互耦效应对双散射MIMO系统信道容量影响研究

多入多出(MIMO)传输技术是第四代移动通信系统的关键技术之一,而小尺寸间隔下天线阵元间的互耦效应则是有可能影响MIMO系统性能的一个重要因素。文中首先研究分析了一种接近实际电波传输环境的、收发端皆存在散射体的双散射MIMO信道传输模型,然后将天线互耦效应引入此MIMO传输系统;接下来通过建立多天线系统等效互耦效应网络模型,推导了互耦效应影响下空间相关系数和信道容量表达式;最后通过计算机仿真研究了双散射环境下天线阵元互耦对MIMO系统信道容量的影响。仿真实验表明:双散射环境下,互耦效应将降低MIMO系统信道容量。     

相关Rician衰落信道下紧凑MIMO系统的容量分析

研究了Rician衰落信道下采用紧凑型双偶极子阵列的MIMO系统容量,建立了相关Rician衰落信道下紧凑MIMO系统的模型,深入分析了天线互耦、空间相关性、功率分配方案以及信道衰落环境对信道容量的影响。数值结果表明天线间距较小时,互耦和相关性会导致信道容量的损失,而在某些情况下互耦和相关性的影响会使信道容量有所增加。     

互耦对MIMO/SA系统误码率影响的分析

新一代无线移动通信系统采用多天线技术,多天线的互耦效应对系统的影响已越来越受到关注,成为研究热点。研究了互耦现象对MIMO/SA通信系统误码率的影响,首先建立了一种新型的MIMO和SA结合的天线阵列模型;其次通过网络等效分析法对天线模型进行简化分析,采用HFSS对MIMO/SA天线阵列模型仿真,得出阻抗矩阵和收发端的互耦矩阵;然后推导出考虑相关和互耦时采用QPSK调制的MIMO/SA系统的误码率;最后用MATLAB对系统误码率进行仿真。仿真结果表明：不考虑相关性和互耦效应时的系统误码率最低;当天线间距为0.5波长时,考虑互耦时系统的误码率变大;而当天线间距为0.2波长时,互耦效应又会降低系统的误码率。     

三维空间MIMO信道接收天线阵列互耦效应及系统容量分析

针对非频率选择性瑞利衰落MIMO(multiple-input multiple-output)信道,建立了接收天线阵列的三维空间信道模型,将MIMO的一般信道建模推广到三维空间域。在建模过程中利用天线阵列在互耦效应下的等效网络模型,推导出三维空间域模型下的互耦相关性的通用表达式,阐明了互耦效应下相关性与无互耦相关性之间的关系。应用通用表达式分析了当接收端为不同的天线阵列结构时,入射信号的中心到达角和角度扩展分别对于在互耦效应下信道容量的影响。分析结果验证了不同的角度扩展对于互耦相关性的影响,揭示了在互耦效应下影响系统容量的主要因素为入射信号的平均中心到达角。     

互耦作用对MIMO系统信道容量的影响

简单概括了无线多输入多输出（MIMO）系统及其信道容量,应用矩量法分析了因互耦作用引起的天线阵各阵元辐射图的变化,进而应用已提出的射线追踪模型分析了一个4.4MIMO系统接收端阵元间距不同时互耦作用对信道容量的影响。仿真结果说明在接收端使用多天线,阵元间距不可能太大的情况下,考虑互耦作用后,在小阵元间距（d=0.4λ）时就可得到较大的信道容量。得出结论在接收端阵元间距较小的情况下,互耦是一个有利的因素,在系统分析和设计时可以有效地加以利用。     

提高小尺寸间距四元MIMO系统信道容量与容量稳定性的新方法

针对小尺寸间距MIMO系统阵元间严重的互耦效应将导致传统直线排列阵信道容量明显下降以及随着入射波平均到达角的增大系统信道容量亦会迅速降低的问题,通过考察空域相关接收信号等效方向图产生畸变的物理原理,提出了一种通过重构阵列排布模式以令其具正方形空间对称特性从而改善系统容量稳定性的新方法。理论分析和数值仿真皆表明,相比于传统四元直线阵,这种由新方法构造的具空间对称结构的四元方阵MIMO系统不仅在小尺寸阵元间隔具强互耦效应时能提高系统信道容量,还具有平均信道容量不随入射波平均到达角变化而基本保持恒定的优点。     

