃圾网页检测过程中轻微的不平衡分类问题,提出三种随机欠采样集成分类器算法,分别为一次不放回随机欠采样（RUS-once）、多次不放回随机欠采样（RUS-multiple）和有放回随机欠采样（RUS-replacement）算法。首先使用其中一种随机欠采样技术将训练样本集转换成平衡样本集,然后对每个平衡样本集使用分类回归树（CART）分类器算法进行分类,最后采用简单投票法构建集成分类器对测试样本进行分类。实验表明,三种随机欠采样集成分类器均取得了良好的分类效果,其中RUS-multiple和RUS-replacement比RUS-once的分类效果更好。与CART及其Bagging和Adaboost集成分类器相比,在WEBSPAM UK-2006数据集上,RUS-multiple和RUS-replacement方法的AUC指标值提高了10%左右,在WEBSPAM UK-2007数据集上,提高了25%左右;与其他最优研究结果相比,RUS-multiple和RUS-replacement方法在AUC指标上能达到最优分类结果。     

Preprocessed dynamic classifier ensemble selection for highly imbalanced drifted data streams

This work aims to connect two rarely combined research directions, i.e., non-stationary data stream classification and data analysis with skewed class distributions. We propose a novel framework employing stratified bagging for training base classifiers to integrate data preprocessing and dynamic ensemble selection methods for imbalanced data stream classification. The proposed approach has been evaluated based on computer experiments carried out on 135 artificially generated data streams with various imbalance ratios, label noise levels, and types of concept drift as well as on two selected real streams. Four preprocessing techniques and two dynamic selection methods, used on both bagging classifiers and base estimators levels, were considered. Experimentation results showed that, for highly imbalanced data streams, dynamic ensemble selection coupled with data preprocessing could outperform online and chunk-based state-of-art methods.     

基于GAN-AdaBoost-DT不平衡分类算法的信用卡欺诈分类

针对传统单个分类器在不平衡数据上分类效果有限的问题，基于对抗生成网络（GAN）和集成学习方法，提出一种新的针对二类不平衡数据集的分类方法——对抗生成网络-自适应增强-决策树（GAN-AdaBoost-DT）算法。首先，利用GAN训练得到生成模型，生成模型生成少数类样本，降低数据的不平衡性；其次，将生成的少数类样本代入自适应增强（AdaBoost）模型框架，更改权重，改进AdaBoost模型，提升以决策树（DT）为基分类器的AdaBoost模型的分类性能。使用受测者工作特征曲线下面积（AUC）作为分类评价指标，在信用卡诈骗数据集上的实验分析表明，该算法与合成少数类样本集成学习相比，准确率提高了4.5%，受测者工作特征曲线下面积提高了6.5%；对比改进的合成少数类样本集成学习，准确率提高了4.9%，AUC值提高了5.9%；对比随机欠采样集成学习，准确率提高了4.5%，受测者工作特征曲线下面积提高了5.4%。在UCI和KEEL的其他数据集上的实验结果表明，该算法在不平衡二分类问题上能提高总体的准确率，优化分类器性能。     

基于样本密度峰值的不平衡数据欠抽样方法

不平衡数据分类是数据挖掘和机器学习领域的一个重要问题,其中数据重抽样方法是影响分类准确率的一个重要因素。针对现有不平衡数据欠抽样方法不能很好地保持抽样样本与原有样本的分布一致的问题,提出一种基于样本密度峰值的不平衡数据欠抽样方法。首先,应用密度峰值聚类算法估计多数类样本聚成的不同类簇的中心区域和边界区域,进而根据样本所处类簇区域的局部密度和不同密度峰值的分布信息计算样本权重;然后,按照权重大小对多数类样本点进行欠抽样,使所抽取的多数类样本尽可能由类簇中心区域向边界区域逐步减少,在较好地反映原始数据分布的同时又可抑制噪声;最后,将抽取到的多数类样本与所有的少数类样本构成平衡数据集用于分类器的训练。多个数据集上的实验结果表明,与现有的RBBag、uNBBag和KAcBag等欠抽样方法相比,所提方法在F1-measure和G-mean指标上均取得一定的提升,是有效、可行的样本抽样方法。     

