气液传质理论研究进展

文内对气液传质的理论研究进行了评述，并预测了未来的发展方向     

微孔膜气体分布器气液传质比表面积的研究

研究了以微孔膜作为气体分布器的反应器的气液传质比表面积,主要考察了气体流量、液面高度、表面张力等操作因素对气液传质比表面积的影响。结果表明,气液传质比表面积随着气体流量的增大先呈增大的趋势,到一定值时,开始呈减小趋势;随着表面张力的增大而减小;随着液面高度的增大缓慢减小。与传统塔设备比较,微孔膜气体分布器的气液传质比表面积要高,分布器强化了气液传质过程。最后,运用量纲分析方法对试验数据进行非线性回归得到关于气液传质比表面积的关联式,此式较好地吻合了试验数据。     

气扫式膜蒸馏传质传热过程

对气扫式膜蒸馏（SGMD）的热量和质量传递机理进行了研究,建立了该过程的热量和质量传递模型,并对模型进行了计算,得出了吹扫气流速、组件长度、进料流速和进料温度对膜通量的影响。通过实验对模型计算结果进行了验证。实验结果表明模型计算值与实验值非常接近。随吹扫气流速的增大,通量先增加然后趋近于平衡。组件长度越短通量越高。进料流速对通量的影响很小,随膜丝内Reynolds数的增加,通量稍有增加,随进料温度的升高,通量呈指数倍增加。     

废水好氧生物处理工艺中氧的传质与强化的理论与实践

废水处理好氧生物工艺供氧过程的控制步骤是气液传质作用,即将气体分子氧转化为足够微生物用于氧化污染物的溶解氧（DO）,包含碳源BOD5的降解、氨氮的硝化和总氮的去除以及无机COD氧化的共同需求。文章指出DO的传质过程由总传质系数K_La决定,废水性质、生物量、污泥龄、微生物耗氧速率、微生物种群等因素都会影响K_La。DO的浓度梯度是气液固三相氧传质的主要推动力,气液传质受水温、水质、氧分压、气泡大小、液体紊流程度和液膜更新速度等的影响,通过提高氧气分压、增大气泡比表面积、强化气液混合以及无泡供氧等方式及其它们的结合,或者控制污泥流态化程度及其污泥龄,可以获得微生物摄氧能力的提高。本文指出在对水质特征、环境条件、微生物特性、反应器流体特性以及运行参数等优化的基础上,结合一些研究新的方向,如无泡供氧、纯氧/富氧曝气的气泡行为,流场分布、湍流构造、浓度梯度的流体行为,挡板内构件、流态化控制的反应器结构优化,以及充分考虑负荷的HRT和SRT的运行工艺条件,可以实现更加全面的节能目标。     

CO2化学吸收法中再生气的陶瓷膜余热回收特性

在CO₂化学吸收法工艺中,采用富液分流工艺,利用在贫富液换热器前分流的冷富CO₂吸收剂溶液回收再生塔顶排出的热再生气（一般为CO₂和水蒸气混合气）的余热,有助于降低CO₂再生热耗。本文在乙醇胺（MEA）基富液分流化学吸收工艺中,以纳米级多孔亲水陶瓷膜作为分流冷富液和热再生气之间的换热介质,利用水的热质耦合传递强化余热的回收性能。以余热回收通量为指标,探讨了分流的MEA富液流量、温度、质量分数、CO₂负荷和热再生气流量及再生气中水蒸气摩尔分数对陶瓷膜热回收性能的影响,并对比了不同分离层孔径陶瓷膜的余热回收性能。结果显示,陶瓷膜的余热回收性能随MEA富液流量的增加而增加,但却随富液温度的升高而大幅下降。同时,随着气体流量和再生气中水蒸气摩尔分数的增大,热回收通量均会增大。由水传质所引发的对流换热对热回收通量具有促进作用,可占总热回收量的10%左右。由于CMHE-10陶瓷膜的分离层孔径与孔隙率均大于CMHE-4陶瓷膜,因而其水传质通量大于CMHE-4陶瓷膜。但CMHE-10陶瓷膜的有效热导率却低于CMHE-4陶瓷膜,因而热回收过程中其水蒸气的冷凝总量要小,导致其热回收性能低于CMHE-4陶瓷膜。     

新型气体分布器对非牛顿流体中氧传质的影响

研究了环状气体分布器、微孔型气体分布器一号、微孔型气体分布器二号3种型式的气体分布器对非牛顿流体中氧传质的影响。着重考察了微孔型分布器对同一组合桨的功耗、气含率ε、氧传质系数KLα以及比功耗传氧系数Eo2的影响,并与传统的环状气体分布器的结果进行了对比。结果表明:在相同条件下,微孔型气体分布器条件下所得KLα和Eo2均高于环状气体分布器的对应值,可以取得较好的传质混合效果,有利于提高非牛顿流体中的溶氧水平。     