天线匹配对莱斯信道下紧凑MIMO系统性能的影响

深入研究了存在天线互耦和空间相关时,天线匹配网络对莱斯信道下多输入多输出MIMO系统性能的影响,建立了包含相关莱斯信道、天线互耦和匹配网络的(MIMO)系统模型.通过仿真分析了匹配阻抗、天线互耦、空间相关性以及信道衰落环境对包络相关性和信道容量的影响.实验结果表明:莱斯信道下匹配阻抗对MIMO系统的影响与瑞利信道情况下有所不同,适当地选择天线匹配阻抗可以改善MIMO系统的性能.     

室内MIMO无线信道模型和信道容量研究

本文从工程的实际出发,首先提出一种修正的室内MIMO无线信道模型,该模型有效地修正先前室内MIMO无线信道模型的不足,具有明显吻合室内实际通信环境的特点,然后分析天线方向性以及天线单元间的互耦对室内MIMO无线信道容量的影响.数值模拟验证了这种影响,并得到在一定条件下互耦导致的天线方向图畸变产生角度分集,提高信道容量,互耦对空域相关性无影响的条件以及室内丰富的多径使天线方向性对信道容量的影响不明显等结论.最后,实验也证实理论分析.     

测向天线阵互耦效应分析

天线阵元间的互耦效应将导致天线阵列的电参数和方向性的改变,从而影响测向系统的性能。针对天线阵列各单元之间的互耦现象,提出了利用矩量法精确分析天线阵列各单元上的电流分布,进一步通过互阻抗网络计算法求出测向天线单元的实际激励电压的幅度和相位,进而得到天线的辐射和接收特性。对实际的均匀直线阵列超分辨测向系统中的互耦效应进行了分析,给出了仿真结果,验证了互耦效应对测向性能的影响。     

三维粗糙面上的MIMO信道模型

多天线构成的多输入多输出MIMO（Multiple-Input Multiple-Output）信道是B3G/4G系统的关键技术之一。文章建立下垫三维粗糙面的MIMO信道模型,用基尔霍夫（KA,Kirchhoff approximation）近似随机粗糙面散射的数值计算方法研究下垫粗糙面产生的随机多路径传输对MIMO信道矩阵的影响,并数值地讨论接收、发射天线阵列位置以及下垫粗糙面几何参数对MIMO系统信道容量的影响。结果表明,双站距离大、天线高度低时,下垫随机粗糙面对MIMO信道容量的影响显著。当天线阵元间距小时,下垫粗糙面将显著增大MIMO系统信道容量;当天线间距大时,粗糙面减小MIMO系统信道容量。     

Mutual coupling in multi-element array antennas and its influence on MIMO channel capacity

The effects of mutual coupling between receive elements in a multi-element antenna on multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system capacity are reported. The results are based upon analysis of mutual coupling calculated for a measured linear array of five printed dipole elements with 0.56 of a wavelength spacing. It is shown that the presence of mutual coupling at the receive array antenna leads to additional correlation between spatial channels and results in a loss of MIMO system capacity.     

Experimental Study on the Capacity of Compact MIMO Antennas for Portable Terminals

This paper presents the relationship between antenna structures and the performance of two kinds of compact MIMO antennas in order to find critical factors that affect the capacity of MIMO systems. The relationship between the channel capacity and some factors (antenna efficiency, mutual coupling, correlation) are analyzed based on experimental data under indoor Rayleigh fading environment. Antenna elements mounted in two different configurations (common and separated ground plane) with antenna spacing varying, were investigated at the frequency of 2.6 GHz band experimentally. The good characteristics in the case of separated ground plane show that the proposed antennas, even with small spacing, can still achieve high capacity to combat multipath fading and deliver higher data rates. It demonstrates that multiple antennas could be mounted onto small terminal devices without much loss of capacity. It is also found that mutual coupling has positive impact which could reduce channel correlation; negative effect which could degrade antenna efficiency. In the indoor multipath-rich environment, the negative effect is dominant.     