一种基于聚类融合欠抽样的不平衡数据分类方法

在面对现实中广泛存在的不平衡数据分类问题时,大多数 传统分类算法假定数据集类分布是平衡的,分类结果偏向多数类,效果不理想。为此,提出了一种基于聚类融合欠抽样的改进AdaBoost分类算法。该算法首先进行聚类融合,根据样本权值从每个簇中抽取一定比例的多数类和全部的少数类组成平衡数据集。使用AdaBoost算法框架,对多数类和少数类的错分类给予不同的权重调整,选择性地集成分类效果较好的几个基分类器。实验结果表明,该算法在处理不平衡数据分类上具有一定的优势。     

Multi-armed bandit heterogeneous ensemble learning for imbalanced data

One of the most widely used approaches to the class-imbalanced issue is ensemble learning. The base classifier is trained using an unbalanced training set in the conventional ensemble learning approach. We are unable to select the best suitable resampling method or base classifier for the training set, despite the fact that researchers have examined employing resampling strategies to balance the training set. A multi-armed bandit heterogeneous ensemble framework was developed as a solution to these issues. This framework employs the multi-armed bandit technique to pick the best base classifier and resampling techniques to build a heterogeneous ensemble model. To obtain training sets, we first employ the bagging technique. Then, we use the instances from the out-of-bag set as the validation set. In general, we consider the basic classifier combination with the highest validation set score to be the best model on the bagging subset and add it to the pool of model. The classification performance of the multi-armed bandit heterogeneous ensemble model is then assessed using 30 real-world imbalanced data sets that were gathered from UCI, KEEL, and HDDT. The experimental results demonstrate that, under the two assessment metrics of AUC and Kappa, the proposed heterogeneous ensemble model performs competitively with other nine state-of-the-art ensemble learning methods. At the same time, the findings of the experiment are confirmed by the statistical findings of the Friedman test and Holm's post-hoc test.     

基于概率阈值Bagging算法的不平衡数据分类方法

类别不平衡问题广泛存在于现实生活中,多数传统分类器假定类分布平衡或误分类代价相等,因此类别不平衡数据严重影响了传统分类器的分类性能。针对不平衡数据集的分类问题,提出了一种处理不平衡数据的概率阈值Bagging分类方法-PT Bagging。将阈值移动技术与Bagging集成算法结合起来,在训练阶段使用原始分布的训练集进行训练,在预测阶段引入决策阈值移动方法,利用校准的后验概率估计得到对不平衡数据分类的最大化性能测量。实验结果表明,PT Bagging算法具有更好的处理不平衡数据的分类优势。     

EUSBoost: Enhancing ensembles for highly imbalanced data-sets by evolutionary undersampling

Classification with imbalanced data-sets has become one of the most challenging problems in Data Mining. Being one class much more represented than the other produces undesirable effects in both the learning and classification processes, mainly regarding the minority class. Such a problem needs accurate tools to be undertaken; lately, ensembles of classifiers have emerged as a possible solution. Among ensemble proposals, the combination of Bagging and Boosting with preprocessing techniques has proved its ability to enhance the classification of the minority class.In this paper, we develop a new ensemble construction algorithm (EUSBoost) based on RUSBoost, one of the simplest and most accurate ensemble, which combines random undersampling with Boosting algorithm. Our methodology aims to improve the existing proposals enhancing the performance of the base classifiers by the usage of the evolutionary undersampling approach. Besides, we promote diversity favoring the usage of different subsets of majority class instances to train each base classifier. Centered on two-class highly imbalanced problems, we will prove, supported by the proper statistical analysis, that EUSBoost is able to outperform the state-of-the-art methods based on ensembles. We will also analyze its advantages using kappa-error diagrams, which we adapt to the imbalanced scenario.     

一种用于非平衡数据分类的集成学习模型

针对非平衡数据分类问题,提出了一种改进的SVM-KNN分类算法,在此基础上设计了一种集成学习模型.该模型采用限数采样方法对多数类样本进行分割,将分割后的多数类子簇与少数类样本重新组合,利用改进的SVM-KNN分别训练,得到多个基本分类器,对各个基本分类器进行组合.采用该模型对UCI数据集进行实验,结果显示该模型对于非平衡数据分类有较好的效果.     

