健康食品--果醋

该文简述了果醋的特点及发展果醋的意义，并针对目前果醋生产中存在的问题提出了发展果醋的建议。     

果醋的保健功效及加工工艺研究进展

文章从不同侧面介绍了果醋的营养成分及保健功效，介绍了几种适合加工生产果醋的水果及加工生产工艺，简述了当前果醋加工的进展情况。     

果醋研究开发与工业进展

本文综述了果醋的营养价值和研究开发的意义及果醋开发的工业现状，重点论述了果醋研究开发的技术路线、生产过程中的卫生质量控制和新技术新工艺的应用，并展望了果醋研究开发前景。     

半连续式液体深层发酵酿制沙棘果醋

该文介绍了以沙棘果汁为原料进行半连续式液体深层发酵酿制沙棘果醋。制得的果醋风味纯正独特，有沙棘果的典型香气，是一种有较高营养价值的新型饮品。     

果醋及醋酸饮料生产技术

在水果产区，每季都会有许多残次水果。这些残次水果不仅卖不出去，积压严重，而且容易腐烂变质，对环境造成污染。其实，这些残次水果如能充分利用，用残次水果作原料，全自动快速高产酿醋机酿制果醋及醋酸饮料，就是一条增值之路。既可使残次水果得到充分利用，实现增值，又可满足市场对果醋、醋酸饮料的需求，真是一举两得。果醋及醋酸饮料含有丰富的有机酸、氨基酸、维生素等，具有消除疲劳、提神、生精止渴、增进食欲等功效，是很好的调味品和保健食品，在国内、国际市场都很畅销。如苹果醋和葡萄醋，色美味佳，倍受欧、美人钟爱，国内…     

果醋的营养价值与保健功能

阐述了果醋的定义、营养成分及其影响因素、保健功效、饮用方法和注意事项、目前果醋市场的现状等内容,指出果醋含有丰富的氨基酸、维生素和矿物质营养素以及有机酸、植物多酚等生物活性保健成分,具有降血脂、降血压、抗疲劳、美容养颜、减肥、防癌抗癌等10多项独特的人体保健功能;果醋中营养保健成分的种类和数量随原料种类、加工工艺、果醋功能类型、人为调配和工艺控制等因素有较大差别,加上我国目前缺乏相应的果醋国家标准和市场监管不力等因素导致果醋市场混乱局面的现实,消费者选购时要特别注意甄别,同时也要注意合理饮用,以免事与愿违,对健康造成危害。     

固定化细胞酿造胡萝卜果醋

介绍了胡萝卜果醋的发酵生产工艺及操作要点，研究了胡萝卜果醋的固定化细胞酒精发酵过程和游离细胞醋酸发酵过程。     

果醋及醋酸饮料生产技术

介绍了果醋及醋酸饲料生产的条件、功效，探讨了果醋及醋酸饲料的生产工艺过程及制备方法。     

沙棘果醋的研制

本文以沙棘汁为原料，经过酒精发酵、醋酸发酵生产沙棘果醋。沙棘果醋具有丰富的营养和保健功效，是极具市场开发前景的新产品。     

浅谈果醋生产应注意的几个方面

就果醋的生产，对原料、原料处理、发酵、检验、果醋配制等问题进行了论述，为果醋生产提供了参考。     

1株产烟酸羟基化酶海洋细菌H9的分离鉴定及培养条件优化

利用96孔板和紫外显影相结合的定向快速筛选方法,从烟台渤海湾采集的腐败鱼尸上分离筛选得到1株高产烟酸羟基化酶的菌株H9,通过形态、生理生化特征和16S r DNA系统发育分析鉴定为恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida),对其产酶培养条件进行优化,最适培养基和培养条件为:可溶性淀粉15 g/L、玉米浆15 g/L、烟酸10 g/L、K_2HPO_4 1.0 g/L、初始pH 7.0、培养温度25℃、接种量7%、500 mL三角瓶装液量50 mL。优化后烟酸羟基化酶活力达到0.37 U/mL,比优化前提高了68%,采用静息细胞转化生产6-羟基烟酸产率达到124.77 g/L,具有工业化生产6-羟基烟酸的应用前景。     

Antilipolytic and lipolytic effects of administering free or ruminally protected nicotinic acid to feed-restricted Holstein cows

