电子散射参数提取的新方法

准确提取电子散射参数是确保纳米级电子束光刻邻近效应校正精度的关键。采用了一种不基于线宽测量和非线性曲线拟合的电子散射参数提取的方法。邻近效应校正的近似函数采用双高斯分布,其中η的提取是基于设计线宽变化与相应曝光剂量之间的线性关系进行拟合而得;α和β的提取则是分别根据前散射和背散射的范围设计特定的提取版图,并根据电子束邻近效应产生的特殊现象进行参数值的确定。根据此方法提取了150nm厚负性HSQ抗蚀剂层在50kV入射电压下的散射参数,并将其应用于邻近效应校正曝光实验中,很好地克服了电子束邻近效应的影响,验证了此方法提取电子束曝光邻近效应校正参数的实用性及准确性。     

用工艺法校正邻近效应:理论与应用

电子束曝光时,由于抗蚀剂层和衬底中电子散射的作用,使抗蚀剂产生不希望的曝光,这种现象就是邻近效应。它导致图形特征尺寸与设计值的差异。这是采用电子束曝光方法制作高分辨率集成电路器件的主要限制。我们采用计算机模拟法研究了邻近效应,并且探索了能改进图形保真度的工艺处理方法。有两种方法能使邻近效应大大减小,即小束径法和多层抗蚀剂技术。这两种方法已经在HP电子束曝光系统上实际试验过。     

SAL601负性电子束抗蚀剂纳米级集成电路加工

讨论了采用SAL6 0 1负性化学放大电子束抗蚀剂进行电子束曝光应用于纳米级集成电路加工的实验方法与工艺条件。经过大量实验总结 ,通过变剂量模型对电子束曝光中电子散射参数进行提取 ,应用于邻近效应校正软件 ,针对集成电路曝光图形进行邻近效应校正。校正后的曝光图形经过曝光实验确定显影时间及曝光剂量 ,最终得到重复性良好的 ,栅条线宽为 70nm的集成电路曝光图形     

SAL601负性电子束抗蚀剂纳米级集成电路加工

讨论了采用SAL601负性化学放大电子束抗蚀剂进行电子束曝光应用于纳米级集成电路加工的实验方法与工艺条件.经过大量实验总结,通过变剂量模型对电子束曝光中电子散射参数进行提取,应用于邻近效应校正软件,针对集成电路曝光图形进行邻近效应校正.校正后的曝光图形经过曝光实验确定显影时间及曝光剂量,最终得到重复性良好的,栅条线宽为70nm的集成电路曝光图形.     

SAL601负性电子束抗蚀剂纳米级集成电路加工

讨论了采用SAL601负性化学放大电子柬抗蚀剂进行电子束曝光应用于纳米级集成电路加工的实验方法与工艺条件。经过大量实验总结，通过变剂量模型对电子束曝光中电子散射参数进行提取，应用于邻近效应校正软件，针对集成电路曝光图形进行邻近效应校正。校正后的曝光图形经过曝光实验确定显影时间及曝光剂量，最终得到重复性良好的，栅条线宽为70nm的集成电路曝光图形。     

低能电子束散射模拟在邻近效应修正中的应用

文章运用Monte Carlo方法模拟具有高斯分布特征的低能入射电子束斑在PMMA-村底中的复杂散射过程，分别得到了电子束在抗蚀剂中的穿透深度和能量沉积分布圈，并利用模拟结果进行邻近效应的修正．得到修正后的剂量数据文件。结果表明：采用修正后的剂量曝光，光刺胶中的能量沉积比较均匀．曝光分辨率有较大幅度的提高。该研究将对低能电子束曝光技术的定量研究和邻近效应修正技术的探索具有较高的理论指导意义。     

电子束光刻技术与图形数据处理技术

介绍了微纳米加工领域的关键工艺技术——电子束光刻技术与图形数据处理技术,包括:电子束直写技术、电子束邻近效应校正技术、光学曝光系统与电子束曝光系统之间的匹配与混合光刻技术、电子束曝光工艺技术、微光刻图形数据处理与数据转换技术以及电子束邻近效应校正图形数据处理技术。重点推荐应用于电子束光刻的几种常用抗蚀剂的主要工艺条件与参考值,同时推荐了可以在集成电路版图编辑软件L-Edit中方便调用的应用于绘制含有任意角度单元图形和任意函数曲线的复杂图形编辑模块。     

纳米级电子束直写曝光的基础工艺

电子束光刻技术具有极高的分辨率,其直写式曝光系统甚至可达到几纳米的加工能力.本文重点对不同的抗蚀剂、电子束/光学系统的混合光刻及邻近效应修正等技术进行了研究.     

纳米级电子束直写曝光的基础工艺

电子束光刻技术具有极高的分辨率,其直写式曝光系统甚至可达到几纳米的加工能力.本文重点对不同的抗蚀剂、电子束/光学系统的混合光刻及邻近效应修正等技术进行了研究.     

电子束零宽度线曝光及其应用

为了提高电子束光刻的图形质量及光刻分辨率,从入射束能和束流密度等方面探讨了克服邻近效应影响的途径,在制备亚30 nm结构图形时采用零宽度线曝光的方法。该方法把版图上线条的宽度设为零,因此该线条的光刻尺寸取决于电子束束斑大小、曝光剂量与显影条件。在400 nm厚HSQ抗蚀剂层上通过零宽度线曝光技术制作出了线宽20 nm网状结构的抗蚀剂图形,实验证明采用零宽度线曝光技术可以比较容易地制作出密集线以及高深宽比的抗蚀剂图形。将该技术应用到扫描电镜放大倍率校准标准样品的制备,取得了较好的效果。零宽度线曝光技术是实现电子束直写曝光极限分辨率的有效方法。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks