基于CEEMDAN能量熵和马氏距离的齿轮箱轴承故障诊断方法

针对齿轮箱轴承信号非平稳性及其故障特征难以提取的问题,提出一种自适应白噪声平均总体经验模态分解（CEEMDAN）能量熵和马氏距离相结合的故障诊断方法。首先采用CEEMDAN方法对非平稳的轴承故障信号进行分解,获得若干阶表征信号特性的固有模态函数（IMF）分量;然后计算各IMF分量的自相关函数和相关系数,以滤除信号内的噪声干扰和对故障特征不敏感的IMF分量;最后计算各敏感故障特征分量的能量熵,将其作为特征参数形成状态特征向量,并使用马氏距离判别方法对轴承的工作状态和故障类型进行诊断。通过对实测不同工况以及不同故障程度的齿轮箱轴承信号的分析,证明了所提方法的有效性。     

机器人RV减速器主轴承试验载荷谱编制北大核心

机器人RV减速器主轴承实际重载工况下测取的载荷数据规律性差,无法直接用于寿命试验。针对RV减速器主轴承原始径向载荷数据的特点,利用孤立森林原理进行预处理,并根据雨流计数得到均值与幅值累计频次直方图,分别采用正态分布和韦伯概率纸拟合频次直方图中均值和幅值的频次,通过卡方检验对原始载荷数据中均值和幅值独立性进行检验。结果表明,RV减速器主轴承重载工况下径向载荷均值和幅值在0.05检验水平下相互独立,建立的RV减速器主轴承重载工况下径向载荷数据6×6级二维载荷谱和试验载荷谱,能够有效反应原始载荷特征,为RV减速器主轴承疲劳寿命试验提供了基础。     

基于改进HHT和形态学分形维数的齿轮箱轴承故障特征提取方法

针对齿轮箱轴承特征难以提取的问题,提出一种基于改进希尔伯特-黄变换(HHT)和形态学分形维数的故障特征提取方法。首先采用自适应白噪声总体经验模态分解(CEEMDAN)方法将轴承振动信号分解为若干个固有模态函数(IMF),然后分别计算各IMF分量的相关系数和峭度值以滤除对信号特征不敏感的分量,最后计算包含敏感故障特征分量所组成的重构信号的形态学分形维数,以此作为特征参数对轴承的工作状态进行识别。通过对实测轴承信号的分析,结果表明,文章所提方法可有效识别轴承的工作状态和故障类型。     

基于DT-LMD机床轴承故障信号提取研究

为了准确得到机床故障轴承的运行状态,结合双树复小波变换(Daul-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform,DT-CWT)和局域均值方法 (LMD)分解的方法提出了一种新的方法 (DT-LMD),对轴承故障振动信号提取,首先利用双树复小波变换对信号进行降噪和重构,其次通过局域均值方法分解,再次利用该方法对机床轴承实际振动信号进行分解,提取其能量特征值并将特征值进行归一化处理,得到各个分量的能量值;最后判断轴承的故障类型。     

一种基于幅值调制比率的风电机组齿轮箱失效自动识别方法

风电机组状态监测部位多,数据分析工作量大,人工故障识别的方式使得风电机组状态监测报告滞后。本研究提出一种基于幅值调制比率的风电机组齿轮箱失效自动识别方法,针对风电机组转速不平稳的特点首先对齿轮箱振动加速度信号进行时频分析得到机组的瞬时转速,然后进行阶比处理将等时间间隔信号序列重采样转换成等角度间隔信号序列,频域变换后选择一倍啮合频率和两倍啮合频率幅值较大值,计算调制间隔为转频的多频率点幅值累加和,再将与较大啮合频率处的幅值调制比率作为特征值表征齿轮箱的失效状态。恒速和变速风电机组齿轮箱振动数据分析结果都表明该特征值具有良好的故障与正常状态区分能力,且不同转速下该特征值具有稳定性。     

