Structures and Properties of High-Carbon High Speed Steel by RE-Mg-Ti Compound Modification

The effects of rare earths ( RE )-Mg-Ti compound modification on the structures and properties of high-carbon high speed steel ( HSS ) were researched. The impact toughness (ak), the fracture toughness (Klc)andt hreshold of fatigue crack growth (△Kth)are tested. The thermal fatigue test is done on a self-straining thermal fatigue tester, the wear test is done on a high temperature wear test machine. The results show that the matrix can be reftned by the RE-Mg-Ti compound modification, the euteetic carbides are inclined to spheroidicize and are distributed everdy, the morphology and distribution of eutectic carbides are improved by appropriate RE-Mg-Ti complex modification. After RE-Mg-Ti compound modification, a little effects can be found on the strength, hardness and red hardness, but the fractare toughness(Klc) and threshold of fatigue crack growth (△Kth) are improved in the meantime, the impact toughness (ak) is increased by over one time, and the rasistanee to thermal fatigue and wear resistanee at an elevated temperature are remarkably improved.     

Effect of strong carbide forming elements in hardfacing weld metal

To achieve high carbon hard-facing weld metals with both high hardness and crack resistance, strong carbide forming elements Ti, Nb and V were alloyed into the weld metals, and their effect on the formation of carbides and the matrix microstructure were studied. Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy(EDS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM) were adopted to investigate the microstructure, then thermodynamics of the formation of carbides was calculated and their effect on the matrix was further discussed. It is revealed that Nb, Ti and V influence strongly the distribution and existing state of carbon, inducing precipitation of carbides accompanying with the depletion of carbon in matrix. But when only V are alloyed as carbide forming element, the carbides are scarce and distributed along grain boundaries, and the hard-facing alloy is too hard, while the using of only Nb or Ti could not reinforce the weld metals effectively. The hard-facing alloy reinforced with Nb, V and Ti can form dispersive fine carbides and low carbon martensite matrix.     

高速钢的回火组织与性能及二次硬化机制的探讨

利用电子显微分析及X射线衍射分析等手段,揭示了不同温度回火给高速钢带来的组织变化,并从组织方面分析了高速钢材料的强韧性随回火温度的变化规律。研究发现,低温回火组织的高塑性决定了组织的低硬度和高抗弯强度及冲击韧性。而高温回火时特殊碳化物的析出等过程降低了回火组织的塑性,因而回火组织有很低的冲击韧性和很高的硬度及抗弯强度。同时分析认为,固溶强化是一个不容忽视的二次硬化过程中的强化过程。另外碳化物析出可能是残余奥氏体催化的重要原因。     

热变形对冷轧工作辊用锻造高速钢CCT曲线的影响

以自行设计的冷轧工作辊用锻造高速钢为研究对象,采用膨胀仪测定了其静态CCT曲线,采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机测定了其高温形变后的CCT曲线（动态CCT曲线）。在金相显微镜下对不同冷速冷却后的显微组织进行了观察并测定了其维氏硬度,分析了热变形对连续冷却转变曲线的影响。结果表明：冷轧工作辊用锻造高速钢在快冷速下得到隐晶马氏体＋残奥＋碳化物,慢冷速下得到的是珠光体＋碳化物。冷速大于0．1℃／s时,均能得到马氏体组织,说明该钢具有良好的淬透性。热变形对珠光体临界转变速度影响不大,但却能减小珠光体转变的温度区间和马氏体转变开始点的温度范围。     

Influence of secondary carbide precipitation and transformation on abrasion resistance of a 3Cr15Mo1V1.5 white iron

The relationship between the secondary carbide precipitation and transformation of the 3Cr15Mo1V1.5 white iron and abrasion resistance was investigated by using optical microscope （OM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and X-ray diffrac- tion （XRD）. The results show that the properties of secondary carbides precipitated at holding stage play an important role in the abrasion resistance. After certain holding time at 833 K subcritical treatment, the grainy （Fe, Cr）23C6 carbide precipitated and the fresh martensite transformed at the holding stage for 3Cr15Mo1V1.5 white iron improve the bulk hardness and abrasion resistance of the alloy. Prolonging holding time, MoC and （Cr, V）2C precipitations cause the secondary hardening peak and the corresponding better abrasion resistance. Finally, granular （Fe, Cr）23C6 carbide in situ transforms into laminar M3C carbide and the matrix structure transforms into pearlitic matrix. These changes weaken hardness and abrasion resistance of the alloy sharply.     

