兰村泉域地下水资源开发利用现状及对策

文章从兰村泉域地下水开采及其动态的实际出发，对地下水开采量，水位，水质做了详细分析。并依据现有的动态资料对泉域内各水源地之间的关系做了进一步研究。     

Geostatistical Assessment of Groundwater Nitrate Contamination with Reflection on DRASTIC Vulnerability Assessment: The Case of the Upper Litani Basin, Lebanon

Groundwater constitutes the largest single source of fresh water in many parts of the world and provides a risk buffer to sustain critical water demands during cyclic and prolonged dry periods, especially in semi-arid and arid regions. However, unprecedented socio-economical growths are threatening the viability of these precious resources through fast depletion of already critically low stocks accompanied by persistent degradation of water quality due to salinization, and contamination by pesticides and fertilizers, urban sewage and industrial waste. These circumstances are particularly true of the Upper Litani Basin (ULB), which houses over 500,000 of Lebanon’s 4 million population and provides the bulk of the country’s agricultural output. Uncontrolled urban, agricultural and industrial growths following a prolonged civil strife and foreign occupation have resulted in the deterioration of the quality of the basin’s surface water and potentially its groundwater resources. An assessment study of groundwater quality conditions in the ULB was conducted in support of efforts to manage water quality in the basin. Geostatistical analysis of groundwater nitrate levels was conducted using data collected through an extensive basin-wide water quality survey sponsored by the USAID and covered two periods representing the summer and winter periods. The results of analysis include maps of nitrate contamination and probability of exceedance of drinking-water nitrate regulatory limit. The results indicate a significant, widespread and persistent nitrates contamination of groundwater in the ULB. Nitrate levels in groundwater exceed standard limits for drinking water in many parts of the basin. These findings were examined with respect to those of a DRASTIC groundwater vulnerability assessment conducted by the USAID BAMAS project. Comparative analysis of the two assessments shed the light on several issues related to the application and interpretation of DRASTIC scores and the groundwater nitrate contamination process.     

Water Use and Protection in Rural Communities of the Peruvian Amazon Basin

Abstract

Inhabitants of the Peruvian Amazon enjoy plentiful water and other aquatic resources that enhance their well-being in many ways. However, the intimate and generally unbuffered connection between the region's inhabitants and their water resources leads to complex negative feedbacks when these resources are mismanaged. Due to severe water problems in other, more populated, parts of the country the Peruvian government currently devotes little attention to water management in the Amazon. Thus, organized management is mainly left to individual communities and households. This study reports on the results of 351 interviews of households in the Pachitea Basin of the central Peruvian Amazon. Our aim is to quantify the use of water and other aquatic resources among different social groups and within different geographical settings of the region. With these data, we evaluate and identify priorities for community-driven water management in the region. We found that 50 to 90 percent of households take their water directly from primary sources, 35 to 94 percent transport it manually to their homes, and 50 to 75 percent practice only the simplest form of treatment (boiling). Indigenous households tended to rely less on water infrastructure and water treatment. Fish and an assortment of other aquatic and riparian resources were important inputs to all social groups and in all geographic settings. Disposal of wastes in nearby water bodies was also found to be widespread. We conclude that water management efforts in the Pachitea Basin should focus on the protection of water quality in rivers and streams through careful disposal of wastes away from water bodies and the preservation of natural water purification features such as riparian forests and wetlands. We also recommend developing a basin-wide master plan, which empowers end-users and integrates more detailed plans developed at community and association levels.     

关于缓解北方地区水供需矛盾方略的认识

缓解北方地区水供需矛盾要从社会,经济活动方式与资源条件协调来考虑,同时要提高人们对节水的认识,建立节约用水,提高用水效率的有效机制,《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十个五年计划的建议》提出,要“要采取多种方式缓解北方地区缺水矛盾,加紧南水北调工程的前期工作,尽早开发建设”,是非常及时的,正确的,但南水北调工程中的许多问题仍然值得认真研究。     

Conjunctive Management of Large-Scale Pressurized Water Distribution and Groundwater Systems in Semi-Arid Area with Parallel Genetic Algorithm

This study develops a production well management model for the conjunctive management of water resources in semi-arid areas. The management model integrates a large-scale pressurized water distribution system and a three-dimensional groundwater model under an optimization framework. The well pump operations optimization problem is formulated as a Boolean integer nonlinear programming (BINLP) problem to optimize the periodic 24-h pump on/off operations over a 1-week operation horizon. The management model considers multiple objectives and is solved by a parallel genetic algorithm (PGA) to overcome the difficulty of solving the BINLP problem. The PGA significantly reduces computation time for a case study in Chandler, Arizona. The Chandler water distribution model is built based on EPANET, and the Chandler three-dimension groundwater model is developed using MODFLOW. The high performance computing (HPC) of the genetic algorithm makes it possible to obtain 24-h real-time operations in the 7-day forecast model. The tank reliability, resilience, and vulnerability (R-R-V) are evaluated to infer the system reliability. The Pareto curve provides compromise solutions between the two competing objectives of energy reduction and pressure violation reduction.     

