微电解-Fenton氧化法去除垃圾渗滤液中有机物

采用Fe/C微电解和Fe/C微电解-Fenton氧化联合工艺对垃圾渗滤液进行处理,研究了废水初始pH、药剂投加量、药剂投加比例和反应时间等对处理效果的影响,获得Fe/C微电解处理垃圾渗滤液的最佳工艺条件:初始pH=3、m(Fe)/m(C)为4、ρ(Fe/C)为0.6 g/L、反应时间为60 min,处理后COD降至5 960 mg/L,COD去除率达51.8%。Fe/C微电解-Fenton氧化处理垃圾渗滤液的最佳工艺条件:在Fe/C微电解最佳条件下,H2 O2投加量为11 mL/L,反应时间为100 min,出水COD为4 480 mg/L,COD总去除率为63.8%。垃圾渗滤液中的腐殖酸类有机质经过Fe/C微电解或微电解-Fenton氧化处理后变成小分子产物,与Fe/C微电解相比,Fenton氧化对腐殖酸等大分子有机质有更强的氧化降解效果。     

Removal of selected persistent organic pollutants by heterogeneous photocatalysis in water

Environmentally relevant polar persistent organic pollutants (pharmaceuticals and diagnostic agents) were chosen according to human consumption and occurrence in the aquatic environment (sewage plant effluents, rivers and groundwater) to investigate their behavior during photocatalytic oxidation. From data compilation in the literature, the active metabolite clofibric acid of some lipid lowering agents, the anti-epileptic drug carbamazepine and the X-ray contrast media iomeprol were selected. The degradation of the persistent pollutant was monitored by HPLC/DAD/FLD. The study also focuses on the identification and quantification of possible degradation products by HPLC/DAD/FLD and HPLC/MS/MS. The degradation process was also monitored by determination of sum parameters and inorganic ions. Various aromatic and aliphatic degradation products have been identified and quantified. From analytical data, a possible degradation scheme for carbamazepine was proposed. Kinetic studies showed that the TiO₂ photocatalyst P25 was more active in clofibric acid degradation than Hombikat UV100. For photocatalytic degradation of iomeprol Hombikat UV100 was more suitable than P25. In general the presence of NOM and carbamazepine retarded the photocatalysis of clofibric acid. Radiation attenuation, competition for active sites and surface deactivation of the catalyst by adsorption are the reason for that. The results of this work proof that photocatalysis is a promising technology to reduce persistent substances even if they are present in low concentrations or in a complex matrix.     

Fine-structured patterns of porous alumina material fabricated by a replication method

Porous alumina materials with three-dimensional fine-patterning over multiple length scales were fabricated from mixed slurry of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and alumina nanosized particles in water by a replication method. The mixed slurry was then filled in a silicon mold with different pattern sizes and dried at room temperature. After the drying, the PVA and alumina dried film were detached from the mold. Through burn-out at various sintering temperatures, alumina porous materials with dot, hole and line and space patterns as small as sub-micrometer in size were successfully fabricated. The results demonstrated possibilities to produce porous inorganic materials with various compositions and structures with a facile approach and a simple method.     

Removal of inorganic mercury from mine waste water by ion exchange

The present study has been undertaken to investigate a process that might remove inorganic mercury from mine waste water streams by use an ion exchange resin system. A number of commercial resins have been evaluated as ion exchangers and the mercury content of the waste water, ranging from 70 to 90 ppm, is reduced to a permitted level of 34 ppb. Dowex XZS‐1, a strong cationic ion exchanger in a gel Form, has the most pronounced selectivity for mercury. The loaded resin was regenerated efficiently using HCl solutions, due to increased competition between Hg and hydronium ions and formation of an HgCl ₄ ²⁻ ionic complex. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

吸附-催化臭氧氧化去除印染废水中特征污染物

研究了活性炭吸附-催化臭氧氧化技术对印染废水特征污染物的去除效果,探讨了臭氧进气流量、活性炭投加量、pH对特征污染物去除效果的影响,并考察了活性炭-臭氧的协同作用。结果表明,苯乙酮被筛选为印染废水的特征污染物;活性炭吸附-催化臭氧氧化技术对苯乙酮的去除率随臭氧进气流量、活性炭投加量的增加而提高;臭氧进气流量50 mg/L、活性炭投加量200 mg/L、pH=10为最优工艺条件,反应20 min苯乙酮去除率即可达92.3%。     