协同场作用下钒离子在质子交换膜中的传质过程

研究了VO²⁺在Nafion117质子交换膜中的传质过程, 重点考察了不同操作工况下浓度场和电场的协同作用。定量了电场对钒离子透膜传质过程的影响大小, 并根据实验数据拟合出了VO²⁺在Nafion117膜中的表观电迁移率。结果表明:电场对高浓度电解液的离子透膜过程影响较大, 升高温度和增加电解液对流均强化了电场作用在钒离子透膜传质的影响, 加入的正向电场越强, 跨膜渗透越剧烈, 且电场因子随着时间的增加而增加。反向电场有利于缓解钒离子透膜传递过程。     

基于NaOH溶液CO2膜吸收系统的膜结构及传质性能

碳捕集与利用技术是实现减碳目标的有效方案。膜系统气体吸收技术能够实现CO₂以\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}、\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{\mathrm{2}-}形式存储在无机碱性吸收剂中,并还原成甲醇、乙醇等清洁燃料。本文采用膜单侧浸泡实验法和传质实验,分别考察了疏水性微孔滤膜聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）膜、聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）膜、聚丙烯（PP）膜在NaOH碱性溶液中的结构和CO₂传质特性的变化。结果表明,PTFE膜和PP膜在NaOH碱性溶液中溶胀率上升,孔径减小,孔隙率下降,疏水性下降,传质系数下降;PVDF膜在NaOH溶液中会发生反应,结构被破坏,传质系数接近无膜吸收,但无法起到相界面的作用,不能直接用于以NaOH为吸收剂的膜吸收系统。     

Effect of swelling on mass transfer performance in membrane extraction

The membrane extraction experiments were performed with tributyl phosphate/acetic acid (HAc)/water, n-butanol/HAc/water and 20% Alamine (in kerosene); HAc; and water as working systems. HAc was transferred from the aqueous phase to the organic phase. The effect of flat membranes swelling on mass transfer was studied. The membranes were microporous polysulfone and microporous polytetrafluoroethylene. The overall mass transfer coefficients based on the water phase were calculated and compared between nonswollen and swollen membranes. The experimental results show that the physical structure of the flat membranes used in our experiments was changed if soaked by organic solvents; however, change in thickness was not found. The overall mass transfer coefficients clearly were decreased after the flat membranes were swollen. The most likely reason is that the mass transfer resistance was increased because of the change of the membrane structure. The results also show that it is better to choose a hydrophilic membrane to reach high mass transfer performance when the equilibrium constant is very low. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 1555–1561, 1999     

环境化工中的气/液膜接触分离过程及其特性

阐述了新型膜接触器由于避免了传统分离设备的一系列缺点和不足,具有操作范围宽,分离效率高,气液两相的流速可独立控制,可直接线性放大和结构紧凑等众多优点,日益成为分离科学研究的热点。并着眼于3种气/液界面膜接触分离过程(膜吸收、膜蒸馏、膜结构填料替代)在废气、废水等环境治理与化工分离方面的研究,从膜接触器结构、膜材料、传质、分离效率等方面详细分析和探讨了三种膜过程的分离特点,并对其作用原理、操作参数及分离性能进行了综合比较。     

Statistical assessment of gas/liquid mass transfer in slurry-phase propylene polymerization process

A statistical approach was developed to investigate the effects of pressure, temperature, mixing speed and solid concentration on k_La for gaseous hydrogen, ethylene, and propylene in liquid n-hexane containing solid polypropylene powder in a 4-litre agitated reactor. The solubilities of the gases appeared to follow Henry's Law. Statistical correlations to predict k_La were proposed and response surfaces were constructed. k_La values appeared to reach a maximum around 15 mass% and sharply decrease above 30 mass%. The effects of pressure and temperature on k_La were found to depend on the gas-liquid system and operating conditions used.     