Groundwater Recharge Assessment for the Kalahari Catchment of North-eastern Namibia and North-western Botswana with a Regional-scale Water Balance Model

Groundwater is the only source of drinking water for the inhabitants of the Kalahari. Thus understanding spatial and temporal variations in groundwater recharge is very important and a regional-scale water balance model has therefore been set up for a 209,149 km² catchment in north-eastern Namibia and north-western Botswana. The model has a spatial resolution of 1.5 × 1.5 km, daily model time-steps, and climatic input parameters for 19 years are used. The distributed, GIS-based, process-oriented, physical water balance model (MODBIL) used in this study considers the major water balance components: precipitation, evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge, and surface runoff/interflow. Mean precipitation for the study area is 409 mm a⁻¹, while mean actual evapotranspiration is 402 mm a⁻¹ and mean groundwater recharge is 8 mm a⁻¹ (2% of mean annual precipitation). The recharge pattern is mainly influenced by the distribution of soil and vegetation units. Groundwater recharge shows a high inter- and intra-annual variability, but not only the sum of annual precipitation is important for the development of groundwater recharge; a large amount of precipitation in a relatively short period is more important. Published independent data from the Kalahari in Namibia, Botswana and the Southern African region under similar climatic conditions are used to verify the modelling results.     

刍议体视化技术在地下水勘查评价中的应用

针对地下水不合理开发利用所引发的环境地质问题,指出地下水勘查评价中需要体视化技术,对当前国内外地下水体视化软件进行了详细的分析和比较。分析了体视化技术在地下水勘查和评价中的作用及应用,运用现有体视化软件和针对具体的问题开发新的软件是实现地下水勘查评价的体视化的两个途径。展望了体视化技术在地下水勘查评价中的应用前景。     

北疆供水工程总千渠运行管理实践与探索

本文根据北疆供水工程概况,主要介绍了北疆供水工程总干渠工程特点,分析了在运行管理方面所采用的先进的管理体系和取得的管理经验和成果,可为国内同类工程运行管理提供借鉴。     

水电站安全鉴定现场查勘补充手段的探索研究

本文对水电站安全鉴定的现场查勘进行了从常规手段到补充手段的探索,并从互联网数据参考和现场简易量测两方面,阐述了现场查勘各种补充手段的原理和经验技巧,展望了水利技术跨越式发展的前景。     

供水系统脆弱性评价研究进展

供水系统是基础性的、复杂的、开放性的系统。面对不断升级的安全需求,供水企业不得不重新审视评价自己的系统,以应对复杂严峻的形势。脆弱性评价可以帮助检验系统范围内可能存在的薄弱环节,以及确定能够减少风险的合理方法。对当前脆弱性评价的技术应用情况进行了全面的总结。     

Evolution of Water Planning in New Mexico and Implications for Transboundary Groundwater Allocation

Abstract

Before 1983, the market allocated water in New Mexico under the prior-appropriation system; we prohibited export of groundwater to other states. We found, however, that the simple prohibition is unconstitutional, and that water can be withheld only if shown to be needed for the “public welfare.” Water planning began in 1987, to determine which waters (perhaps all) would be needed during the next 40 years. It has become clear that water planning has another value —the reconciliation of future supply with expected demands—which may provide more orderly reallocation than the market would, especially for aesthetic and environmental water uses that are not directly represented in the market. Our water planning seems to be supplanting the legal processes with negotiation, and to be shifting the emphasis from administration of water rights to management of real water. Diverse water-use interests within the planning regions in New Mexico are learning to negotiate their future water-management, and the 16 regions are beginning to interact with each other toward the same end. A strictly technical “wet-water” management plan that shows how the needs of all interests can be best met with the water and the capital available, and at least temporarily setting aside the legal issues, seems to be the best foundation for negotiation. The tentative settlement of a long, unfruitful legal struggle over the Pecos River is a case in point. The same principal seems promising for dealing with transboundary groundwater allocation on a larger scale.     