Significance of microhardness of porous inorganic materials

Microhardness was measured of porous and nonporous samples of halite and selenite and it has been shown that the relationship between microhardness and porosity may be expressed by the emperical relation H = H_oe^−bp. The significance of the microhardness measurements as applied to porous materials is discussed from the standpoint of the disturbed zone of crystals or micro-units, including the problem of “work hardening” when powdered samples are compacted. The effect of morphology on microhardness is also discussed with regard to a series of gypsum samples. Reference is made to the effect of humidity on microhardness of porous glass and the conclusion drawn that the micromechanics of failure in microhardness are similar to flexure strength.     

离子交换法脱除己内酰胺产品中的无机盐

采用不同的阴阳离子交换树脂,对己内酰胺产品进行了精制研究,脱除了产品中微量的硫酸铵等无机杂质。通过静态和动态实验对比考察了不同树脂对硫酸铵的吸附性能。结果表明,离子交换反应是吸热的过程,树脂的吸附量随温度、初始浓度和接触时间的增加而增加。动态穿透曲线能很好地符合Adams-Bohart和Thomas模型,并得到树脂的最大交换容量,阳离子交换树脂D001对NH_4~+的最大交换容量为61.51 mg/g,阴离子交换树脂717对SO_4~(2-)的最大交换容量为7 640.4 mg/g。在吸附过程中,己内酰胺的含量稳定不变,且电导率的测定可用于检测实际己内酰胺溶液中硫酸铵的浓度变化。     

离子交换法脱除己内酰胺产品中的无机盐

采用不同的阴阳离子交换树脂,对己内酰胺产品进行了精制研究,脱除了产品中微量的硫酸铵等无机杂质。通过静态和动态实验对比考察了不同树脂对硫酸铵的吸附性能。结果表明,离子交换反应是吸热的过程,树脂的吸附量随温度、初始浓度和接触时间的增加而增加。动态穿透曲线能很好地符合Adams-Bohart和Thomas模型,并得到树脂的最大交换容量,阳离子交换树脂D001对NH_4⁺的最大交换容量为61.51 mg/g,阴离子交换树脂717对SO_4+的最大交换容量为61.51 mg/g,阴离子交换树脂717对SO_4^(2-)的最大交换容量为7 640.4 mg/g。在吸附过程中,己内酰胺的含量稳定不变,且电导率的测定可用于检测实际己内酰胺溶液中硫酸铵的浓度变化。     

Removal of aerosols by bubbling through porous media submerged in organic liquid

Aerosols can be filtered by passing the carrier gas through a fibrous filter immersed in water (Agranovski, I. E., Myojo, T., & Braddock, R. D. (1999a). Bubble filtering through porous media. Aerosol Science and Technology, 31, 249-257. Using water as the irrigating fluid significantly increases the efficiency of filtration of particles and adds the possibility for simultaneous removal of alien gases from the carrier. Organic compounds (gaseous and particulate) form a significant proportion of pollutants in the atmosphere, and effective purification is needed for ambient air as well as for cleaning exhaust streams. Water does not have a high level of solubility for gaseous organic compounds, and alternative irrigating liquids need to be considered. Experiments were conducted using sunflower oil as the irrigating fluid. The filtration efficiencies of the oil are better than for water, for liquid di-ethyl-hexyl-sebacate particles. As the solubility of organic vapours is much higher in oil compared with the one in water, oil provides an excellent opportunity for utilizing as the irrigating liquid for high-efficient simultaneous removal of organic particles and vapours from air carrier.     

Adsorption of bovine serum albumin to a polymer brush prepared by atom-transfer radical polymerization in a porous inorganic membrane

Protein adsorption was performed by a polymer brush prepared by atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to a porous inorganic membrane. The porous inorganic membrane, Shirasu Porous Glass made from silica, was modified with a halogen-containing compound to bind the active species for the polymerization. Glycidyl methacrylate was polymerized from the halogen compound by ATRP for a prescribed time, and subsequently chemically modified. The progression of the chemical modification allowed the membrane to lower the phosphate-buffer flux of the porous membrane due to the attachment of the polymer brush. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), as a model protein, was adsorbed at 12 mg per gram of the membrane in permeating BSA solution through the polymer-brush-attached porous membrane.     