Exploration of classification confidence in ensemble learning

Ensemble learning has attracted considerable attention owing to its good generalization performance. The main issues in constructing a powerful ensemble include training a set of diverse and accurate base classifiers, and effectively combining them. Ensemble margin, computed as the difference of the vote numbers received by the correct class and the another class received with the most votes, is widely used to explain the success of ensemble learning. This definition of the ensemble margin does not consider the classification confidence of base classifiers. In this work, we explore the influence of the classification confidence of the base classifiers in ensemble learning and obtain some interesting conclusions. First, we extend the definition of ensemble margin based on the classification confidence of the base classifiers. Then, an optimization objective is designed to compute the weights of the base classifiers by minimizing the margin induced classification loss. Several strategies are tried to utilize the classification confidences and the weights. It is observed that weighted voting based on classification confidence is better than simple voting if all the base classifiers are used. In addition, ensemble pruning can further improve the performance of a weighted voting ensemble. We also compare the proposed fusion technique with some classical algorithms. The experimental results also show the effectiveness of weighted voting with classification confidence.     

EROS: Ensemble rough subspaces

Ensemble learning is attracting much attention from pattern recognition and machine learning domains for good generalization. Both theoretical and experimental researches show that combining a set of accurate and diverse classifiers will lead to a powerful classification system. An algorithm, called FS-PP-EROS, for selective ensemble of rough subspaces is proposed in this paper. Rough set-based attribute reduction is introduced to generate a set of reducts, and then each reduct is used to train a base classifier. We introduce an accuracy-guided forward search and post-pruning strategy to select part of the base classifiers for constructing an efficient and effective ensemble system. The experiments show that classification accuracies of ensemble systems with accuracy-guided forward search strategy will increase at first, arrive at a maximal value, then decrease in sequentially adding the base classifiers. We delete the base classifiers added after the maximal accuracy. The experimental results show that the proposed ensemble systems outperform bagging and random subspace methods in terms of accuracy and size of ensemble systems. FS-PP-EROS can keep or improve the classification accuracy with very few base classifiers, which leads to a powerful and compact classification system.     

Bagging组合的不平衡数据分类方法

提出一种基于Bagging组合的不平衡数据分类方法CombineBagging,采用少数类过抽样算法SMOTE进行数据预处理,在此基础上利用C-SVM、径向基函数神经网络、Random Forests 3种不同的基分类器学习算法,分别对采样后的数据样本进行Bagging集成学习,通过投票规则集成学习结果。实验结果表明,该方法能够提高少数类的分类准确率,有效处理不平衡数据分类问题。     

Feature selection in single and ensemble learning‐based bankruptcy prediction models

Feature selection is an important data preprocessing step for the construction of an effective bankruptcy prediction model. The prediction performance can be affected by the employed feature selection and classification techniques. However, there have been very few studies of bankruptcy prediction that identify the best combination of feature selection and classification techniques. In this study, two types of feature selection methods, including filter‐ and wrapper‐based methods, are considered, and two types of classification techniques, including statistical and machine learning techniques, are employed in the development of the prediction methods. In addition, bagging and boosting ensemble classifiers are also constructed for comparison. The experimental results based on three related datasets that contain different numbers of input features show that the genetic algorithm as the wrapper‐based feature selection method performs better than the filter‐based one by information gain. It is also shown that the lowest prediction error rates for the three datasets are provided by combining the genetic algorithm with the naïve Bayes and support vector machine classifiers without bagging and boosting.     

