保持时间对定向合金DZ125热/机械疲劳断裂行为的影响

对DZ125定向凝固铸造镍基高温合金进行了应变比为-1.0的同相位三角波和同相位梯形波,550℃()1000℃热/机械疲劳实验研究.实验结果表明:在相同应变幅下,同相位三角波载荷情况下的热/机械疲劳寿命比同相位梯形波载荷情况下的热/机械疲劳寿命长.研究了在两种载荷情况下材料的热/机械疲劳循环应力响应行为.试样断口的微观分析表明:在热/机械疲劳过程中,同时存在疲劳、蠕变和氧化损伤;在同相位三角波载荷下,穿晶 沿晶断裂为疲劳断裂的主要特征;在同相位梯形波载荷下,裂纹主要为沿晶萌生与扩展.这是导致在同相位梯形波载荷下疲劳寿命缩短的主要原因.     

纤维增强金属基复合材料层板热/机械疲劳性能试验研究

进行了B／Al层板250～350℃温度循环范围内的同相位、反相位的热／机械疲劳寿命试验以及250℃和350℃下的等温疲劳试验与宏微观分析研究。结果表明：同相位与反相位的热／机械疲劳S—N曲线出现相交，以交点做应力水平线FPF，在FPF以上，同相位的热／机械疲劳(TMF)比反相位的要短；而在FPF以下，同相位的TMF寿命比反相位的要长；无论是同相位，还是反相位的TMF寿命，均低于250℃和350℃下的等温疲劳寿命；疲劳裂纹起源于纤维与基体界面，并随着基体的横向开裂而扩展，但最终的疲劳损伤机理不仅取决于应力水平，还取决于试验环境条件；纤维与基体之间界面反应区在TMF的损伤扩展方面起了主要作用。     

循环温度范围对Ti-6-22-22合金热机械疲劳行为的影响

采用拉压对称的机械应变控制,研究了Ti-6-22-22合金在200～400℃和200～520℃两个温度范围的热机械疲劳(TMF)行为.结果表明,在200～400℃内,同相和反相热机械疲劳寿命均高于400℃等温疲劳寿命;在200～520℃范围,反相热机械疲劳寿命明显低于520℃等温疲劳寿命.在两个温度范围内,热机械疲劳的循环应力都与相应等温疲劳的循环应力响应有关.纵向剖面金相观察表明,520℃时等温疲劳表面的裂纹更长.循环温度范围扩大导致环境破坏作用增强是热机械疲劳具有明显破坏作用的原因.     

镍基高温合金K417热机械疲劳行为

主要研究了Ｋ４１７高温合金在不同实验条件下的热机械疲劳（ＴＭＦ）行为。在计算机辅助控制伺服液压疲劳实验机上进行了同相和反相热机械疲劳实验。实验结果表明，与等温低周疲劳性能相比较，无论是同相和反相的热机械疲劳均使寿命大大降低，不同相位对ＴＭＦ性能产生不同的影响，此外，对于热机械疲劳过程中的塑性应变分量中的时间相关相（蠕变）和非时间相关相（纯塑性变形）应当分别进行考虑，这样才能对该合金的热机械疲劳行为有更加准确的认识。最后用ＳＥＭ对不同试验条件下的断口进行了详细观察，并对其微观断裂机制进行了分析和探讨。     

高温合金热疲劳实验机的研制及实验研究

介绍了用于测试高温合金热疲劳性能的热疲劳实验机。该实验机主要用于定性地测量合金在某一条件下循环规定的次数后热疲劳裂纹扩展的长度,或热疲劳裂纹在扩展一定长度下循环的次数。该实验机的优点是:完全自动化、运行灵活、定位准确。通过对DZ951定向凝固镍基高温合金进行实验研究,表明该热疲劳实验机具有较好的稳定性和可靠性。DZ951合金主要通过铝和铬元素氧化,产生氧化孔洞。热疲劳裂纹通过孔洞相互连接萌生和扩展。合金具有两条热疲劳裂纹,且扩展具有一定方向,与枝晶生长方向成45°扩展。     

低碳马氏体／贝氏体复合组织的疲劳裂纹萌生行为EI

本文用四点弯曲加载法测定了２０ＣｒＭｎＭｏ钢矩形缺口试样的条件疲劳裂纹萌生寿命，并用微观分析研究了疲劳裂纹的萌生行为。试验结果表明，通过短时等温处理，在低碳马氏体组织中引入２０～３０％贝氏体，可显著提高缺口试样的疲劳萌生寿命。复合组织中的贝氏体虽易于滑移变形引发裂纹，但在存在较大应力集中条件下（ｋｔ≥２），因可同时形成较多的非扩展裂纹，能有效缓和应力集中，从而有利于延长扩展裂纹的形成寿命。     