头孢类制药废水中有机污染物的去除特性

为全面研究头孢类制药废水处理过程中有机污染物的去除特性,分析了废水中常规污染物（COD、TOC、氨氮、总氮、总磷）和残留抗生素的去除效率,并采用液液萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）的方法对有机物进行定性分析。研究结果表明,废水中残留的头孢唑林去除率为99.1%,而COD、TOC、氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率为50.0%~97.4%,出水均满足《化学合成类制药工业水污染物排放标准》（GB 21904—2008）直接排放要求。GC-MS定性分析得到52种有机污染物,其中酸酯类、胺类、杂环类物质较多,三氯甲烷、苯酚属于水中优先控制污染物;三乙胺、四氢呋喃、N,N-二甲基三甲基乙酰胺、丁酸、2-巯基咪唑、2-巯基-5-甲基-1,3,4-噻二唑等属于头孢类抗生素生产过程中的原料和中间体。以上物质均具有潜在的环境毒性,需要针对这些物质优化处理工艺,并关注其残留浓度和迁移转化过程。     

Synthesis of polymer/inorganic nanocomposite films using highly porous inorganic scaffolds

Polymeric/inorganic nanocomposite films have been fabricated through a combination of flame-spray-pyrolysis (FSP) made inorganic scaffold and surface initiated polymerization of cyanoacrylate. The highly porous structure of pristine SnO(2) films allows the uptake of cyanoacrylate and the polymerization is surface initiated by the water adsorbed onto the SnO(2) surface. Scanning electron microscopy study reveals a nonlinear increase in the composite particle size and the film thickness with polymerization time. The structural change is rather homogeneous throughout the whole layer. The composite is formed mainly by an increase of the particle size and not by just filling the existing pores. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging shows SnO(2) nanoparticles embedded in the polymeric matrix, constituting the nanocomposite material. Thermogravimetric analysis indicates that the porosity of the nanocomposite films decreases from 98% to 75%, resulting in a significant enhancement of the hardness of the films. DC conductivity measurements conducted in situ on the nanocomposite layer suggest a gradual increase in the layer resistance, pointing to a loss of connectivity between the SnO(2) primary particles as the polymerization proceeds.     

菌藻共生系统削减抗生素类污染物的去除途径及胁迫响应

菌藻共生系统不仅能够高效去除污水中的氮磷、重金属、抗生素等污染物,而且还能够捕集并固定二氧化碳,因而受到日益广泛的关注。本文介绍了菌藻共生系统对抗生素类污染物的去除途径,包括生物降解、生物吸附、生物累积等,其中生物降解是菌藻共生系统去除抗生素的最主要途径;同时简述了降解抗生素的生物反应器类型,主要可分为悬浮生长系统和固定化生长系统。本文还重点介绍了菌藻共生系统应对抗生素胁迫的短期和长期响应机制,短期响应主要是通过产生活性氧（ROS）并激活SOS响应,长期响应则具体表现在抗生素抗性基因的富集转移和微生物群落的演替进化等方面。本文为菌藻共生系统用于去除废水中抗生素类污染物提供了理论依据和技术参考。     

The pressure drop in a porous material layer during combustion

During the combustion of a porous material layer, a manometer, which is attached to the cold end of the charge, records at the bottom of the layer a pressure reduction, which was discovered more than 20 years ago but which remains essentially unexplained up to the present. It is experimentally shown that this effect is similar to the pressure change in the cavities when a light gas (helium, hydrogen) diffuses from (or to) them under isothermal conditions and that it increases during the combustion mainly due to the accompanying Stefan type flow, and probably also as a result of the thermal diffusion. A pressure drop in the cavities is evidently made possible also by the pressure reduction in the flame which follows from the Hugoniot adiabatic theory.D. I. Mendeleev Mosk. Khim.-Tekhnol Inst. 125190, Moscow. Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, No. 1, pp. 57–60, January–February, 1995.     

