星形聚乙二醇-聚乳酸嵌段共聚物的合成与表征

以不同臂数和分子量的星型聚乙二醇(sPEG)和L-丙交酯为原料,采用开环聚合法合成了以星型聚乙二醇为内部嵌段、聚L-乳酸为外部嵌段的多臂星形聚乙二醇-聚乳酸嵌段共聚物(sPEG-b-PLLA)。研究了sPEG的臂数、分子量及L-丙交酯/sPEG投料比等参数对产物结构与性能的影响。并分别用红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振(1H-NMR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、差示扫描量热(DSC)对产物进行了表征,证实所合成的嵌段共聚物具有预期的结构。结果表明,sPEG-b-PLLA为结晶性聚合物,且表现出与PLLA相似的晶型,随着PLLA链段的增加,产物的结晶度也呈增大的趋势;与PLLA相比,sPEG-b-PLLA的接触角随着PEG链段的增多而增大,表明其亲水性明显改善。     

Fabrication of poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene oxide) electrospun membranes with controlled micro to nanofiber sizes

Biodegradable poly(L-lactide acid) (PLLA) nanofiber membranes were prepared by electrospinning of PLLA and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The selective removal of PEO by water allows to obtain smaller fiber diameters and to increase the porosity of the membranes in comparison to PLLA membranes obtained under the same electrospinning conditions. After removal of PEO membranes with fiber sizes of 260 nm and average porosity close to 80% are obtained. Thermal and infrared results confirm the poor miscibility of PLLA and PEO, with the PEO randomly distributed along the PLLA fibers. On the other, PLLA and PEO mixing strongly affect their respective degradation temperatures. The influence of the PEO in the electrospinning process is discussed and the results are correlated to the evolution of the PLLA fiber diameter.     

Ocular permeability of pirenzepine hydrochloride enhanced by methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(D, L-lactide) block copolymer

Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(D,L-lactide) block copolymer was tested as an ocular permeation enhancer for pirenzepine hydrochloride. The block copolymers with the methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) to poly(D,L-lactide) weight ratio of 80/20, 50/50, 40/60 were synthesized by a ring-opening polymerization procedure. In vitro transcorneal experiments demonstrated that the block copolymer 80/20 significantly enhanced the transcorneal permeation of pirenzepine at the mass ratio of 1/1.4 (pirenzepine hydrochloride/copolymer). Interaction between pirenzepine and copolymer was identified by infrared spectroscopy analysis and dialysis experiments. Ocular pharmacokinetics of pirenzepine/copolymer preparation by in vivo instillation experiments confirmed that block copolymer could enhance the ocular penetration of pirenzepine. Ocular chronic toxicity experiments of block copolymer and pirenzepine/copolymer preparation were studied on rabbits, and no significant toxicity in both groups was observed within 9 months. It could conclude that pirenzepine/copolymer preparation is effective and safe in ocular delivery of pirenzepine.     

乙基纤维素接枝L-丙交酯共聚物的制备、表征及其热性能

在辛酸亚锡催化下,成功制备了乙基纤维素与聚L-乳酸接枝共聚物。产物经GPC、FTIR、1HNMR、13CNMR表征,证实L-丙交酯在乙基纤维素残存的羟基上发生开环聚合,接枝到乙基纤维素骨架上。研究了丙交酯纯度、投料比、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度对接枝率的影响,并利用DSC和TG研究了接枝物的热性能。     

Block copolymers of L-lactide and poly(ethylene glycol) for biomedical applications

Poly (L-lactide)-poly (oxyethylene)-poly (L-lactide) block copolymers obtained in bulk, by a ring opening mechanism, from poly (ethylene glycol)s (PEG)s and L-lactide (LA), at 120–140°C, in the absence of added catalysts are described. By using PEGs with different molecular masses, 3000 and 35000, respectively, and varying the initial molar ratio LA to PEG, two series of copolymers with different molecular masses, relative length of blocks and hydrophilicity were obtained. Physico-chemical characterization of the copolymers had been previously performed. The morphological characteristics of the copolymers were investigated by means of X-ray diffractometry, optical and scanning electron microscopy. The biological properties of the materials were determined by evaluating their cytotoxicity, cytocompatibility, hemocompatibility and degradability using different standard tests. The results obtained indicate that the block copolymers synthesized may be useful for biomedical applications, in particular as resorbable drug vehicles. The materials are brittle and their mechanical properties are not appropriate for implant devices.     