超声载荷下TC4钛合金的疲劳寿命分析

通过计算裂纹尖端应力强度因子及疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/d N,由C.Paris模型推导出安全寿命Nf,由Bathias公式计算"哑铃"状钛合金试样的裂纹扩展寿命。通过理论计算和有限元分析超声疲劳"哑铃"状试样,得出应力最大位置。利用有限元仿真和实验数据分析TC4钛合金疲劳寿命。在20 k Hz的超声疲劳试验中,试样的断口位置表明:TC4钛合金材料内部缺陷是试样萌生裂纹使断裂位置偏离最大应力处的主要原因。并得出疲劳裂纹萌生阶段寿命决定"哑铃"状试样的疲劳寿命。     

TB6钛合金疲劳小裂纹扩展行为

为了研究TB6钛合金自然萌生小裂纹的扩展行为,针对单边缺口拉伸试样开展室温下不同应力比(R=0.1,0.5)的小裂纹扩展实验,采用复型法观测了小裂纹的萌生与扩展情况。结果表明:同一应力比下,随着应力等级的降低,小裂纹的萌生寿命由占全寿命的60%增加到80%,但应力等级对TB6钛合金小裂纹扩展速率没有明显影响。裂纹早期扩展速率受微观组织的影响大,TB6钛合金扩展速率转变临界值是200μm,一旦裂纹长度达到200μm,裂纹扩展速率将不受取向不同的晶界或晶粒影响而迅速提升。TB6钛合金疲劳小裂纹起源于试样缺口根部,所有试样的裂纹大部分为角裂纹,疲劳小裂纹萌生寿命占全寿命的绝大部分。     

镍基高温合金GH4169的热机械疲劳行为

在不同温度区间、不同条件下进行GH4169合金的热机械疲劳实验测试其热机械疲劳数据,研究了这种合金的热机械疲劳行为。结果表明：GH4169合金在热机械条件下的迟滞回线具有明显的拉压不对称性;同相位时材料承受压应力,反相位时承受拉应力。拉应力,是影响疲劳寿命的主要因素。应变幅较高时GH4169合金出现平均应力松弛,在高温半周为先循环软化后循环稳定,在低温半周始终趋于循环稳定。     

第二取向对镍基单晶高温合金DD33热疲劳性能的影响

选用不同第二取向的第三代镍基单晶高温合金DD33板式试样进行热疲劳实验,研究了第二取向对单晶高温合金热疲劳性能的影响和不同第二取向样品的热疲劳裂纹扩展动力学。结果表明:第二取向严重影响合金的热疲劳性能。两种第二取向样品,其热疲劳裂纹萌生位置和扩展方向明显不同。在第二取向[100]的样品中,热疲劳裂纹在与定向凝固方向呈45°的孔壁处萌生并沿与定向凝固方向呈45°方向扩展;而在第二取向为[110]的样品中,热疲劳裂纹优先在与定向凝固方向垂直的孔壁处萌生并沿定向凝固方向扩展且裂纹萌生及扩展速度都明显快于第二取向[100]的样品。     

The characteristics of fatigue under isothermal and thermo-mechanical load in Cr–Ni–Mo cast hot work die steel

ABSTRACT High temperature isothermal fatigue (IF) and in-phase thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) tests in load control were carried out in cast hot work die steel. At the same load amplitude, the fatigue lives obtained in the in-phase TMF tests are lower than those obtained in the isothermal tests. Observations of fracture surface and the response of stress–strain reveal that cyclic creep in the tensile direction occurs and the intergranular cracks dominate in TMF tests, whereas cyclic creep in the compressive direction occurs and the path of the crack growth is mainly transgranular in IF tests. A model of life prediction, based on the Chaboche law, was discussed. Damage coefficients that are functions of the maximum temperature and the variation of temperature are introduced in the model so as to evaluate TMF lives in load control. With this method, the lifetime prediction gives results corresponding well to experimental data.     

Cyclic stress-strain response during isothermal and thermomechanical fatigue

Isothermal high-temperature low-cycle fatigue and in-phase and out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue tests were carried out on 316L austenitic stainless steel specimens controlled by computer. A non-linear kinematic hardening model with internal variables was used to simulate the cyclic stress-strain behaviour of isothermal fatigue. This model was modified by considering thermal cyclic effects in order to describe the cyclic stress-strain behaviour of thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) using only isothermal fatigue data and the material performance data. A very good approximation of the hysteresis loops was obtained by comparing with experiments of both in-phase and out-of-phase cases. The thermomechanical fatigue behaviour described by isothermal fatigue data gives the possibility of developing the TMF lifetime prediction technique.     

Thermomechanical Fatigue Behaviour of a Nickel Base Superalloy

The isothermal low cycle fatigue (LCF)and thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) behaviourof a Ni-base superalloy was investigated. Theresults show that temperature plays an importantrole in both LCF and TMF. The alloy shows thelowest LCF fatigue resistance in the intermediatetemperature range (～760℃). For strain-controlledTMF, in-phase (IP) cycling is more damagingthan out-phase (OP) cycling. The high tempera-ture exposure in the TMF cycling influencesthe deformation behaviour at the low temperature.LCF lives at different temperatures, and IPand OP TMF lives are successfully correlatedby using the hysteresis parameter Δσ·Δε_p.     

