食用菌恒温干燥过程中MRI成像及水分迁移变化

利用低场核磁共振(low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)技术研究了7种食用菌(茶树菇、杏鲍菇、金针菇、双孢蘑菇、蟹味菇、香菇、花菇)在恒温干燥过程中内部水分分布和迁移规律。自旋-自旋弛豫测定结果显示,食用菌中主要存在3种组成水:自由水、不易流动水和结合水,干燥主要脱除了自由水和不易流动水,结合水无明显变化。通过核磁共振成像(nuclear magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)进一步发现,7种食用菌内部水分分布都不均匀,且不同食用菌水在同一阶段水分流失速度不尽相同。LF-NMR技术成功实现了食用菌干燥过程中内部水分的在线监测,为食用菌干燥工艺提供了理论依据。     

不同冻结温度下牛肉水分的状态变化

研究3个冻结温度(-8、-23、-38℃)条件下牛肉冻结过程中的水分状态的变化。借助低场核磁共振波谱(low field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)与核磁成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)技术,分析牛肉在冻结过程中内部水分状态、弛豫时间T_2、水分信号幅度及~1H密度的变化。结果表明:样品中心温度降至-38、-23、-18℃分别耗时176、350、315 min,说明-38℃处理能够显著提高牛肉冻结速率;3个冻结温度LF-NMR分析表明,随着冻结时间的延长,自由水和不易流动水的峰面积、弛豫时间T_2及信号幅度均逐渐降低。3个冻结温度均能使样品中的自由水全部冻结,而结合水均不被冻结;-38℃能使不易流动水完全冻结,-18、-23℃分别使73.04%、99.60%的不易流动水冻结。~1H MRI成像技术也进一步证实了LF-NMR分析结果。     

利用LF-NMR研究牛肉粒微波干燥过程中水分迁移和分布变化

水分是食品体系特别是干制品中重要的组成部分。干制品中水分的含量、分布和存在状态的差异会对其风味、质地、稳定性及货架期产生显著影响。所以研究食品干燥过程中水分的分布和迁移变化规律具有重要意义。利用低场核磁共振(Lowfield-nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)技术研究一种牛肉粒在高火、中高火、中火和中低火微波干燥过程中水分的分布和迁移变化规律。T2弛豫测试结果显示,牛肉粒中的水分可以分为结合水、不易流动水和自由水3个组分,在不同功率干燥的过程中,不易流动水能够部分转化为结合水,转化而来的结合水弛豫时间较原组织结合水增加;核磁共振成像(Magnetic Resonance Imaging,MRI)结果直观地显示出,微波干燥是一个均匀的干燥过程,牛肉粒内部和外部同时失水,且微波干燥功率越高,失水速率越快。中高火微波干燥时,水分含量高(20.87%)而水分活度低(0.676),故为牛肉粒最佳干燥功率。     

基于低场核磁共振技术研究冻融过程中松茸品质的变化

利用低场核磁共振(low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)技术研究了冻融后松茸水分的存在形式及相对含量,比较了冻融次数对解冻损失率、色泽和硬度等品质指标的影响,利用多层自旋回波(multi-slice spin echo,MSE)序列获得样品质子密度成像,进而分析冻融过程松茸内部水分的变化。结果表明,松茸中存在结合水、不易流动水和自由水,对应的横向弛豫时间分别为T_(21)(0.01~10 ms)、T_(22)(10~100 ms)和T_(23)(100~1 000 ms)。冻融过程中松茸不易流动水、结合水、自由水相对含量分别为88.7%~92.2%、6.2%~9.8%、0.7%~1.9%,随着冻融次数增加,自由水和不易流动水含量不断下降,结合水含量先增加后减少;松茸解冻损失率增大,亮度L值、红度a~*值和黄度b~*值逐渐降低,硬度先下降后上升,松茸品质下降。MRI结果表明,冻融5次后,菌柄失水较菌伞严重,菌柄部分区域已无自由水存在。相关性分析表明,冻融次数与T_(22)、T_(23)、a~*、b~*和解冻损失率极显著相关(p0.01)。T_(22)、T_(23)与a~*值、b~*值和解冻损失率显著相关(p0.05)。因此,应用LFNMR对松茸水分状态及组分含量的测定可以作为考察松茸品质的指标。     

南极磷虾肉冻融循环过程水分的迁移及微观结构变化

以冷冻南极磷虾肉为研究对象,基于低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)及磁共振成像(MRI)技术,结合解冻汁液损失率、离心损失率,分析南极磷虾肉在反复冷冻-解冻循环过程中水分的迁移规律。借助电子、光学显微成像和SDS-PAGE观察反复冻融后南极磷虾肉肌原纤维结构及蛋白质的变化,并通过硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)判断其脂质氧化情况。结果表明:随着反复冻融次数的增加,南极磷虾肉的解冻汁液损失率和离心损失率均显著增加(P＜0.05),同时MRI氢质子加权伪彩图亮度逐渐下降,表明南极磷虾肉内水分含量逐渐降低。LF-NMR结果显示:强结合水和结合水含量无显著性变化(P＞0.05),不易流动水含量显著减少(P＜0.05),自由水含量显著增加(P＜0.05),表明冻融循环中南极磷虾肉的不易流动水向自由水迁移。由相关性分析结果可知,不易流动水和自由水的NMR参数与解冻汁液损失率极显著相关性(P＜0.01)。反复冻融后冰晶生长使南极磷虾肉的肌原纤维排列由整齐紧密变为杂乱,甚至发生断裂,SDS-PAGE分析表明南极磷虾肉经反复冻融后其肌球蛋白重链完全降解,肌动蛋白、肌钙蛋白T和肌球蛋白轻链均有不同程度的降解,而TBA值无显著变化(P＞0.05)。结论:反复冻融使南极磷虾肉水分迁移、蛋白降解,而对脂质氧化影响不显著。     