结合样本局部密度的非平衡数据集成分类算法

传统的过采样方法是解决非平衡数据分类问题的有效方法之一。基于SMOTE的过采样方法在数据集出现类别重叠(class-overlapping)和小析取项(small-disjuncts)问题时将降低采样的效果,针对该问题提出了一种基于样本局部密度的过采样算法MOLAD。在此基础上,为了解决非平衡数据的分类问题,提出了一种在采样阶段将MOLAD算法和基于Bagging的集成学习结合的算法LADBMOTE。LADBMOTE首先根据MOLAD计算每个少数类样本的K近邻,然后选择所有的K近邻进行采样,生成K个平衡数据集,最后利用基于Bagging的集成学习方法将K个平衡数据集训练得到的分类器集成。在KEEL公开的20个非平衡数据集上,将提出的LADBMOTE算法与当前流行的7个处理非平衡数据的算法对比,实验结果表明LADBMOTE在不同的分类器上的分类性能更好,鲁棒性更强。     

An Experimental Comparison of Three Methods for Constructing Ensembles of Decision Trees: Bagging,Boosting, and Randomization

Bagging and boosting are methods that generate a diverse ensemble of classifiers by manipulating the training data given to a base learning algorithm. Breiman has pointed out that they rely for their effectiveness on the instability of the base learning algorithm. An alternative approach to generating an ensemble is to randomize the internal decisions made by the base algorithm. This general approach has been studied previously by Ali and Pazzani and by Dietterich and Kong. This paper compares the effectiveness of randomization, bagging, and boosting for improving the performance of the decision-tree algorithm C4.5. The experiments show that in situations with little or no classification noise, randomization is competitive with (and perhaps slightly superior to) bagging but not as accurate as boosting. In situations with substantial classification noise, bagging is much better than boosting, and sometimes better than randomization.     

剪枝与欠采样相结合的不平衡数据分类方法*

通过剪枝技术与欠采样技术相结合来选择合适数据,以提高少数类分类精度,研究欠采样技术在不平衡数据集环境下的影响。结果表明,与直接欠采样算法相比,本文算法不仅在accuracy值上有所提高,更重要的是大大改善了g-means值,特别是对非平衡率较大的数据集效果会更好。     

Bagging with Adaptive Costs

Ensemble methods have proven to be highly effective in improving the performance of base learners under most circumstances. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm that combines the merits of some existing techniques, namely, bagging, arcing, and stacking. The basic structure of the algorithm resembles bagging. However, the misclassification cost of each training point is repeatedly adjusted according to its observed out-of-bag vote margin. In this way, the method gains the advantage of arcing-building the classifier the ensemble needs - without fixating on potentially noisy points. Computational experiments show that this algorithm performs consistently better than bagging and arcing with linear and nonlinear base classifiers. In view of the characteristics of bacing, a hybrid ensemble learning strategy, which combines bagging and different versions of bacing, is proposed and studied empirically.     

An exploratory study of mono and multi-objective metaheuristics to ensemble of classifiers

This paper performs an exploratory study of the use of metaheuristic optimization techniques to select important parameters (features and members) in the design of ensemble of classifiers. In order to do this, an empirical investigation, using 10 different optimization techniques applied to 23 classification problems, will be performed. Furthermore, we will analyze the performance of both mono and multi-objective versions of these techniques, using all different combinations of three objectives, classification error as well as two important diversity measures to ensembles, which are good and bad diversity measures. Additionally, the optimization techniques will also have to select members for heterogeneous ensembles, using k-NN, Decision Tree and Naive Bayes as individual classifiers and they are all combined using the majority vote technique. The main aim of this study is to define which optimization techniques obtained the best results in the context of mono and multi-objective as well as to provide a comparison with classical ensemble techniques, such as bagging, boosting and random forest. Our findings indicated that three optimization techniques, Memetic, SA and PSO, provided better performance than the other optimization techniques as well as traditional ensemble generator (bagging, boosting and random forest).     

Attribute bagging: improving accuracy of classifier ensembles by using random feature subsets

We present attribute bagging (AB), a technique for improving the accuracy and stability of classifier ensembles induced using random subsets of features. AB is a wrapper method that can be used with any learning algorithm. It establishes an appropriate attribute subset size and then randomly selects subsets of features, creating projections of the training set on which the ensemble classifiers are built. The induced classifiers are then used for voting. This article compares the performance of our AB method with bagging and other algorithms on a hand-pose recognition dataset. It is shown that AB gives consistently better results than bagging, both in accuracy and stability. The performance of ensemble voting in bagging and the AB method as a function of the attribute subset size and the number of voters for both weighted and unweighted voting is tested and discussed. We also demonstrate that ranking the attribute subsets by their classification accuracy and voting using only the best subsets further improves the resulting performance of the ensemble.