Assessment of fatigue crack closure under in-phase and out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue loading using a temperature dependent strip yield model

In this paper fatigue crack closure under in-phase and out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) loading is studied using a temperature dependent strip yield model. It is shown that fatigue crack closure is strongly influenced by the phase relation between mechanical loading and temperature, if the temperature difference goes along with a temperature dependence of the yield stress. In order to demonstrate the effect of the temperature dependent yield stress, the influence of in-phase and out-of-phase TMF loading is studied for a polycrystalline nickel-base superalloy. By using a mechanism based lifetime model, implications for fatigue lives are demonstrated.     

Numerical simulations of cyclic behaviors in light alloys under isothermal and thermo-mechanical fatigue loadings

In this article, numerical simulations of cyclic behaviors in light alloys are conducted under isothermal and thermo-mechanical fatigue loadings. For this purpose, an aluminum alloy (A356) which is widely used in cylinder heads and a magnesium alloy (AZ91) which can be applicable in cylinder heads are considered to study their stress–strain hysteresis loops. Two plasticity approaches including the Chaboche’s hardening model and the Nagode’s spring-slider model are applied to simulate cyclic behaviors. To validate obtained results, strain-controlled fatigue tests are performed under low cycle and thermo-mechanical fatigue loadings. Numerical results demonstrate a good agreement with experimental data at the mid-life cycle of fatigue tests in light alloys. Calibrated material constants based on low cycle fatigue tests at various temperatures are applied to models to estimate the thermo-mechanical behavior of light alloys. The reason is to reduce costs and the testing time by performing isothermal fatigue experiments at higher strain rates.     

A study on thermo mechanical fatigue life prediction of Ni-base superalloy

Gas turbine blades are exposed to high-temperature degradation environments due to flames and mechanical loads as a results of high-speed rotation during operation. In addition, blades are exposed to thermo-mechanical fatigue due to frequent start and shutdown. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the lifetime of blade materials.In this study, the TMF life of a Ni-base superalloy applied to gas turbine blade was predicted based on LCF and TMF test results. The LCF tests were conducted under various strain ranges based on gas turbine operating conditions. In addition, IP (in-phase) and OP (out of-phase) TMF tests were conducted under various strain ranges.Finally, a fatigue life prediction model was drawn from the LCF and TMF test results. The correlation between the LCF and TMF test results was also evaluated with respect to fatigue life.     

Stress–strain time-dependent behavior of A356.0 aluminum alloy subjected to cyclic thermal and mechanical loadings

This article presents the cyclic behavior of the A356.0 aluminum alloy under low-cycle fatigue (or isothermal) and thermo-mechanical fatigue loadings. Since the thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) test is time consuming and has high costs in comparison to low-cycle fatigue (LCF) tests, the purpose of this research is to use LCF test results to predict the TMF behavior of the material. A time-independent model, considering the combined nonlinear isotropic/kinematic hardening law, was used to predict the TMF behavior of the material. Material constants of this model were calibrated based on room-temperature and high-temperature low-cycle fatigue tests. The nonlinear isotropic/kinematic hardening law could accurately estimate the stress–strain hysteresis loop for the LCF condition; however, for the out-of-phase TMF, the condition could not predict properly the stress value due to the strain rate effect. Therefore, a two-layer visco-plastic model and also the Johnson–Cook law were applied to improve the estimation of the stress–strain hysteresis loop. Related finite element results based on the two-layer visco-plastic model demonstrated a good agreement with experimental TMF data of the A356.0 alloy.     

A crack opening stress equation for in-phase and out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue loading

In this paper, a crack opening stress equation for in-phase and out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) loading is proposed. The equation is derived from systematic calculations of the crack opening stress with a temperature dependent strip yield model for both plane stress and plane strain, different load ratios and different ratios of the temperature dependent yield stress in compression and tension. Using a load ratio scaled by the ratio of the yield stress in compression and tension, the equation accounts for the effect of the temperature dependent yield stress and the constraint on the crack opening stress. Based on the scaling relation established in this paper, Newman’s crack opening stress equation for isothermal loading is enabled to predict the crack opening stress under TMF loading.     

Characteristics of fatigue crack propagation behaviour as identified by hysteresis loop at the crack tip

Fatigue crack propagation tests have been carried out under various load conditions. Hysteresis loops denoting the relationship between load and strain at the crack tip are obtained by using local compliance measurement. Crack growth acceleration, delayed retardation and non‐propagation phenomena are investigated by considering the variation of hysteresis loop expansion and hysteresis loop tail. Based on the physical meaning of hysteresis loops, two types of crack closure are ascertained and the effect of crack closure on fatigue crack propagation is studied. Results show that change of the effective amplitude of the stress intensity factor at the crack tip is the reason that crack propagation rates vary.