Infrared imaging of ring-banded spherulites formed in poly(L-lactide)-poly(ethylene glycol) diblock copolymer: segment distribution and orientation

Poly(L-lactide)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLLA-PEG) diblock copolymer film was observed to exhibit ring-banded spherulite morphology when crystallized from melt. Polarized optical microscopy (POM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that the ring-banded structure is composed of alternating concave and convex bands, which correspond to flat-on lamellae showing layered terrace-like morphology and edge-on lamellae showing fibrillar texture, respectively. The composition distribution and chain orientation within the ring-banded spherulite were further analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) imaging and polarized FT-IR. The data indicated that the concave bands are PLLA-rich domains, where PLLA chains are perpendicular to both the substrate and the radial direction of the spherulite, whereas the convex bands are rich in PEG, where the PLLA chains orient parallel to the substrate and the tangential direction of the spherulite. The orientation pattern of the PLLA segments in the concave and convex bands is attributed to the periodic twisting of PLLA lamellae along the radial growth direction in the formation process of the spherulite.     

壳聚糖-聚乳酸接枝共聚物的制备与表征

将醛基化改性的聚乳酸接枝到壳聚糖,并通过元素分析、红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振(1H-NMR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和热重分析(TG)分别对接枝产物的接枝率、结构和结晶性能进行表征。IR和1H-NMR结果表明聚乳酸成功接枝到壳聚糖主链,不同投料比和接枝率的关系与元素分析一致;PLLA-CHO/CS-NH2最佳摩尔比为1∶2.5,此时的接枝率为52.22%;XRD和TG结果表明接枝产物的结晶度和热分解温度降低,说明壳聚糖的高结晶性得到改善,其应用范围扩大。     

Synthesis and characterization of novel biodegradable pentablock copolymers from L‐lactide,p‐dioxanone and poly (ethylene glycol)

ABCBA type pentablock copolymers, in which the A, B and C blocks are poly (p‐Dioxanone) (PPDO), poly (L‐Lactide) (PLLA), and polyethylene glycol (PEG), respectively, were synthesized via a two‐step ring‐opening polymerization in bulk using stannous octoate as the catalyst. PLA‐b‐PEG‐b‐PLA Triblock copolymer was synthesized at first and then p‐Dioxanone monomers as the other blocks were added to it. In the first step, poly ethylene glycol and, in the second step, triblock copolymer acts as the macro initiator. The obtained copolymers were identified by ?1&/sup;H&/I;, ?13&/sup;CNMR&/I; and IR&/I; spectroscopy. The intrinsic viscosity of copolymers was measured in chloroform/phenol (3/1 v/w) solution. The thermal properties, such as melting point, melting enthalpy and crystallinity, were studied. From the results of differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis, it was observed that the PPDO blocks show similar crystallization behavior like homopolymer and also melting temperature of two PPDO end blocks raise with an increase in DON content in copolymer.     

乙基纤维素与聚L-乳酸接枝共聚物的合成与表征

以辛酸亚锡为催化剂,乙基纤维素(EC)为接枝骨架,L-丙交酯(L-LA)为接枝单体,在无溶剂条件下本体聚合制备了乙基纤维素-聚L-乳酸接枝共聚物。利用GPC,FTIR,1H NMR对接枝共聚物进行表征。结果表明,L-丙交酯在乙基纤维素残存的羟基上发生开环聚合,将聚乳酸短链引入到乙基纤维素骨架上,所得产物为乙基纤维素与聚L-乳酸接枝共聚物。XRD和偏光显微镜(POM)分析表明,当接枝率大于等于252%时,接枝共聚物开始结晶。     

SBP嵌段共聚物的合成和鉴定EI

用正丁基锂为引发剂,四氢呋喃为添加剂,按阴离子顺序加料方法合成了聚苯乙烯-丁二烯-4-乙烯吡啶(SBP)嵌段共聚物,经FTIR、UV、DSC、DDV等测试方法表征,证实了所合成的聚合物为聚苯乙烯-丁二烯-4-乙烯基吡啶嵌段共聚物。研究表明4-乙烯吡啶在聚合体系中聚合反应极为迅速且由于吡啶环上N原子对碳阴离子较为敏感,故嵌段共聚物中含有部分分子量较高的支化高分子。透射电镜表明样品具有精细的微相结构。聚合物的微相结构随聚合物中聚丁二烯含量提高,可以从蜂窝状结构转变成层状结构。     

5-Fluorouracil-loaded PLA/PLGA PEG–PPG–PEG polymeric nanoparticles: formulation,in vitro characterization and cell culture studies

