静电纺丝法制备氧化物纳米纤维及其气敏特性

静电纺丝技术由于简单的装置和制备过程,以及所使用材料的多样和应用领域的广泛,被认为是制备纳米纤维材料最具发展潜力的方法.简述了静电纺丝技术和影响纺丝质量的相关因素;介绍了静电纺丝制备半导体氧化物纳米纤维的方法及纳米纤维在气体传感器领域的应用;比较了几种纳米纤维和纳米线纳米棒等气敏元件的敏感特性;最后分析了纳米纤维具有优...     

异质复合结构纳米纤维SnO2/ZnO的制备及其气敏特性研究

采用静电纺丝法制备了多级中空结构的SnO₂纳米纤维, 然后将SnO₂纳米纤维置于90℃乙酸锌溶液中, 恒温水浴条件下, 在SnO₂纳米纤维上生长了ZnO纳米球, 形成了异质结构的SnO₂/ZnO复合纳米纤维。分别通过XRD、SEM、EDX和XPS等表征手段对异质复合纳米纤维SnO₂/ZnO材料的结构、形貌及元素含量进行了表征分析。异质结构的SnO₂/ZnO复合纳米纤维保持了SnO₂纳米纤维多级中空的纤维结构, SnO₂纳米纤维长度约为300 nm, 依附于SnO₂纤维表面的SnO₂纳米颗粒生长的ZnO纳米球直径为250~300 nm。采用静态气体测试系统对异质复合纳米纤维SnO₂/ZnO气敏元件的气敏性能进行了测试。测试结果表明: 异质复合纳米纤维SnO₂/ZnO气敏元件在最佳工作温度350℃下, 对(0.5~100)×10^-6丙酮具有优异的响应灵敏度、较好的选择性和长期稳定性。异质复合纳米纤维SnO₂/ZnO中存在于ZnO纳米球与SnO₂纳米颗粒间的N-N同型异质结导致复合材料晶界势垒高度的降低, 改善了电子与空穴的输运特性, 促使SnO₂/ZnO异质复合纳米纤维的吸附能力大大增强, 从而改善了SnO₂/ZnO元件的丙酮敏感特性。     

静电纺丝法制备有序V2O5微纳米纤维膜及其气敏特性

为了提高微纳米纤维膜气敏材料的灵敏度和响应时间, 本研究采用静电纺丝法结合分离式平行收集极制备有序排列的V₂O₅微纳米纤维膜, 利用XRD、SEM等手段表征纤维膜的相组成、微观形貌以及有序程度, 探讨了有序程度对V₂O₅气体灵敏度、响应时间以及恢复能力的影响。研究结果表明: 500℃煅烧后所得微纳米纤维膜由V₂O₅相组成。平行收集极间距对纤维膜的微观形貌影响较大, 当间距为3 mm时可以获得有序程度为66%的V₂O₅微纳米纤维膜, 其在80~400℃范围内电阻的变化幅度约为2个数量级。当工作温度为300℃时, V₂O₅微纳米纤维膜对C₂H₅OH的灵敏度均高于CH₄和NH₃, 其中有序V₂O₅微纳米纤维膜对浓度为200 mg/L C₂H₅OH气体的灵敏度约为0.9, 响应时间为3 s, 但恢复性能较低, 62 s后阻值仅恢复到初始阻值的55%。     

Li掺杂NiO纳米纤维的制备及其气敏性能

以PVP和Ni(CH3COO)2·4H2O为原料采用静电纺丝法制备了Li掺杂的NiO纳米纤维,系统研究了不同浓度的Li掺杂对NiO纳米纤维的HCHO气体敏感性能的影响。实验结果表明,当Li的掺杂量为0.02mol时,NiO纳米纤维对HCHO气体具有最佳的气敏特性;在HCHO气体的体积分数为2000ppm,温度为300℃时,此NiO纳米纤维对HCHO气体的灵敏度为12.12。     

静电纺丝法制备CuO/SnO2复合材料及其气敏特性研究

为研究p型材料和n型材料复合时气敏特性的变化,采用静电纺丝法分别制备了CuO、SnO_2以及3种比例混合的CuO/SnO_2复合纳米纤维材料,并通过XRD及SEM对其形貌、微观结构等进行表征.测试了该5种材料对丙酮、甲醛、甲醇、乙醇、甲苯等VOC气体的敏感特性.研究表明,CuO/SnO_2=2∶1的复合材料对丙酮、甲苯和乙醇的的响应值有一定提高;CuO/SnO_2=1∶1的复合材料对丙酮具有很高响应的同时,对乙醇和甲苯的响应产生了一定的抑制作用,从而大大提高了材料的选择性.其机理是:半导体材料复合后,在复合材料的表面会有更多的氧吸附,导致更多的VOC气体在半导体材料表面发生反应,使材料的电阻值变化更加明显,提高了材料的响应值.     