低场核磁共振分析乳酸菌细胞中水分分布及其变化

该文选取乳酸菌发酵剂为研究对象，利用低场核磁共振(low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, LF-NMR)分析方法研究乳酸菌细胞水分分布及其变化。横向弛豫时间(T₂)可以提供样品组织结构中的水分状态及水分分布的信息。根据弛豫时间T₂可以将乳酸菌细胞的水分依次划分为结合水(T₂₁)、半结合水(T₂₂)以及自由水(T₂₃),并分别对应不同的细胞结构中，包括T₂₁<10 ms对应与细胞壁结合的水质子；10 ms22<100 ms对应细胞质中与蛋白质等大分子结合的水质子；T₂₃>100 ms具有较高的自由度，代表细胞壁水。渗透压冲击会改变乳酸菌细胞内水分分布情况，使得水分的自由度增大；而反复冻融会使得细胞内的水分结成冰晶，损伤细胞结构，造成解冻后细胞内水流失，导致细胞塌陷破裂。研究结果表明，LF-NMR分析方法可以准确地提供乳酸菌细胞内部水分分布信息，并且细胞...     

LF-NMR结合MRI分析热泵干燥过程中黑木耳水分迁移

采用低场核磁共振（low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR）和核磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）技术,探讨黑木耳在不同热泵干燥温度脱水过程中的水分状态和分布变化。结果表明：黑木耳的热泵干燥过程加速和恒速干燥阶段持续时间较短,降速干燥阶段较长;黑木耳中的自由水首先被脱除,然后是结合水,且有部分自由水向结合水转移;黑木耳含水率与总峰面积呈较强的线性相关性（R2=0.984 7）;黑木耳边缘和表面的水分首先被脱除,根部的水分逐渐向边缘和表面转移;低场核磁共振技术可以作为一种快速、无损监测黑木耳热泵干燥过程水分迁移的有效方法。     

负压注液对真空冷却鸡肉水分的影响

测定了不同温度下负压注液后鸡肉的水分含量,并利用低场核磁共振技术(LF-NMR)测定其水分分布,检测到的3个峰对应的横向弛豫时间分别为T_(21)、T_(22)和T_(23),代表鸡肉中的结合水、不易流动水和自由水。结果表明:负压注液可以使真空冷却鸡肉的水分含量增大,其中结合水几乎没有改变,不易流动水和自由水含量增多;随着真空冷却温度的降低,鸡肉水分含量呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在20℃时达到最大值72.90%;T_(23)峰发生后移,即负压注液后鸡肉自由水的自由度增大。     

基于低场核磁共振技术检测秋刀鱼腌干制过程 水分状态变化

目的探讨腌干处理对秋刀鱼水分状态的影响,为秋刀鱼的高值化加工提供参考。方法秋刀鱼进行"三去"(去头、去尾、去内脏)处理,采用10%食盐溶液(料液比1:2)进行腌制,选取腌制2 h的样品进行40℃热风干燥,检测样品的水分含量、盐含量以及水分活度,利用低场核磁共振技术(low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)测定腌干过程样品的水分存在状态。结果秋刀鱼样品腌干过程中均存在结合水、不易流动水和自由水3种状态水分。腌制10 h过程中样品的水分活度未低于0.90的细菌生长临界值。结合水比例呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,自由水比例相对降低,不易流动水比例增大,表明腌制处理使得部分结合水与自由水转化为不易流动水。随干制时间的延长,样品的水分含量和水分活度均显著降低(P0.05),结合水变化较小,不易流动水比例呈降低趋势,表明干制处理一方面使得秋刀鱼组织内不易流动水流失,另一方面使其部分转移成其他相态的水。同时,核磁共振成像灰度图和伪彩图深色区域面积逐渐增大,表明干制过程伴随油脂的溢出。结论腌制和干制处理降低了秋刀鱼鱼肉的水分活度,同时改变了水分存在状态。核磁共振成像灰度图和伪彩图表明干制处理改变了秋刀鱼样品的油水平衡。     

利用LF-NMR技术分析油桃干燥过程中内部水分的变化

为研究油桃内部水分分布及干燥过程中水分迁移规律,为油桃的保藏及加工提供新思路。利用LF-NMR技术测定了不同含水量油桃的信号强度与水分含量的关系及水分分布情况,并测定了不同干燥方式的油桃片横向弛豫时间(T2)的变化,进而分析了油桃内部水分状态及变化规律。研究结果表明:油桃的含水量与信号强度呈显著正相关,拟合方程为:y=12.415x-596.67(R2=0.9822);MRI图像可以清晰反映油桃的果肉、核壳、核仁儿等结构及其水分分布情况;新鲜油桃中含有三种状态的水,分别是结合水、不易流动水和自由水,其中自由水约为90%,结合水约为1%,剩下的为不易流动水;干燥处理能够降低水分的自由度,T2值减小,且鼓风干燥的T2减小速度比真空干燥的快;鼓风干燥过程中不易流动水向自由水迁移,自由水向外迁移散失,而真空干燥中的自由水一部分向外迁移散失,另一部分向不易流动水迁移。该研究为油桃的保藏与干燥实际产业化生产控制提供理论依据。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the