高铬铸铁型自保护药芯焊丝堆焊组织与性能分析

研制了一种自保护高铬铸铁型药芯焊丝,对其堆焊金属组织与性能进行了分析,结果表明：堆焊金属表面硬度达到HRC60以上,堆焊金属显微组织主要为马氏体＋残余奥氏体＋M7C3型碳化物;初生碳化物主要沿堆焊层向母材方向生长,其表面硬度为HV1783,侧面为HV1127;共晶碳化物围绕在初生碳化物周围生长,其显微硬度为HV830;在相同磨损条件下磨损1h后,堆焊金属相对耐磨性为Q235钢的14倍左右,在药芯中加入适量的稀土氧化物能提高堆焊金属的耐磨性。     

Effects of heat treatment on structures and properties of high speed steel rolls

The effects of quenching temperature, cooling pattern, temper temperature and temper times on the structure and properties of high speed steel (HSS) rolls have been investigated. The results show that, when the quenching temperature is lower than 1050℃ the hardness of HSS increases with the quenching temperature increasing in oil cooling, but when the quenching temperature exceeds 1100℃ the hardness decreases. In the conditions of salt bath cooling and air cooling, the effect of quenching temperature on the hardness is similar to the above law, but the quenching temperature obtaining the highest hardness is higher than that in oil cooling. When the temper temperature below 350℃ the hardness of HSS has a little change, when above 475℃ the hardness will increase with the temper temperature increasing, and the highest hardness is obtained at 525℃. When the temper temperature continues to increase, the hardness decreases. Twice temper has little effect on the hardness, but three times temper decreases the hardness. HSS in air cooling has lower hardenability, oil cooling can easily produce crackle, and HSS quenching in salt bath has high hardenability and excellent wear resistance.     

大面积耐磨合金堆焊层表面成形改善及其性能的研究

在大面积耐磨复层板的堆焊工艺中针对以普通铬铁为外填充合金粉末,在A3板上堆焊耐磨层时,其表面成形较差的问题,设计了向合金粉末中分别加入硅、硼及联合加入硅、硼时的堆焊实验。经观察堆焊层表面成形情况、硬度测试及显微分析,结果表明:加入适量的硅、硼能有效地改善堆焊层的表面成形,提高堆焊层的硬度;加入硼铁后,基体组织中在空冷条件下就有马氏体析出,因而提高了堆焊层的淬透性。     

Relations of abrasion resistance and hardness of 16Cr-3C white irons with retained austenite content

The relationship between the retained austenite content of the matrix in 16Cr-3C white irons and the abrasion resistance was investigated. The results show that: (1) the abrasion resistance can be improved by sub-critical heat treatment, which could be attributed to the decrease of the retained austenite content; (2) both the abrasion resistance and hardness can be improved by controlling the retained austenite content below 20%-30% and arrive at the maximum when the retained austenite content is reduced to about 10%; (3) the abrasion resistance decreases abruptly once the retained austenite content is lower than 10%, which stems from both the in situ transformation of (Fe, Cr)23C6 to M3C carbides and the formation of pearlitic matrix.     

Development of centrifugal casting high speed steel rolls

The present study aims at developing the high speed steel (HSS) as roll materials to replace the traditional roll materials such as the alloy cast iron and powder metallurgical (PM) hard alloy. The HSS roll billet was formed by centrifugal casting, and the billet was rough machined after soften annealing heat treatment, then it was quenched and tempered to get suitable hardness and toughness. After that the HSS roll was finish machined to the final dimension of φ285 mm in the outer diameter, φ160 mm in the inner diameter and 120 mm in width and its surface hardness was tested. Finally the HSS roll was used in high speed wire rod mill. The test results show that a high and homogeneous hardness can obtain on the work surface of HSS rolls, the surface hardness is 63-65HRC and its variation is smaller than 2HRC. The impact toughness of this kind of HSS is about 16 J/cm2. The results of on-line service investigation in high speed wire rod mill indicate that the HSS rolls have excellent wear resistance, the     

深冷处理对W4Mo3Cr4VSi钻头耐磨性的影响

刀具深冷处理可以以较低成本改善贵重工模具材料的显微组织,提高其机械性能．本文结合具体的高速钢刀具材料进行了深冷处理试验,并对其做了大量的对比分析,研究了高速钢钻头显微组织及耐磨性的变化．结果表明,深冷处理可以改变高速钢钻头的显微组织结构,提高刀具的硬度,增强刀具的耐磨损性能．     

铸态锰钢的成分优化与变质剂选择

通过化学成分的正交试验,得到了铸态锰钢的最佳化学成分范围,经几种变质剂的系统试验,筛选也其适用的RE－Mg-Ba复合变质剂,优化成分的铸态锰钢经变质处理后,得到了在奥氏体基体上弥散分布碳化物的组织,该铸态锰钢具有初始硬度高,加工硬化能力强,足够的冲击韧性和良好的抗磨性等特点。     

四种典型合金白口铸铁磨损特性的研究

在模拟实际件冷度速度的基础上，着重研究了四种典型合金白口铸铁的强度、组织、耐磨性及磨损形貌。试验结果表明：以Ｍ７Ｃ３型加ＶＣ型碳化物的Ｍ２合金，其硬度高，碳化物分析均匀，耐磨性好。     