静电纺丝制备的ZrO2纳米纤维及其应用的研究进展

制备超细、高性能ZrO2纤维是实现其在催化、能源及环境等领域工程应用的关键。静电纺丝技术是一种近年来兴起的氧化物陶瓷纳米纤维制备新方法,能够制备直径较小、均一性高、连续性好的ZrO2纳米纤维,并且可通过控制前驱体纺丝液组成、静电纺丝工艺及热处理参数,对ZrO2纤维的组成、结构及性能进行调控。介绍了ZrO2纳米纤维制备、结构及性能方面的研究进展,并对经由原料组成、静电纺丝工艺及热处理条件调控的ZrO2纳米纤维结构、性能以及应用进行了综述和分析。     

LaFeO_3纳米纤维的制备及其气敏特性研究

采用静电纺丝方法制备了LaFeO3纳米纤维,利用电子扫描显微镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射(XRD)对其进行表征。所合成的LaFeO3纳米纤维材料作为敏感材料制作烧结型旁热式气敏元件,测试其气敏特性。结果表明,基于LaFeO3纳米纤维的气体传感器对于乙醇气体的最佳工作温度为200℃,对于浓度为500×10-6的乙醇气体,灵敏度为46,LaFeO3纳米纤维材料对乙醇具有快速的响应恢复速度。     

静电纺丝法制备SiO2纳米纤维及其形貌的调控

一维SiO2纳米纤维以其独特的长径比,优异的力学性能以及热学性能,广泛应用于分离、催化以及传感器领域。以高压静电纺丝技术为基础,结合无模板剂的溶胶-凝胶法合成了直径均匀、连续无裂痕的SiO2纳米纤维。研究表明,合成的SiO2纳米纤维形貌良好,直径约为0.5～3μm,为无定形结构。通过改变陈化时间,调整凝胶的粘稠度,从而控制电纺SiO2的形貌与结构,得到了SiO2碗状结构和不同直径的纳米纤维,证明了利用无模板的溶胶-凝胶法静电纺丝的可行性。     

静电纺丝法制备Fe3+/TiO2纳米纤维及表征

以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为纤维模板,钛酸四丁酯(Ti[O(CH2)3CH3]4)和Fe3+为前驱体,乙醇为溶剂,醋酸为催化剂,采用静电纺丝法制备不同含铁量的复合纳米纤维Fe3+/TiO2,经500℃煅烧得到以锐钛矿为主的Fe3+/TiO2纳米纤维。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分别表征了Fe3+/TiO2纳米纤维的形貌与晶态,计算了样品的晶粒尺寸和锐钛矿所占的比例,并比较了5%Fe3+/TiO2纳米纤维、5%Fe3+/TiO2粉体以及纯TiO2纳米纤维三者光催化降解亚甲基蓝(MB)的效果。研究表明:由静电纺丝法制备的5%Fe3+/TiO2纳米纤维的光催化降解效果比相同含铁量的粉体的降解效果好,TiO2纳米纤维比5%Fe3+/TiO2纳米纤维的光催化活性高。     

气流-静电纺丝法制备尼龙6纳米纤维

本文采用自行研制的气流-静电纺丝设备制备了尼龙6纳米纤维,其设备的改进主要在于在原有的立式静电纺丝机的喷丝头上增加了气流喷射系统。经过实验确定了最佳纺丝工艺参数:纺丝液质量浓度为13%,纺丝电压为16kV,纺丝距离为10cm,气流流量为8L/min。对比气流-静电纺丝与普通静电纺丝发现,采用气流-静电纺丝不仅能制备较细、均匀的纳米纤维,而且产量更高。     

Improved ethanol sensing properties of Cu-doped SnO2 nanofibers

Pure and Cu-doped SnO₂ nanofibers are synthesized via a simple electrospinning method, and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The sensor fabricated from Cu-doped SnO₂ nanofibers exhibits improved sensing properties to ethanol at 300 °C. The sensitivity is up to 3 when this sensor is exposed to 5 ppm ethanol. The response and recovery times are about 1 and 10 s, respectively. The linear dependence of the sensitivity on the ethanol concentration is observed in the range of 5-500 ppm. Good selectivity is also observed in our studies. The results make Cu-doped SnO₂ nanofibers good candidates for fabricating high performance ethanol sensors.     

Ag-LaFeO3的制备及甲醛气敏性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法结合微波化学法制备了Ag-LaFeO3气敏材料。利用热分析(TG-DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)以及傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FT-IR)对其进行了分析和表征。结果显示所制备的样品为正交钙钛矿结构,含有Ag和LaFeO3两种物相。气敏测试结果表明,当AgNO3与La(NO3)3的摩尔比为1:9时所制备的Ag-LaFeO3元件对1.0×10-6甲醛气体的灵敏度和选择性均优于其它摩尔比的元件,响应恢复时间均约为180s。     

Synthesis and ethanol sensing properties of Fe-doped SnO2 nanofibers

Fe-doped SnO₂ nanofibers are synthesized through an electrospinning method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The sensor fabricated from these nanofibers exhibits high sensitivity and rapid response/recovery to ethanol at 300 °C. The sensitivity is up to 15.3 when the sensor is exposed to 100 ppm ethanol, and the response and recovery time is about 1 and 3 s, respectively. The linear dependence of the sensitivity on the ethanol concentration is observed in the range of 10-300 ppm. These results demonstrate that Fe-doped SnO₂ nanofibers can be used as the sensing material for fabricating high performance ethanol sensors.     

