Determining Reference Values and Degrees of Equivalence in Key Comparisons

Various approaches are considered to determining the reference value in key comparisons. The purposes of key comparisons are compared with those of other interlaboratory experiments. Models are proposed for the key comparison data in accordance with the purposes of the key comparisons and available a priori information on those data.     

Derivation of Transverse Spin-Wave Dynamics from a Kinetic Equation in a Rotating Reference Frame

The Hall effect in single crystal BSCCO whiskers has been measured, with the current flowing along the a and b crystallographic directions. The ab-plane anisotropy of the Hall anomaly is found. The magnitude of the anomaly, as well as its anisotropy, are strongly affected by the structural defects.     

比对参考值与等效度计算方法探讨

介绍了计算比对参考值的平均法和考虑了比对实验室量值与参考值的相关性的等效度不确定度计算方法,提出采用加权平均法计算参考值时应考虑比对传递或修正环节引入的不确定度对权重的影响,指出在分析计算参考值的不确定度或外部独立量值的最佳估计值的不确定度时应考虑实验室量值间的相关性的影响。     

PM2.5监测仪检测用国家一级标准物质的研制

介绍了细颗粒物PM2.5监测仪检测用国家一级标准物质(标物号:GBW13642～GBW13649)的研制方法。用球形度好的单分散交联聚苯乙烯微球作为标准物质候选物,采用可溯源至国家长度基准的测量方法(扫描电子显微镜和图像分析法)及密度测量等方法为标准物质定值;利用经典气溶胶动力学当量直径计算方法,对其空气动力学直径进行建模分析。实验验证:该标准物质适用于PM2.5监测仪切割特性的检测校准以及作为尘源用于PM2.5监测仪量值的检测与校准。     

The Algorithm for Processing Key Comparisons to Establish Equivalence between National Standards

To establish equivalence between national standards, it is proposed to consider a priori the key comparisons made as regards the selection of data belonging to a single population. It is also proposed to estimate reference values as arithmetic means or medians. All national standards are recognized as equivalent with these values for the uncertainties established from the comparisons.     

Establishment of a New National Reference Ensemble of Water Triple Point Cells

The results of the Bilateral Comparison EURAMET.T-K3.5 (w/VSL, The Netherlands) with the goal to link Switzerland’s ITS-90 realization (Ar to Al) to the latest key comparisons gave strong indications for a discrepancy in the realization of the triple point of water. Due to the age of the cells of about twenty years, it was decided to replace the complete reference ensemble with new “state-of-the-art” cells. Three new water triple point cells from three different suppliers were purchased, as well as a new maintenance bath for an additional improvement of the realization. In several loops measurements were taken, each cell of both ensembles intercompared, and the deviations and characteristics determined. The measurements show a significant lower average value of the old ensemble of \(0.59 \pm 0.25\hbox { mK }(k=2)\) in comparison with the new one. Likewise, the behavior of the old cells is very unstable with a drift downward during the realization of the triple point. Based on these results the impact of the new ensemble on the ITS-90 realization from Ar to Al was calculated and set in the context to performed calibrations and their related uncertainties in the past. This paper presents the instrumentation, cells, measurement procedure, results, uncertainties and impact of the new national reference ensemble of water triple point cells on the current ITS-90 realization in Switzerland.     

白车身视觉检测系统空间坐标系的建立

本针对南京IVECO车身厂的成车车身提出了一种视觉检测系统,介绍了系统的原理、组成及其工作过程。以多传感器“融合”技术为基础,利用双经纬仪实现坐标系统一,完成了测试实验及数据采集,取得了较高的测量准确度。     

Small Multiple Fixed-Point Cell as Calibration Reference for a Dry Block Calibrator

A small multiple fixed-point cell (SMFPC) was designed to be used as in situ calibration reference of the internal temperature sensor of a dry block calibrator, which would allow its traceable calibration to the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) in the operating range of the block calibrator from \(70\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\) to \(430\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\). The ITS-90 knows in this temperature range, three fixed-point materials (FPM) indium, tin and zinc, with their respective fixed-point temperatures (\(\vartheta _\mathrm {FP}\)), In (\(\vartheta _\mathrm {FP}\,{=}\,156.5985\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\)), Sn (\(\vartheta _\mathrm {FP}\,{=}\,231.928\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\)) and Zn (\(\vartheta _\mathrm {FP}\,{=}\,419.527\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\)). All of these FPM are contained in the SMFPC in a separate chamber, respectively. This paper shows the result of temperature measurements carried out in the cell within a period of 16 months. The test setup used here has thermal properties similar to the dry block calibrator. The aim was to verify the metrological properties and functionality of the SMFPC for the proposed application.     

古代汉字造字"成象法"之现代设计借鉴

从中国古代汉字造字史中选取4个特殊例子,探讨了汉字视觉化的理论及方法,基于汉字造字思维的核心理论:象思维,提出汉字造字方法的重要理念——"成象法"。指出在设计中,借助"成象法"来促使设计者创造思维潜能的发挥,找到创新的原动力,进一步提炼出设计新符码,使作品在设计元素、设计方法、设计风格、设计思想等方面进一步升华。     

论我国外资国民待遇参照对象的重新定位

中国的经济改革造就了近年来国有企业和私营企业完全不同的发展轨迹，这些内资企业的各种数量、比重和地位作用的变化，决定了我国外资国民待遇参照对象从国有企业转换为私营企业。     

Results of Pilot Comparisons of National Standards for the Activity of Hydrogen Ions in Aqueous Solutions

Measurement Techniques - The enormous need for support of measurements of the hydrogen index (pH) in various branches of industry and the national economy of Russia make measurement of pH one of...     