天线间隔对室内非视距MIMO信道容量的影响

采用2维射线跟踪法分析了天线间隔对非视距室内环境中MIMO系统容量ccdfs的影响。结果表明，天线间隔对MIMO系统容量影响非常显著，而且天线数目不同，天线间隔对MIMO系统容量影响不同。天线间隔越大，系统容量越接近Telatar所预测的MIMO系统容量；但随着天线间隔的减小，系统容量则会显著降低。对于相同天线间隔的多天线系统，随着天线数目的增加，系统所能实现的独立同分布瑞利信道容量的百分比越低。     

Correlation and capacity of MIMO systems and mutual coupling, radiation efficiency, and diversity gain of their antennas: simulations and measurements in a reverberation chamber

MIMO systems are characterized by their maximum available capacity, which is reduced if there is correlation between the signals on different channels. The correlation is primarily caused by mutual coupling between the elements of the antenna arrays on both the receiving and transmitting sides. Similarly, diversity antennas can be characterized by a diversity gain that also is affected by mutual coupling between the antennas. We explain how such MIMO and diversity antennas with mutual coupling can be analyzed by classical embedded element patterns that can be computed by standard computer codes. In the MIMO example under investigation, the mutual coupling reduces both correlation, which increases the capacity, and radiation efficiency, which decreases it, and the combined effect is a net capacity reduction. We also explain how the radiation efficiency, diversity gain, correlation, and channel capacity can be measured in a reverberation chamber. The measurements show good agreement with simulations.     

Impact of Mutual Coupling on Adaptive Switching Between MIMO Transmission Strategies and Antenna Configurations

Adaptive switching between multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission strategies like diversity and spatial multiplexing is a flexible approach to respond to channel variations. It is desirable to obtain accurate estimates of the switching points between these transmission schemes to realize the capacity gains made possible by adaptive switching. In this paper, it is shown that the accuracy of switching point estimates for switching between statistical beamforming and spatial multiplexing is improved by taking into account the effects of mutual coupling between antenna array elements. The impact of mutual coupling on the ergodic capacities of these two transmission strategies is analyzed, by deriving expressions for the same. Adaptive switching between combinations of transmission strategies and antenna array configurations (using reconfigurable antenna arrays) is shown to produce maximum capacity gains. Expressions for the switching points between transmission strategies and/or antenna configurations, including mutual coupling effects, are derived and used to explore the influence of mutual coupling on the estimates. Finally, measurements taken from reconfigurable rectangular patch antenna arrays are used to validate the analytical results.     

Effect of Signal and Noise Mutual Coupling on MIMO Channel Capacity

In this paper we analyze the impact of mutual coupling on MIMO channel capacity, considering its effect on both signal and thermal noise. We calculate noise correlation matrix in the multi-antenna system with closely spaced antenna by applying Nyquist’s thermal noise theorem. Then, we employ the noise correlation matrix in the channel capacity formula, which enables the identification of thermal noise correlation contribution on the MIMO channel capacity. In addition, we examine the variations in the mean branch signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) due to the noise correlation. Our simulation results corroborate the theoretical analysis that mean and outage MIMO channel capacity is underestimated if noise correlation due to mutual coupling effect is not accounted for.     

Electromagnetic considerations for communicating on correlated MIMO channels with covariance information

Previous results for correlated block-fading MIMO channels with covariance information indicate guaranteed capacity growth with additional transmit elements and that in rapidly fading channels, vanishing element spacing maximizes capacity. However, because prior analysis neglects antenna electromagnetic coupling, the observations are not necessarily valid for small inter-element spacing. This work applies radiated power considerations to the analysis to demonstrate that additional elements do not always increase capacity and that vanishing element spacing is not optimal. An effective gain metric is introduced that quantifies the performance increase with additional transmitters in the presence of transmit correlation and mutual coupling. Performance simulations using the electromagnetic properties of uniform linear arrays characterized by closed form expressions for Hertzian dipoles and detailed finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations of half-wave dipoles illustrate that capacity gains arc possible when correlation stems from directional bias in the channel but not when it arises due to compact element spacing.