质子交换膜燃料电池强化传质

传质问题制约着燃料电池性能的提高。通过理论分析、Fluent模拟,针对质子交换膜燃料电池流道中加凸台和电极扩散层开孔两种方法,分别研究其对强化电池内部传质的效果。结果表明,上述两种方式均能有效强化电池内部传质,提高电池性能。但是加凸台增加了风机的寄生功率,综合性能提升不显著。     

气液液三相体系中的气液传质特征

选取CO2-K2CO3/KHCO3为吸收体系,次氯酸钠为催化剂,甲苯、异戊醇为第2液相,应用Danckwerts图来同时确定液侧传质系数KL和界面面积a,通过实验研究了分散第2液相的加入对气液传质的影响。实验结果表明,随着分散相体积分数φ(1%—10%)的增大,或分散相形成的液滴直径的减小,以及传质组分在分散相和连续相中溶解度的比值m(即传质组分在实验体系的分配系数)增加,或在二相间的相对扩散系数增加时,可显著增强气液传质,为气液液三相体系的系统化研究提供了实验依据。     

第三组分强化气液传质的研究进展

综述了加入第三组分强化气液传质过程的研究,分别介绍了表面活性剂、固体微粒以及第二液相作为第三组分加入对气液传质过程的增强研究,叙述并讨论了强化传质机理研究的最新进展。     

第二液相对气液二相体系传质的影响

以CO2气体-K2CO3/KHCO3水溶液吸收过程为研究体系,用酸解法测量气体被吸收的速率,通过对比试验考察了加入第2液相(有机相)对体系传质速率的影响。经过试验研究证明,第2液相的加入对气液传质过程的影响程度与加入的物质有关,在试验条件下甲苯对体系强化作用高于异辛醇和庚烷对体系的强化作用。当第2液相加入量较小时,随加入量的增加,其对气液传质过程的促进作用增强,但当第2液相加入量较大时,这种作用则不明显。同时第2液相对传质作用的影响与流动场有关,增加流动场的搅动有助于强化气液传质作用。     

膜过程中热质耦合传递分析

研究了透过致密无孔膜的传热传质过程,考察了传热传质的相互作用,建立了膜过程中热质耦合传递的数学模型,并以湿空气透过薄膜分离过程为例,分析了温差及浓度差的变化对传热传质过程的影响,发现温差及浓度差的变化会引起热阻及湿阻的变化,从而进一步影响热流量和传质通量,所以对传热传质过程有加成作用。     

Bubble shape,gas flow and gas–liquid mass transfer in pulp fibre suspensions

Gas–liquid mass transfer in pulp fibre suspensions in a batch‐operated bubble column is explained by observations of bubble size and shape made in a 2D column. Two pulp fibre suspensions (hardwood and softwood kraft) were studied over a range of suspension mass concentrations and gas flow rates. For a given gas flow rate, bubble size was found to increase as suspension concentration increased, moving from smaller spherical/elliptical bubbles to larger spherical‐capped/dimpled‐elliptical bubbles. At relatively low mass concentrations (C_m = 2–3% for the softwood and C_m ? 7% for the hardwood pulp) distinct bubbles were no longer observed in the suspension. Instead, a network of channels formed through which gas flowed. In the bubble column, the volumetric gas–liquid mass transfer rate, k_La, decreased with increasing suspension concentration. From the 2D studies, this occurred as bubble size and rise velocity increased, which would decrease overall bubble surface area and gas holdup in the column. A minimum in k_La occurred between C_m = 2% and 4% which depended on pulp type and was reached near the mass concentration where the flow channels first formed.     

Importance of sample intraparticle diffusivity in investigations of the mass transfer mechanism in liquid chromatography

The effective diffusivity of a nonretained (thiourea) and of a strongly retained (phenol) compounds were measured with the peak parking method in two different columns (both 150 × 4.6 mm) packed with two types of porous particles having different mesopore sizes [5 μm Jupiter‐C₁₈, 320 Å and Luna(2)‐C₁₈, 100 Å]. The eluent was a methanol–water mixture (10/90 v/v) and the temperature 294 K. The effective diffusivity data acquired were used to determine the intraparticle diffusivity, D_p, based on two different diffusion models. The first one assumes that the diffusion fluxes across the particles and in the interparticle volume are additive (parallel diffusion model). The second model was rigorously derived on the basis of the effective medium theory of diffusion (diffusion model) in a binary composite medium (particles + interparticle volume). In both models, it was assumed that the rate of equilibrium between the liquid and the solid phases was infinitely faster than the rate of axial diffusion along the column at zero flow rate. Both models provide physically meaningful intraparticle diffusivity coefficients that take into account the average mesopore size of the particles, their specific surface area, and the retention factor of the analyte. Although the actual effective intraparticle diffusivity remains unknown, these result confirm that the mass transfer resistance due to diffusion through the porous particles has almost negligible effects in reversed phase liquid chromatography due to the importance of surface diffusion. Combining the results of the peak parking method with the h data measured at high linear velocities allows the unambiguous measurement of the film mass transfer and the surface diffusion coefficients. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011