稀土变质剂对高铬铸铁锤头组织和耐磨性能的影响

探讨在相同试验条件下,稀土变质剂加入量对高铬铸铁锤头组织、硬度和耐磨性的影响。结果表明,加入稀土变质剂能细化组织,铸态锤头的碳化物由鱼骨状转变为块状,热处理态锤头的碳化物由条状转变为颗粒状。加入稀土变质剂能提高锤头的硬度和耐磨性,当加入量高于0.3％（质量分数）时硬度和耐磨性提高的程度减小。     

DCVD TiN形核长大机制的研究

实验对TiN沉积膜和基体复层膜采用了透射电镜衍射及x射线衍射分析方法,确立了TiN晶体与基体各相的位向关系。即TiN在初始形核时,在钢基体母相与碳化物上呈多晶紊乱位向形核,以[200]择优取向长大,以此建立PCVD TiN沉积膜生长模型。     

高铬铸铁的正火组织与性能研究

研究正火温度对新型高铬铸铁组织、硬度(HRC)及冲击韧性的影响。实验结果表明高铬铸铁在800~950℃正火时,其组织由珠光体+少量铁素体+网状共晶碳化物组成;在1 000~1 050℃正火时,碳化物溶解析出,珠光体球化,得到铁素体基体上分布的粒状碳化物+共晶碳化物+少量珠光体,硬度略有降低;在1 100~1 150℃正火时,共晶碳化物溶解得更多,冷却过程中奥氏体中析出弥散碳化物,冷却后得到马氏体(过饱和铁素体)基体上弥散碳化物+共晶碳化物,硬度明显升高,并在1 150℃时硬度达到最大值,在800~1 150℃正火加热温度范围内,冲击韧性在4.2~4.7 Jcm2之间波动,总体变化不大。     

Effects of cryogenic treatment on mechanical properties and microstructure of Fe-Cr-Mo-Ni-C-Co alloy

Fe-Cr-Mo-Ni-C-Co alloy was quenched in liquid nitrogen and held for 24 h. Hardness tester, OM, XRD, SEM were used to investigate the mechanical properties and microstructures of the alloy. The results show that the hardness increases by 1-2 （HRC） and the compressive strength decreases slightly after cryogenic treatment. The increase in hardness is attributed to the transformation from austenite to martensite and the precipitation of the very tiny carbide η-Fe2C. The decrease in compressive strength is caused by residual stress. The great amount of carbides, such as Cr7C3 and Fe2MoC, in the alloy and the obvious difference in thermal expansion coefficient between these carbides and the matrix at the cryogenic temperatures lead to this residual stress. The microscopy of cryogenic martensite is different from that of the non-cryogenic martensite. The cryogenic martensite is long and fine; while the non-cryogenic martensite is short and coarse. There is obvious surface relief of the cryogenic martensite transformation. It is not orientational of this kind surface relief and the boundary of this surface relief is smooth and in a shape of butterfly. The surface relief in the non-cryogenic martensite is wide and arranged in parallel, and the boundary of surface relief is not smooth. These characteristics may imply different growth ways of the two kinds of martensite.     

Mechanism of brittle-ductile transition of a glass-ceramic rigid substrate

The hardness, elastic modulus, and scratch resistance of a glass-ceramic rigid substrate were measured by nanoindentation and nanoscratch, and the fracture toughness was measured by indentation using a Vickers indenter. The results show that the hardness and elastic modulus at a peak indentation depth of 200 nm are 9.04 and 94.70 GPa, respectively. These values reflect the properties of the glass-ceramic rigid substrate. The fracture toughness value of the glass-ceramic rigid substrate is 2.63 MPa?m1/2. The...     

二次碳化物的析出和转变对15Cr-1Mo-1.5V高铬铸铁硬化行为的影响

为了揭示高铬耐磨铸铁硬化的微观机制，提高其使用性能，采用光学显微镜、透射电镜和X射线衍射研究15Cr—1Mo—1．5V高铬铸铁中二次碳化物的析出和转变对其亚临界处理硬化行为的影响。研究结果表明，在833K进行亚临界处理时，出现两个硬化峰。残余奥氏体发生马氏体转变和二次碳化物(Fe，Cr)23C6的析出是第一个硬化峰形成的原因；MoC、(Cr，V)2C的析出导致材料的硬化则引起了第二个硬化峰形成。随后发生了(Fe，Cr)23C6向M3C型碳化物的原位转变，导致珠光体基体的形成，从而使材料硬度降低。     

不同Al含量的Ti/Al合金靶对磁控溅射离子镀TiAlN薄膜力学性能的影响

采用不同Al含量的Ti/Al合金靶材在硬质合金刀具上沉积TiAlN薄膜,研究靶材中不同的Al含量对TiAlN薄膜表面粗糙度、硬度以及膜基结合力等性能的影响,通过显微硬度仪、划痕仪、金相显微镜和XRD等仪器分别对薄膜的硬度、结合力、组织结构等主要性能进行测试分析。实验结果表明:随着Ti/Al合金靶中Al含量的增加,TiAlN薄膜的硬度先增加后减小,膜基结合力逐渐增加;当Al在Ti/Al合金靶材中所占的比值为2:3时,TiAlN薄膜的硬度、耐磨性等综合力学性能最佳。