硅酸盐黏结剂制备摩擦材料的性能研究

树脂基摩擦材料普遍存在热衰退问题,探索解决摩擦材料的热衰退问题一直是摩擦材料研究的热点。无机黏结剂具有承受高温的特点,有望替代树脂黏结剂成为摩擦材料用黏结剂的材料。采用硅酸盐作为黏结剂,丁腈橡胶为韧性改良组分,采用热压成型工艺制备了摩擦材料。研究了硅酸盐种类及用量、橡胶含量对摩擦材料冲击韧性和摩擦磨损性能的影响,借助扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察摩擦材料磨损表面的形貌并分析磨损机理。结果表明：钠钾比（物质的量比）为2∶1的混合硅酸盐制备的摩擦材料基体间的结合力较强,综合性能最优;适当含量的硅酸盐可以为摩擦材料提供较好的强度和韧性,并且可以实现摩擦材料的摩擦系数在全部测试温度范围内的平缓稳定,有效地改善了摩擦材料的抗热衰退性能;适量橡胶的加入可以提高摩擦材料的冲击韧性。     

Determination of Darcian permeability of porous material by infrared spectrometry

The active cooling of aerospace structures can be performed by the use of porous materials. It requires characterizing its permeability to predict the cooling efficiency by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics codes. The Darcian term is generally deduced experimentally from a relationship between the mass flow rate and the pressure drop through the porous media. Due to thermo-chemical process involved in the cooling, the permeability can change. It is currently not possible with common techniques to determine these variations during the flight. This paper presents a novel approach taking advantage of well known flow behaviour in chemical reactor engineering in order to propose a real-time in situ quantification of the Darcian permeability. The residence time distribution is analyzed thanks to tracer injection and to associated experimental measures of Infra-Red signals. The IR peak characteristics (height, width, surface, rising and falling gradients) and time delays are analyzed and correlated to physical parameters (mass flow rate, injected mass of tracer, properties of fluids). The peak height and surface and the rising gradient vary linearly in the same sense as the injected tracer mass while the falling gradient varies in the opposite sense. Both gradients decrease with a mass flow rate increase. The time delay between injection and detection of the tracer is quite constant except when changing the fluid nature. A design of experiments allowed estimating quantitatively the influence of each physical parameter on the optical one of the IR signal. Thanks to this first understanding, the Darcian permeability is linked to the observed IR signal. A linear regression is proposed with the peak width which is judged to be the most relevant parameter. Finally, an analytical approach is developed to fit ordinary differential equations to IR peak measures and to correlate the parameters of the law to the Darcian permeability. Several laws (linear, logarithmic and power) are proposed depending on the parameter but the linear regression involving the coefficient noted ?? ₁ is the most promising. One of the advantages of this method is to be able measuring the permeability during the flight and not only on-ground with specific test facility.     

Removal of toxic metal ions by using composite cation-exchange material

Polyanilinezirconium(IV) arsenate composite cation exchange material was synthesized under different experimental conditions by the incorporation of polyaniline into the matrices of inorganic precipitate (zirconium(IV)arsenate). The experimental parameters such as concentration, mixing volume ratio, and pH were established for the synthesis of the material. Ion-exchange material that was synthesized at pH 1.0 showed an ion exchange capacity of 1.33 meq g⁻¹ for Na⁺ ions. The composite material exhibits improved ion-exchange capacity along with chemical and thermal stability. The exchanger was characterized based on FTIR, TGA, XRD, and SEM analysis. The X-ray diffraction study shows semi-crystalline nature of the material. The distribution coefficient studies (K_d) of metal ions on the material were performed in diverse solvent systems. Based on K_d values the material was found to be selective for Pb(II) and Hg(II) ions. Some analytically important binary separations of metal ions in synthetic mixtures viz. Ba²⁺-Pb²⁺, Pb²⁺-Ni²⁺, Cd²⁺-Hg²⁺, Ni²⁺-Hg²⁺, Zn²⁺-Pb²⁺, Ca²⁺-Bi³⁺, Al³⁺-Hg²⁺, and Ca²⁺-Pb²⁺ were achieved on the columns of polyanilinezirconium(IV) arsenate cation exchanger. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012