The objectives were to determine effects of 12 hourly infusions of different quantities of nicotinic acid (NA) on plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA; experiment 1) and whether longer (108 h) continuous infusions of NA could induce sustained reductions of plasma NEFA (experiment 2) in nonlactating, nongestating Holstein cows that were feed restricted. Experiment 1 was a 5 × 5 Latin square with 6-d periods and 9 recovery days between each period. Each period consisted of 5 d of partial feed restriction to increase plasma NEFA concentration. Treatments were abomasal infusions of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, or 3 mg of NA/h per kilogram of body weight (BW), infused as hourly boluses for 12 h, starting 4 d after initiation of partial feed restriction. Plasma NEFA was decreased for the highest dose: from 448 μEq/L to 138 ± 75 μEq/L at 1 h after the first bolus of 3 mg of NA/h per kilogram of BW. This initial reduction in plasma NEFA concentration was followed by an increase in concentration at 2, 3, and 4 h relative to initiation of infusions. Plasma NEFA then decreased to 243 μEq/L 6 h after initiation of treatments and remained low until termination of infusions. A rebound in plasma NEFA concentration occurred at 3 and 4 h after termination of infusion for cows that received 3 mg of NA/h per kilogram of BW. Experiment 2 was a 5 × 5 Latin square with 7-d periods and 9 recovery days between each period. Each period consisted of 5 d of partial feed restriction to increase plasma NEFA concentration. Treatments were continuous abomasal infusion of 0, 0.5, 1, or 3 mg of free NA/h per kilogram of BW for 4.5 d starting at feed restriction or 0.5 mg of NA/h per kilogram of BW infused directly into the rumen in a form protected from microbial degradation. The ruminal administration of protected NA was initiated 2 d before abomasal infusions and initiation of feed restriction to establish steady postruminal delivery of NA by start of abomasal infusions. Plasma NEFA was approximately 70 μEq/L before initiation of feed restriction and increased to 509, 587, 442, 850, and 108 μEq/L at 4.5 d for cows that received 0, 0.5 (protected NA), 0.5 (free NA), 1, and 3 mg of NA/h per kilogram of BW, respectively. An antilipolytic response was achieved with the highest abomasal dose, which maintained plasma NEFA concentration lower than the control group. An increase in plasma NEFA concentration was observed after termination of infusions for cows that received 1 and 3 mg of NA/h per kilogram of BW. Plasma NEFA was 1,900 μEq/L at 4 h after termination of infusion for cows receiving 1 mg of NA/h per kilogram of BW and 1,360 μEq/L at 5 h after termination of infusion for cows receiving 3 mg of NA/h per kilogram of BW. In nongestating, nonlactating cows it is unlikely that a dose of NA exists that will reduce plasma NEFA concentration and prevent the rebound that occurs following termination of NA administration.     

卡尔费休容量法测定烟酸中水分含量

研究了卡尔费休容量法测定烟酸中水分含量的可行性。烟酸中的水分含量,不仅关系到产品的物理化学性能,还会影响产品中微生物的生长繁殖,进而影响产品的保质期。通过研究卡尔费休法容量法和干燥法对烟酸中水分含量的结果对比,对烟酸中的水分含量的分析方法进行研究。结果表明,卡尔费休法测定烟酸中的水分含量,其精确度远高于干燥法。采用卡尔费休法测定水分,不仅专一性好,而且检测时间短,效率高,是测定烟酸中水分含量的精确、高效的方法。     

植物甾醇烟酸酯研究与开发

植物甾醇烟酸酯结合植物甾醇和烟酸治疗高血脂特点,具有治疗范围广、疗效显著、应用性能良好等独特优点,可成为一种新的降低血清胆固醇功能性食品添加剂,并有望进一步开发成一种安全的、用于治疗高血脂疾病新型药物,具有广泛用途和良好应用前景。该文还对植物甾醇烟酸酯合成方法进行介绍。     

Reduction of plasma NEFA concentration by nicotinic acid enhances the response to insulin in feed-restricted Holstein cows