In this study, 5-FU, a potent anticancer drug, is planned to be delivered via a new and promising drug delivery system, nanoparticles formed with hydrophobic core polymer and triblock copolymers; Poly(DL-lactic acid), Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer (PLA/PEG-PPG-PEG) and Poly(D,L-lactide–co-glycolide)/Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer (PLGA/PEG-PPG-PEG) nanoparticles. Particle size range of nanoparticles was found to be between 145 and 198?nm, which would promote the passive targeting of the nanoparticles to tumor cells based on the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. SEM images revealed all nanoparticles formulations to be spherical and without pores. Zeta potential, yield value and encapsulation efficiencies of 5-FU-loaded nanoparticles were within the range of ?11.1 and ?13.7?mV, 72.7–87.7% and 83.6–93.9%, respectively. Cumulative release of 5-FU was observed between 90% and 94.4% in all nanoparticle formulations by the end of 72?h, and fitness of release profiles to Higuchi model indicated matrix-controlled diffusion of the 5-FU from polymeric nanoparticles. Cell viability values of the cells treated with 5-FU-loaded nanoparticles were obtained as low as 47% and 52% with tetrazolium dye assay, suggesting that delivery of 5-FU via amphiphilic triblock copolymer nanoparticles would be a promising delivery system because of the EPR effect.     

Mechanical properties of weakly segregated block copolymers Part IV Influence of chain architecture and miscibility on tensile properties of block copolymers

Different types of weakly segregated block copolymers are investigated with respect to the influence of chain architecture and miscibility on tensile properties. Poly(styrene-b-butylmethacrylate) diblock copolymers (PS-b-PBMA) as well as poly(butylmethacrylate-b-polystyrene-b-butylmethacrylate) triblock copolymers (PBMA-b-PS-b-PBMA) show synergistic effects on tensile properties. The triblock copolymers show a higher tensile strength and stiffness compared to that of the diblock copolymers. In addition, the triblock copolymers exhibit a larger composition range for which the tensile strength exceeds that of the respective homopolymers. In order to investigate the influence of block miscibility on tensile properties, poly(methylmethacrylate-b-butylmethacrylate) diblock copolymers (PMMA-b-PBMA) are compared with PS-b-PBMA diblock copolymers.     

生物降解型嵌段共聚物P(VP-b-DLLA)的合成与自组装

以萘钠为引发剂,以聚乳酸(PDLLA)为疏水链段,聚N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)为亲水链段,采用阴离子聚合方法合成了新型P(VP-b-DLLA)两亲型生物降解嵌段共聚物医用高分子材料。通过傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振谱(1H-NMR)、热重和元素分析等手段对合成的两亲型嵌段共聚物表征证明了嵌段共聚物的发生,并且得到性能良好的高分子材料。采用透射电镜(TEM)、动态激光光散射(DLS)和荧光分光光度计等技术研究了嵌段共聚物在选择性溶剂中的自组装行为,结果表明所形成胶束具有稳定的结构和适合的药物载体的流体力学直径。     

Supramolecular Materials via Block Copolymer Self‐Assembly

This review discusses the potential of block copolymer type macromolecular building blocks for the preparation of self‐assembled materials. Three different classes of block copolymer type architectures will be distinguished: (i) coil–coil diblock copolymers, (ii) rod–coil diblock copolymers, and (iii) rod–coil diblock oligomers. The basic principles that underlie the self‐assembly of each of these different building blocks will be discussed. These theoretical considerations are complemented with examples from recent literature that illustrate the potential of the different types of block copolymers to prepare (functional) supramolecular materials. Finally, several strategies will be presented that could allow the preparation of stimuli‐sensitive self‐assembled materials, i.e., materials whose properties can be reversibly manipulated under the action of appropriate external stimuli.     

ATRP法合成PMMA-b-PS-b-PFx-14三嵌段共聚物

首先通过原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)得到了末端含卤素的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯，以这种PMMA为大分子引发剂，引发苯乙烯的ATRP反应，得到了末端含卤素的PMMA-PSt双嵌段共聚物。再以这种双嵌段共聚物大分子为引发剂，引发含氟丙烯酸酯Fx-14的ATRP反应，得到了一种PMMA-PSt-Fx-14三嵌段共聚物．通过GPC、核磁、粘度等数据证实了该聚合物的结构，并详细讨论了由于PMMA-PSt-Fx-14在溶液中的线团行为所产生的GPC测试中出现的特殊现象。     

Functionalized surfaces of polylactide modified by Langmuir–Blodgett films of amphiphilic block copolymers

To modify the surface of poly(L-lactide) (PLA) supports, we have investigated the feasibility to deposit on the PLA surface Langmuir–Blodgett films of amphiphilic block copolymers based on poly(L-lactide). AB and ABA block copolymers were prepared with PLA as the A block and either poly(ethylene oxide), -methoxy--hydroxy poly(ethylene oxide), -carboxy--hydroxy poly(ethylene oxide) or poly(L-aspartic acid) as the B blocks. Films with phase-separated hydrophilic and hydrophobic blocks in a bilayer brush structure were prepared by compression of the copolymer Langmuir films on the water/air interface. The interfacial behavior of the monolayers and the effect of the copolymer composition on the phase separation was followed by measurements of the surface-pressure/area isotherms using a Langmuir trough and by contact angle measurement of deposited Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films. The phase separation of the hydrophilic and PLA blocks is more effective in diblock AB copolymers compared with triblock ABA copolymers. The presence of ionic groups in the hydrophilic chains facilitates penetration of hydrophilic segments into the water subphase. Dynamic contact angle measurements were used to study the stability of the LB-films transferred on the PLA support and the changes in the surface properties upon incubation of surfaces in water.     

