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通过如美水电站整体模型试验,从水流流态、水垫深度、动水压力、下游河道流速分布等特性,对比研究了增设二道坝和降低底板高程两类优化方案。结果表明,大交角挑流消能水垫塘下游增设二道坝,其效果与二道坝高度、泄量、河谷宽度等密切相关,会恶化出流与下游河道的衔接;降低水垫塘底板高程对下游衔接影响较小,且可有效增加水垫深度,降低水垫塘临底水力指标。 相似文献
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为研究水利工程取水口发生岩塞爆破后有压管道产生的水锤压力变化规律,基于水力计算的特征线法、一维瞬变流理论及实际爆破的工作原理,结合管道安全控制的要求建立了某水利工程取水口发生岩塞爆破的数学模型。数值仿真计算结果表明:爆破后有压管道内压力波动极大,负压在汽化压力之下,极易发生弥合水锤事故,需要增设水锤防护措施以确保管道的安全;加大通风竖井面积可以有效减小水锤压力极值,通风竖井面积越大,管道压力越小,当竖井直径加大到10.0 m时负压值满足要求。 相似文献
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在调压室的设计中,预测其在运行中的空气损失量是极为必要,因为漏气量严重影响着调压室的工作性能。调压室运行中气室的超压空气通过围岩裂缝向周围渗漏的过程是涉及气体驱替孔隙水的水-气二相流过程,目前对调压室漏气量的预测大多采用经验公式。作者基于多相流理论,同时考虑水相和气相的流动及相互作用,建立水-气二相流模型,针对气垫式调压室运行过程中气压室内的气体沿单裂缝向粘土夹层渗漏的水-气二相渗流过程进行了探索性研究。模拟了不同的围岩孔隙水压力与调压室内气压力比值情况下的气压室漏气情况,结果表明,当该比值增大时,漏气量将迅速减少,验证了设置水幕的防漏措施的有效性。由于水-气二相流模型可以充分考虑调压室地质条件,水幕的压力,气室气压及围岩性质等因素的影响,为空气损失评估、水幕设计及对漏气严重的调压室进行修补提供了新的研究思路。 相似文献
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为研究高坝挑流消能的效果,结合四川省某水电站洞式溢洪道的大比尺水工模型试验,对在较高水头、较大流量工况下的溢洪道挑流消能形式进行优化研究。结果表明:通过将一级挑流改成二级挑流,即一级挑射水舌在各种工况下都挑落在平台上,水流通过平台形成二次挑流均匀挑入下游河道,可以有效分散消能,降低挑射水舌的高度,减小河床冲刷。采用二级挑流消能形式,有效地改善了原方案一级挑流消能引起的产生较大冲刷与雾化现象。 相似文献
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在不同运行方式下,对公伯峡水电站旋流内消能泄洪洞关键部位的压强进行了试验研究,并与原型观测资料进行了对比。试验表明,旋流泄洪洞关键部位的压强与运行方式有密切关系。上部通气孔下方在1/4开度时一直为负压;起旋器升坎部位压强全为正压且压强值较大,竖井底部轴线位置壁面压强最大;水平洞段有渐变段和突变段,另外水垫塘收缩墩处存在两种不同流态,所以压强分布比较复杂,其负压区主要集中在水垫塘渐变段后、收缩墩扩张部分及退水洞突变段。 相似文献
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本文利用计算机可视化的方法对直槽流动的数值模拟结果进行了处理,得到了若干组显示涡量场和涡管运动变化的计算机动画,通过对这些直观的动画进行分析,发现了直槽流动失稳的一些现象,对于流动稳定性的研究具有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
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低含沙水流运动特性综述 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4
本文着重综述了清水水流、挟沙水流的流速分布动特性、能量间分配关系等流动现象的内部规律,并系统分析比较了它们的异同,文中还兼论了卡门常数。 相似文献
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The natural flow paradigm (NFP) emphasizes the need to partially or fully maintain or restore the range of natural intra‐ and interannual variation of hydrologic regimes to protect native biodiversity and the evolutionary potential of aquatic, riparian and wetland ecosystems. Based on our studies of natural and managed flow regimes in New Zealand, we do not believe that all components of the natural flow regime are necessary to achieve the objectives of the NFP, either partially or fully, because many aquatic species have very flexible niches and life‐history requirements (i.e. there is ‘ecological redundancy’). Obviously, maintaining the natural flow regime will maintain the hydrologic and hydraulic conditions necessary for sustaining natural ecosystems. However, if there is adequate knowledge of what ‘values’ need to be maintained in a waterway, and the aspects of the flow regime that are required to maintain those values are also known, then regimes can be designed that target these requirements and thus optimize conditions for the ‘values’. We believe that an assessment of ecosystem requirements using information on river processes together with habitat requirements and life‐history strategies of biota can achieve the best balance between resource use and sustaining ecosystem function and value, and show examples where changes to natural flow regimes have maintained, or even improved, instream values in some New Zealand rivers. We caution that simple flow‐based rules, such as those that might be developed under the NFP, could be unnecessarily restrictive on multiple use of water in New Zealand while, at the same time, preclude the opportunity for enhancement of key ecosystem values in many waterways. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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本文介绍了混合流的概念,结合某一中型水库的试验,观测了混合流在抬高尾水时的下游流态。流速分布的变化规律以及对消能效果的影响。从而说明了低水头泄洪建筑物利用挑流消能有更多的可能性。 相似文献
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主要从坡面流流态对坡面流阻力的影响、坡面流阻力与雷诺数的关系、降雨对坡面流阻力的影响、坡面流阻力公式4个方面对前人关于坡面流阻力的研究成果进行了总结。结果表明:坡面流流态的不确定性导致了坡面流阻力变化更为复杂;坡面流阻力与雷诺数之间并无良好单一的相关关系;降雨对坡面流阻力有很大的影响作用但具体影响机理并未有明确的结论;坡面流阻力公式表征仍用明渠水流概念及表达方式,并且3个阻力系数n、f、C哪个更适合表征坡面流阻力尚无统一的结论。进而对目前存在的问题进行了分析,对今后的发展进行了展望,认为需在研究方法和实验设备及量测技术方面有所突破,才可以更好的对坡面流阻力进行全面系统的研究。 相似文献
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Hydrologically Based Environmental Flow Methods Applied to Rivers in the Maritime Provinces (Canada)
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The demand for water withdrawal continues to increase worldwide. These water withdrawals from rivers can affect fish habitat and aquatic life. As such, environmental flow assessment methods are used in order to protect rivers against excessive water withdrawals. The concept of environmental flow relates to the quantity of water required in rivers to sustain an acceptable level of living conditions for aquatic biota at various phases of their development. For many agencies, environmental flow methods are essential in environmental impact assessments and in the protection of important fisheries resources. The present study deals with the evaluation of hydrologically based environmental flow methods within the Maritime Province of Canada. In total, six hydrologically based environmental flow methods were compared using data from 52 hydrometric stations across the region. Some methods provided adequate environmental flow protection (e.g. 25% mean annual flow and Q50 flow duration method); however, other methods did not provide adequate flow protection (e.g. Q90 flow duration method and 7Q10 and 7Q2 low‐flow frequency). The 70% Q50 method provided adequate flow protection only under good baseflow conditions and should be applied with extreme caution. The present study shows the importance of the hydrologic flow regime, particularly as it pertains to the baseflow component, as a significant determinant in the level of instream flow protection. © 2014 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. River Research and Applications © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献