Reference levels in PTCA as a function of procedure complexity

The multicentre assessment of a procedure complexity index (CI) for the introduction of reference levels (RLs) in percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasties (PTCA) is presented here. PTCAs were investigated based on methodology proposed by Bernardi et al. Multiple linear stepwise regression analysis, including clinical, anatomical and technical factors, was performed to obtain fluoroscopy time predictors. Based on these regression coefficients, a scoring system was defined and CI obtained. CI was used to classify dose values into three groups: low, medium and high complexity procedures, since there was good correlation (r = 0.41; P < 0.001) between dose-area product (DAP) and CI. CI groups were determined by an ANOVA test, and the resulting DAP and fluoroscopy time third quartiles suggested as preliminary RLs in PTCA, as a function of procedure complexity. PTCA preliminary RLs for DAP are 54, 76 and 127 Gy cm2, and 12, 20 and 27 min for fluoroscopy time, for the three CI groups.     

我国的环境保护标准与环境标准样品体系

一、我国的环境保护标准 1．概述 环境保护标准是对环境保护领域中各种需要规范的事物的技术属性所做的规定。我国环境保护标准主要依据《环境保护法》、《大气污染防治法》、《水污染防治法》、《海洋环境保护法》、《固体废物污染环境防治法》、《放射性污染防治法》、《环境噪声污染防治法》等法律制定。     

Lubricant Oils as a Certified Reference Material for Cleveland Open Cup Flash Point Testers

The flash point is an important indicator for the flammability of the liquid materials and also in the development of safe practices for handling and storage of these materials. The production of certified reference materials is essential to guarantee the performance of the flash point measurement apparatus so that it can be trusted and acceptable for its intended use. In this work lubricant oils of high molecular weight hydrocarbons (HM1, and HM2) were tested as certified reference materials in accordance with ISO guide 34 and 35 by using the high flash point temperature detector Cleveland-open cup as per ASTM D-92. The selected oils were tested for uncertified properties like pour point, viscosity, cloud point, density, and total acid number. The thermal analysis techniques DSC, and TGA were used to ensure the thermal stability of the lubricant oils and its ability to be used as high temperature flash point reference material. The certified value of the flash point temperature was assigned upon evaluation of the data acquired in an inter-laboratory comparison involving expert laboratories using the same measurement method. The certified values of the candidate reference materials with expanded uncertainty (coverage factor K = 2, approximate 95% confidence level) calculated using the results of the characterization, calibration (organizer lab), homogeneity, and stability assessment were 232 ± 9 °C for HM1, and 242 ± 10 °C for HM2.     

借鉴日本肯定列表制度完善我国食品安全体系

GB／T22000—2006／ISO22000：2005《食品安全管理体系食品链中各类组织的要求》于2006年3月1日发布，2006年7月1日实施。该标准规定食品链中相关组织的食品安全管理体系的要求，证实组织有能力控制食品安全隐患，稳定地提供满足顾客和食品安全法规要求的产品：通过对食品安全隐患的有效控制（包括体系持续改进的过程），确保在食品供应链中没有薄弱环节，增强顾客满意度。     

全球化时代包装民族特色的体现

通过对传统文化概念的片面表现,中西方民族文化对设计语言与设计表达的影响,以及本土文化精粹对当代设计的指导作用。对这3个方面加以分析和研究发现,在以西方审美为趋势的潮流中,唯有接续于自身的文脉、自省于独立的精神、自信于本土的传承,才能真正在产品包装设计中体现民族特色、民族文化神韵及气质。     

Realization of an Optimal Dynamic Geodetic Reference Frame in China: Methodology and Applications

China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000 (CGCS2000) has been used for several years as a formal published reference frame. The coordinates of all global navigation satellite system (GNSS) stations in China need to be corrected to align with the CGCS2000 frame. Different strategies can be adopted for the realization of an optimal reference frame. However, different strategies lead to different results, with differences as great as several decimeters when GNSS station coordinates are transformed into CGCS2000-defined coordinates. The two common methods for the coordinate correction of a GNSS station are quasi-stable adjustment under CGCS2000 and plate movement correction, and the differences between their results can be greater than 10 cm. In this study, a statistic method called “supervised clustering” is applied to the selection of GNSS reference stations; a new scheme named “partition spacing” for the grouping of all processed GNSS stations is proposed; and the plate movement correction method is used to correct the coordinates of all GNSS stations from the GNSS epoch to the CGCS2000 epoch. The results from the new partitioning method were found to be significantly better than those from the conventional station-blocking approach. When coordinates from the stations without grouping were used as the standard, the accuracy of all the three-dimensional coordinate components from the new partitioning method was better than 2 mm. The root mean squares (RMSs) of the velocities in the x, y, and z directions resulting from the supervised clustering method were 0.19, 0.45, and 0.32 mm∙a⁻¹, respectively, which were much smaller than the values of 0.92, 0.72, and 0.97 mm∙a⁻¹ that resulted from the conventional approach. In addition, singular spectrum analysis (SSA) was used to model and predict the position nonlinear movements. The modeling accuracies of SSA were better than 3, 2, and 5 mm in the east (E), north (N), and up (U) directions, respectively; and its prediction accuracies were better than 5 mm and 1 cm for the horizontal and vertical domains, respectively.     

台湾地区印刷高等教育人才培养特色与借鉴

台湾地区是亚洲印刷业的中心之一。由于起步早,其印刷技术和印刷高等教育在亚洲都处于领先水平。通过对台湾地区印刷高等教育的科系定位、校企产学合作、研究生教育教学精英化培养、课程设置改革、教师结构多元等方面的初步探析,从而给大陆地区印刷高等教育的发展提出参考建议。