Directed assembly of cylinder-forming block copolymer films and thermochemically induced cylinder to sphere transition: a hierarchical route to linear arrays of nanodots

A morphological transition from cylinders to spheres was induced in an asymmetric diblock copolymer, poly(styrene)-block-poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PS-b-PtBA). The periodic arrays of the poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA) domains were transformed to the ordered poly(acrylic anhydride) (PAA) spheres via the thermal deprotection of tert-butyl acrylate linkages and the subsequent volume change of the minority block. Coupled with techniques to direct the assembly of cylinder-forming block copolymers, this finding provides new routes to fabricate ordered geometries of nanodot arrays.     

New biomaterial: triblock copolymers of poly [3(S)-isobutyl-morpholine-2,5-dione]-poly(ethylene oxide)

ABA-type block copolymers with poly[3(S)-isobutyl-morpholine-2,5-dione](PIBMD, A) and poly(ethylene oxide) (M_n = 6000, PEO, B) blocks, PIBMD-b-PEO-b-PIBMD, were synthesised via ring-opening polymerization of 3(S)-isobutyl-morpholine-2,5-dione in the presence of hydroxytelechelic poly(ethylene oxide) with stannous octoate as a catalyst. These block copolymers may find applications in cell encapsulation and in drug delivery. M_n of the resulting copolymers increases with increasing 3(S)-isobutyl-morpholine-2,5-dione content in the feed at constant molar ratio of monomer (M) to catalyst (C) (M/C = 125). No racemization of the leucine residue takes place during both homopolymerization of IBMD and polymerization of IBMD in the presence of PEO and Sn(Oct)₂. The melting temperature of the PIBMD segments in the block copolymers depends on the length of the PIBMD blocks. The melting temperature of the PEO blocks is lower than that of the homopolymer, and the crystallinity of the PEO block decreases with increasing length of the PIBMD blocks. The PIBMD block crystallizes first upon cooling from the melt. This leads to only imperfect crystallization or no crystallization of the PEO blocks.     

Synthesis and characterization of poly(L-lactic acid-co-ethylene oxide-co-aspartic acid) and its interaction with cells

Multiblock terpolymer of poly(L-lactic acid)/ poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(L-aspartic acid), (PLLA/PEO/ PAsp) was synthesized by ring opening polymerization of β -benzyl L-aspartate N-carboxyanhydride, Asp(OBzl)-NCA with α-ω -hydroxy terminated triblock PLLA/PEO/PLLA copolymer. The resulting multiblock terpolymer was characterized by several techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry.¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra indicated the molar ratio of PLLA/PEO/PAsp (OBzl) to be 86/10/4. Thermal gravimetric analysis and environmental scanning electron microscopy data showed that PLLA/PEO/PAsp had crystalline and brittle structure. In order to improve its mechanical and physical properties, the terpolymer was blended with high molecular weight poly(L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer, PLGA(85/15) (M_w: 95000 gmol^{− 1}) in 25/75 and 50/50 mole ratios. The hydrolytical degradation properties of these polymers were studied. Degradation experiments were performed during a 48-day period in pH:7.4 phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37^∘C. The observed molecular weight losses were 91% and 67% for the 25/75 and 50/50 mixtures, respectively. In vitro attachment and growth of L929 mouse fibroblasts on these biopolymers were also investigated. Cell growth experiments indicated that the copolymer blend allowed the attachment and growth of cells.     

L-丙交酯/ε-己内酯配比对共聚物微结构和性能的影响

辛酸亚锡催化下开环聚合制备不同物质的量比L-丙交酯/ε-己内酯(LLA/CL)共聚物。核磁共振(1H和13C-NMR)结果表明,共聚物组成与投料比基本一致,聚合过程中酯交换反应导致序列结构重新分布,二级酯交换系数(TII[CLC])随CL用量增加而增大。共聚物组成明显影响单元序列长度,各序列长度随相应单体投料量增加而增大,CL投料比≤50%的平均序列长度(LLL和LC)与相应的无规序列长度(LRC和LRLL)较接近,共聚物趋于无规分布。差示扫描量热(DSC)和广角X射线衍射(WAXD)表明共聚物是结晶态聚合物,结晶性与单元序列长度密切相关。共聚物组成显著影响其力学性能,随CL物质的量分数增加,且≤35%时表现出屈服形变的特点,具有热塑性弹性体的特征。