北京岩溶水勘查开发的现状与思考

回顾了北京地区岩溶水开发的历史,简述了各岩溶水分布区的特征与当前的开发规模。在南水北调中线工程通水推迟到2014年的形势下,相比较2.5亿m3/a的开采量,北京的岩溶水仍具有一定开采潜力,是进一步保障北京城市供水安全的有力补充。探讨了在当前应急条件下,应当加强多种技术的联合运用,以查清岩溶系统的边界,阐明岩溶水的运动规律,评价可采资源量,提出2~3处岩溶水水源地靶区。此外,指出在开发过程中应当特别注意预防伴生灾害,加强岩溶水的保护以可持续利用。     

物元可拓法在鸡西市地下水水质评价中的应用

介绍了物元可拓法的基本原理及计算步骤。在此基础上,利用物元可拓法对鸡西市地下水水样进行水质等级评价,同时采用综合评价分值法进行了对比。Piper三线图显示,研究区地下水主要为HCO3—Ca型水、HCO3·Cl—Ca型水和SO4—Ca型水,水质本底条件较差。水质评价结果表明,研究区地下水水质总体较差,超过一半的水必须处理后,方可作为生活饮用水。物元可拓法采用综合关联度与可拓指数判断地下水水质级别,不仅能反映其相对性,也能反映绝对性,可延拓连续的特点使其更有说服力。     

北方某城市农村供水站管理情况调查与风险评估

农村饮水安全保障农村人民群众的生活质量和健康安全,为促进农村供水管理升级,围绕北方某城市农村供水开展了13个涉农区61座农村供水站管理情况的调查和风险评估.结果表明,农村供水存在的问题主要在于消毒环节造成的水质安全隐患和制度、技术、人员因素导致的运行管理不足.农村供水(特别是小规模供水站)需优先控制微生物污染相关因素引...     

Groundwater use in Spain: an overview in light of the EU Water Framework Directive

In semi-arid regions, aquifers provide a series of practical advantages that make them preferential sources of water supply. In Spain, groundwater meets about one-fifth of the total water demand and is used to irrigate over one-third of the total irrigated land. This article examines groundwater use in Spain from the perspective of the EU Water Framework Directive. Analysis of different sector uses suggests that core problems (and solutions) related to groundwater lie in agricultural uses and that the Directive's environmental requirements remain distant from reality on the ground, where economic, political and social reasons prevail on legal obligations set by national and supranational authorities.     

辽阳市供用水现状调查及预测分析

通过供用水现状调查分析,探讨了辽阳市水资源开发利用的特点和存在的问题。并结合对辽阳市各种水源供用水指标及综合用水效率等调查结果,采用多种预测方法,预测辽阳市规划水平年、远景展望年供需水量,为制订辽阳市水资源优化配置实施方案提供参考。     

Groundwater Utilization and Management in the State of Kuwait

Abstract

The main brackish groundwater resources in the State of Kuwait are the groundwater located in the Kuwait Group and the Dammam limestone aquifers. Most of the groundwater used in the State of Kuwait is for irrigation, some part of it is used for domestic purposes and for small scale industries. Since rainfall is seasonal and is less than the annual evaporation, the recharge from rainfall is negligible. Water levels in both the aquifers are highly affected by the pumping rate from each well. The groundwater is extracted heavily resulting in decline of water levels and the deterioration of groundwater quality though there is underflow from Saudi Arabia. Improvement of the groundwater management is essential for maintaining long-term productivity of the aquifers in the State of Kuwait.     

大沙河灌区节水工程项目水资源评价及供需平衡分析

对开平市大沙河灌区农业综合开发节水工程项目水资源进行水量平衡供需计算分析,计算结果分析表明,灌区节水工程项目实施改造和调整农业结构后,除可满足城镇供水要求及农业灌溉保证率达到90%外,还有盈余水量,达到节水增效的目的,项目综合效益显著。     

北京市房山平原区地下水超采评价

北京市房山平原区地下水超采已引起一系列环境地质问题。为进行地下水资源合理开发、配置与有效管理,依据地下水超采区评价导则,以超采系数、地下水位、地面沉降、地下水质量和地下水污染指标为评价指标,运用GIS对北京市房山平原区地下水超采情况进行了计算与叠加分析。结果表明,房山平原区一般超采区面积215.7km2,严重超采区面积231.5km2,禁采区面积139.9km2。该评价结果为管理部门更加科学、合理、有效的水资源管理提供依据。     

介休市地下水污染现状及对策研究

介休市是以地下水为主供水水源的新式工业城市，本文分析论述了介休市地下水类型、地下水污染现状及综合评价，从而提高防治地下水的污染措施。