ELMD与排列熵在滚动轴承故障诊断中的应用

针对轴承故障信号往往被强背景噪声淹没,采用传统包络解调方法难以提取故障特征的问题,提出总体局部均值分解(ensemble local mean decomposition,ELMD)与排列熵(permutation entropy,PE)相结合的轴承故障诊断方法。首先,对轴承振动信号进行ELMD分解并得到一系列窄带乘积函数(product function,PF),然后,计算各PF分量排列熵以构造高维特征向量,最后将高维特征向量作为多故障分类器的输入来识别轴承故障类型。实验结果表明ELMD方法可以有效地抑制模态混叠;PF分量的排列熵分布可以反应轴承不同工作状态下的信号特征;基于ELMD与排列熵的智能诊断方法可以准确地识别轴承的工作状态和故障类型。     

基于广义S变换与隐马尔可夫的滚动轴承性能评估

考虑到滚动轴承故障信号的非平稳性、强噪声性，导致状态评估结果不确定性高，提出一种基于广义S变换特征提取和变分贝叶斯-隐马尔可夫模型的滚动轴承性能评估方法。针对滚动轴承监测获得的振动信号，对其进行广义S变换后，分别进行时间、频率、时频的信息熵特征值运算，提取健康指数作为性能评估的特征向量，并使用变分贝叶斯-隐马尔可夫模型建立实时性能评估模型，用健康样本训练模型，以模型输出对数似然概率值作为性能退化的评估指标。利用数学模型仿真和辛辛那提大学提供的轴承数据验证特征指标和评估模型的可行性，结果表明广义S变换熵值优于常规的特征指标，在轴承早期微弱故障时灵敏度高，性能评估模型仅需要正常数据就可以准确表征轴承性能退化趋势，为设备的维修和故障检测提供了参考。     

样本熵改进小波包阈值去噪的轴承故障诊断

为了准确诊断出轴承故障,提出了样本熵改进小波包阈值去噪算法的轴承故障诊断方法。分析了样本熵与噪声大小、数据长度、信号固有特征的关系,得出了样本熵可以很好表征噪声大小、与数据长度、信号固有特征相关性极小的结论。使用样本熵从三个方面改进了小波包阈值去噪算法:提出了自适应阈值函数,使阈值函数随噪声分布情况进行自适应调整;以噪声信号样本熵值最大为依据,提出了最优阈值估计方法,使阈值随噪声大小自适应调整;以相邻分解层数的样本熵均值差值为依据,提出了分解层数确定方法。将样本熵改进小波包阈值去噪算法应用于轴承故障信号去噪中,去噪信号功率谱中轴承转动频率及倍频、外圈故障特征频率及倍频、两者的调制频率显露明显,能够明确判处出轴承为外圈故障,体现了极好的去噪效果。     

基于改进的LMD和总变差的滚动轴承故障诊断

对工业设备中的滚动轴承进行故障诊断时,被测信号经常受到高频噪声和间歇噪声的干扰,导致信号分解和特征提取的精度较低。为解决此问题,提出一种基于总变差降噪（TVD）和改进的局部均值分解（LMD）的方法。采取总变差方法对信号进行降噪处理,选取合适的正则化参数,使得降噪后的信号在具有高信噪比的同时具有较低的均方根误差。对降噪后的信号进行局部均值分解,根据互相关系值和峭度选取最佳的PF分量,进行包络分析,实现对故障特征的提取。对实测信号进行实验验证。结果表明：所提方法可以达到有效的降噪效果,能准确提取复杂振动信号中的故障特征。     

基于经验模态与奇异值分解的振动源数估计方法

针对振动传感器数小于本底振源数的源数估计问题,提出一种基于经验模态分解的虚拟通道扩展方法。通过经验模态分解得到的固有模态函数构建振动信号观测矩阵,以扩充振动传感器观测通道数量。针对奇异值分解特征矩阵中噪声和数据观测误差以及不确定性导致的源数估计不准确问题,提出一种基于类内散度与类间距离比值优化的聚类分析方法。通过对奇异值分解后特征值矩阵中对角线特征值的聚类分析,获得盲源数估计结果。结果表明：与传统方法相比较,所提方法可准确实现振动信号盲源数估计。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。