Fabrication of novel SnO2 nanofibers bundle and their optical properties

Here we report on the synthesis of novel SnO₂ nanofibers bundle (NFB) by using ball milled Fe powders via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The reaction was carried out in a horizontal tube furnace (HTF) at 1100 °C under Ar flow. The as prepared product was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The microscopy analysis reveals the existence of tubular structure that might be formed by the accumulation of nanofibers. The Raman spectrum reveals that the product is rutile SnO₂ with additional peaks ascribed to defects or oxygen vacancies. Room temperature Photoluminescence (PL) spectrum exhibits three emission bands at 369, 450 and 466.6 nm. Using optical absorbance data, a direct optical bandgap of 3.68 eV was calculated.     

Preparation and super-hydrophilic properties of TiO2/SnO2 composite thin films

SnO₂-TiO₂ composite thin films were fabricated on soda-lime glass with sol-gel technology. By measuring the contact angle of the film surface and the degradation of methyl orange, we studied the influence of SnO₂ doping concentration, heat-treatment temperature and film thickness on the super-hydrophilicity and photocatalytic activity of the composite films. The results indicate that the doping of SnO₂ into TiO₂ can improve their hydrophilicity and photocatalytic activity, and the composite film with 1-5 mol% SnO₂ and heat-treated at 450°C is of super-hydrophilicity. The optimal SnO₂ concentration for the photocatalytic activity is 10 mol% and larger film thickness is helpful to reduce the contact angle of the composite films.     

网状纤维结构氧化镍的制备及其气敏性能

p型半导体金属氧化物作为气敏材料具备响应快速、选择性高的特点,用于气体传感器的制备与开发。静电纺丝法可制备具有丰富气体吸附位点的网状结构材料,增强材料的气体敏感特性。以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、四水合乙酸镍为原料,采用静电纺丝法制备具有网状纤维结构的p型半导体氧化镍。通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱和比表面积测试等分析技术对材料的结构、形貌、组成和比表面等性能进行表征,并对其气敏性能进行测定,考察煅烧温度对材料气敏性能的影响。结果表明:煅烧温度为500℃时获得的氧化镍组装成气体传感器,在工作温度为250℃时,该元件对50mg/L丙酮气体表现出快速响应特性(响应时间为5s)、良好选择性和稳定性。     

Preparation of porous SnO2 helical nanotubes and SnO2 sheets

We report a surfactant-free chemical solution route for synthesizing one-dimensional porous SnO₂ helical nanotubes templated by helical carbon nanotubes and two-dimensional SnO₂ sheets templated by graphite sheets. Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic discharge–charge analysis are used to characterize the SnO₂ samples. The unique nanostructure and morphology make them promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Both the SnO₂ with the tubular structure and the sheet structure shows small initial irreversible capacity loss of 3.2% and 2.2%, respectively. The SnO₂ helical nanotubes show a specific discharge capacity of above 800 mAh g⁻¹ after 10 charge and discharge cycles, exceeding the theoretical capacity of 781 mAh g⁻¹ for SnO₂. The nanotubes remain a specific discharge capacity of 439 mAh g⁻¹ after 30 cycles, which is better than that of SnO₂ sheets (323 mAh g⁻¹).     

ZnFe2O4纳米球的制备及其对丙酮的气敏性能研究

丙酮被广泛应用于工业和实验室,对丙酮浓度的检测十分重要。ZnFe₂O₄是一种尖晶石型三元金属氧化物,气敏性能优良,可广泛应用于气体传感器。本文采用简单的一步水热法制备了球状的ZnFe₂O₄气敏材料。通过XRD、XPS、SEM、TEM、N2吸附-解析仪对材料的形貌结构、化学组成、比表面积等进行分析,并以丙酮为目标气体对其气敏性能进行了综合研究。结果表明,ZnFe₂O₄纳米球是由纳米粒子自组装而成,有较大的比表面积;该ZnFe₂O₄基气体传感器在最佳工作温度150℃下对丙酮的灵敏度为65.74,并具有出色的选择性、稳定性、重复性,但随着湿度的增加其气敏性能逐渐降低。     

CO gas sensing of Pd-doped ZnO nanofibers synthesized by electrospinning method

Pure and Pd-doped ZnO nanofibers were synthesized by electrospinning method, and characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The diameters of the fibers annealed at 600 °C range from 70 to 160 nm. Compared with pure ZnO nanofiber sensor, the Pd-doped ZnO nanofiber sensor exhibits improved sensing properties to CO at 220 °C. Moreover, this sensor processes considerable sensitivity to low concentration CO in the range of 1-20 ppm with good selectivity. The response and recovery times are in the range of 25-29 s and 12-17 s, respectively. The sensing mechanism is also discussed.