The objective was to investigate the relationship between elevated plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration and insulin resistance in Holstein cows. Six nonlactating, nongestating, ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were blocked by body condition score and randomly assigned to a sequence of 2 treatments in a crossover design. Cows were offered legume and grass hay ad libitum supplemented with minerals and vitamins and were allowed free access to water and a trace mineralized salt block. Mobilization of body reserves was stimulated by withdrawing forage for 48 h before initiation of treatments. Treatments consisted of 11 hourly abomasal infusions of water (control) or nicotinic acid (NA; 6 mg/h per kg of body weight) as an antilipolytic agent. Infusions of NA decreased plasma NEFA concentration from 545 μEq/L to approximately 100 μEq/L within 2 h after initiation of treatments, and differences were maintained throughout infusions. Intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed 8 h after initiation of treatments and was followed by 3 h of blood sampling. The reduction of plasma NEFA concentration led to significantly greater glucose clearance rate (1.9 vs. 1.2%/min) and to decreased glucose half-life (37 vs. 58 min), time to reach basal concentration (81 vs. 114 min) and glucose response area under the curve during 180 min of sampling [6,942 vs. 10,085 (μIU/mL) × 180 min]. Enhanced glucose clearance was achieved when plasma NEFA was reduced by NA, despite lower insulin concentration (70.0 vs. 97.9 ± 13.4 μIU/mL) and a tendency for smaller insulin response area under the curve during 180 min of sampling [7,646 vs. 12,104 ± 2,587 (μIU/mL) × 180 min], reflecting an increased response to endogenous insulin. Based on literature, we do not expect NA to have altered glucose metabolism directly; therefore, this experiment demonstrates a cause and effect relationship between elevated NEFA and insulin resistance in Holstein cows.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定乳粉中烟酸、烟酰胺和维生素B_6

介绍了高效液相色谱法同时测定配方乳粉中烟酸、烟酰胺和维生素B6的方法。方法采用C18柱(5μm,250mm×4.6mm),以甲醇、辛烷磺酸钠、三乙胺配制的流动相,流速1.0m L/min进行等度洗脱,16min内可以实现对待测组分的基线分离。结果表明,待测组分在各自浓度范围内线性良好,线性相关系数均大于0.999,平均加标回收率为88.6%~109.8%,相对标准偏差为0.33%~2.25%。该方法准确、快速、灵敏度高,适合配方乳粉中烟酸、烟酰胺和维生素B6含量的同时测定。     

烟酸和泛酸不同方法检测的对比

对比两种方法的检测数据,进行归纳性研究.应用微生物法和高效液相色谱法检测同一样品,观察相对标准偏差RSD和CV值,以确定其接近程度.烟酸和泛酸不同的方法检测结果一致.     

The use of nicotinic acid to induce sustained low plasma nonesterified fatty acids in feed-restricted Holstein cows

The objectives were to determine the effects of nicotinic acid (NA) on blood metabolites (experiment 1) and whether successive doses of NA could induce sustained reductions of plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA; experiment 2) in feed-restricted, nonlactating Holstein cows. Experiment 1 was a single 4 × 4 Latin square with 1-wk periods. Each period consisted of 2.5 d of feed restriction to increase plasma NEFA and 4.5 d of ad libitum feeding. Treatments were abomasal administration of 0, 6, 30, or 60 mg of NA/kg of body weight (BW), given as a single bolus 48 h after initiation of feed restriction. Plasma NEFA concentration decreased from 546 μEq/L to 208 ± 141 μEq/L at 1 h after the infusion of 6 mg of NA/kg of BW, and to less than 100 ± 148 μEq/L at 3 h after the abomasal infusion of the 2 highest doses of NA. A rebound occurred after the initial decrease of plasma NEFA concentration. The rebound lasted up to 9 h for the 30-mg dose of NA, and up to 6 h for the 6-mg dose. Experiment 2 was a randomized complete block design with 3 treatments and 6 cows. Starting at 48 h of feed restriction, cows received 9 hourly abomasal infusions of 0, 6, or 10 mg of NA/kg of BW. Plasma NEFA concentrations decreased from 553 μEq/L ± 24 immediately before the initiation of treatments to <100 μEq/L during hourly infusions of 6 or 10 mg of NA/kg. Data suggest that the maximal antilipolytic response was achieved with the lowest dose of NA. A rebound of NEFA started 2 to 3 h after NA infusions were terminated. In both experiments, the NEFA rebound period coincided with increases in insulin and no change or increased glucose concentrations, suggesting a state of insulin resistance induced by elevated NEFA. This model for reducing plasma NEFA concentration by abomasal infusions of NA can be used to study the metabolic ramifications of elevated vs. reduced NEFA concentrations. The data demonstrate potential benefits and pitfalls of using NA to regulate plasma NEFA and prevent lipid-related metabolic disorders.     

烟酸用于一氯均三嗪型活性染料中性浴上染真丝绸的研究

将叔胺类化舍物烟酸用于一氯均三嗪型活性染料中性浴上染真丝绸,探讨了烟酸用量、染色温度、染色时间度,解质浓度对上染率和固色率的影响。结果表明,加入烟酸能提高活性染料在真丝绸上的固色率,在最佳催化染色工艺条件下,染色织物的各项牢度指标均符合服用要求。同时催化染色工艺能缩短染色和固色时间,具有节省能源．染后丝纤维受损小的优点。