不同来源污泥热解油中多环芳烃分布特征

分析了4种不同来源污泥的热解油中16种EPA-PAHs生成分布,并探讨了污泥原样中自由赋存PAHs和污泥泥质特性(碳含量、H/C摩尔比、O/C摩尔比及挥发分含量等)的影响。结果表明,4种来源污泥热解油中均不同程度包含16种EPA-PAHs,∑EPA-PAHs含量分布次序为:工业印染污泥热解油(21.72 mg·kg-1)生活污泥热解油(14.10 mg·kg-1)造纸污泥热解油(13.72 mg·kg-1)食品污泥热解油(5.48 mg·kg-1),且以低环(2R)和中环(3R和4R)PAHs为主,其总量占∑EPA-PAHs的95%以上。热解油中PAHs含量高低与污泥自身赋存的自由PAHs含量具有一定关联;泥质特性对热解油中EPA-PAHs含量分布也呈现了不同程度影响,随着污泥泥质特性变化,3R和4R-PAHs含量变化规律较相似,均在碳含量为30.96%、H/C摩尔比为1.1、O/C摩尔比为0.33和挥发分为35.5%时达到最高水平;2R-PAHs含量在碳含量为20.75%、H/C摩尔比为1.44、O/C摩尔比为0.6和挥发分为46.3%时达到最高水平。     

不同来源污泥热解油中多环芳烃分布特征

分析了4种不同来源污泥的热解油中16种EPA-PAHs生成分布,并探讨了污泥原样中自由赋存PAHs和污泥泥质特性（碳含量、H/C摩尔比、O/C摩尔比及挥发分含量等）的影响。结果表明,4种来源污泥热解油中均不同程度包含16种EPA-PAHs,∑EPA-PAHs含量分布次序为：工业印染污泥热解油（21.72 mg·kg^-1）>生活污泥热解油（14.10 mg·kg^-1）>造纸污泥热解油（13.72 mg·kg^-1）>食品污泥热解油（5.48 mg·kg^-1）,且以低环（2R）和中环（3R和4R）PAHs为主,其总量占∑EPA-PAHs的95%以上。热解油中PAHs含量高低与污泥自身赋存的自由PAHs含量具有一定关联;泥质特性对热解油中EPA-PAHs含量分布也呈现了不同程度影响,随着污泥泥质特性变化,3R和4R-PAHs含量变化规律较相似,均在碳含量为30.96%、H/C摩尔比为1.1、O/C摩尔比为0.33和挥发分为35.5%时达到最高水平;2R-PAHs含量在碳含量为20.75%、H/C摩尔比为1.44、O/C摩尔比为0.6和挥发分为46.3%时达到最高水平。     

煤拔头工艺中煤与生物质快速热解的气体产物分布

在模拟煤拔头快速热解条件下,实验研究了煤、生物质及其混合物热解产物的产率、气体组成及气体热值随热解温度的变化规律. 结果表明,褐煤与生物质混合热解遵循单一物质的热解规律,但生物质配入比例对混合热解产物产率有一定影响;其质量配入比例低于50%时,随生物质配入量增加,气体产率增加,800℃时气体产率可从50%以下增加到60%以上;其配入比例增大至50%以上时,气体产率下降5%. 褐煤与生物质混合物热解产物的气体组成与原料单独热解时相似,均以CO2为主,其次为CO, H2,烃类组分中以CH4和C3H6为主,C2H4, C2H6, C3H8次之,C4H8略少,混合物热解气体中CH4含量比褐煤单独热解时高7%以上. 热解温度对气体的热值影响较明显,高温下热解气体热值高,热解温度500~800℃、生物质与褐煤质量配比为1:2时,热解气体的热值从11.38升至16.10 MJ/m3. 拔头条件下,褐煤与生物质混合快速热解的气体产率较高,有利于提高热解气体热值.     

烟煤固体热载体低温快速热解实验研究

以连续式热解装置为实验平台,藁城和府谷煤为原料,石英砂为热载体,考察了460~520℃范围内热解所得气、液产物收率、组成和性质的变化规律. 结果表明,在考察的温度范围内,提高热解温度,热解气、液产物收率增加,液体产物收率最高可达12%左右. 热解温度对热解产物中不凝气组成影响显著,热解煤气热值高达25 MJ/Nm3以上. 焦油组分中酚衍生物含量最高,稠环烃、芳香烃、链烃组分的含量也较高,酚含量随热解温度增高有所降低,而芳烃含量则显著提高. 根据实验结果提出了酚-芳烃转化的可能路径.     

褐煤低温热解特性研究

研究了褐煤进行低温热解时,热解温度对热解气相产物的影响,分析了褐煤低温热解产生的低温煤焦油的基本组成.结果表明,热解温度对煤气的组成产生一定的影响.热解气中可燃组分H2、CH4和CO最大含量可达27.92％、31.14％和17.21％；低温煤焦油烷烃含量可达33.84％,芳烃含量达16.73％,酚类含量为11.89％.     

褐煤热解及半焦成型特性研究

以褐煤为原料,通过原煤热解与半焦成型实验,研究了热解终温对产物分布的影响及半焦的成型特性与反应活性;利用气体在线分析仪、GC-MS对热解产物进行表征;研究结果表明,热解温度由450℃提高到750℃,热解气体产率持续增大,半焦收率则持续减少,焦油收率在550℃时最高;气相组分中H2含量持续增加,CO2和CH4含量减小,CO含量在650℃时最高;热解焦油主要由萘及其衍生物、高碳数直链烷烃、苯酚及其衍生物、蒽、菲及衍生物、稠环芳烃和中性含氧化合物(醛、酮、呋喃)组成,随热解温度升高,多侧链取代化合物含量减少,稠环化合物含量增加;热解改质后,半焦型煤强度提高了3 MPa,半焦型煤的CO2反应活性高于半焦。     

热分解气氛对流化床煤热解制油的影响

在循环流化床锅炉上耦合流化床热解反应器既可提供电力又副产热解油,明显提高煤的利用价值。在这个过程中,热解反应器通常利用自身产生的热解气作为流化介质。本文考察了模拟热解气反应气氛对流化床煤热解拔头制取热解油产率的影响,并利用TG-FTIR分析了焦油官能团组成及随TG温度的变化。针对锅炉用烟煤的实验结果表明：采用热解气作为反应气氛时焦油产率最大,相对无水无灰基煤达13%。反应气氛中H₂和CO₂的存在不利于焦油生成,但CO 和CH₄的加入提高了焦油产率;H₂的加入有利于焦油中酚羟基、羧基类化合物生成,同时也促进了脂肪族化合物的裂解;CH₄的存在可以提高焦油中单环芳烃、脂肪族及酚羟基类化合物的含量。     

煤与渣油共热解对焦油及热解气品质的影响

基于煤热解焦油产率低、品质差以及渣油如何高效利用问题,在固定床上进行了淮南煤、准格尔煤与渣油的共热解实验。结果表明:在煤中添加渣油可提高焦油产率,且共热解对焦油产率有协同作用。焦油中正己烷可溶物及脂肪族比例提高,品质显著改善。随着渣油添加比例的增加,热解气中CO、CO2比例降低,C1—C4(C1,C2,C3,C4总和)在热解气中体积比例增加;且C1—C4中CH4比例降低,C2,C3,C4比例升高,说明共热解过程渣油有供氢作用,使得焦油产率增加且品质提高。     

玉米秸秆棒状燃料热解过程和产物特征研究

以玉米秸秆棒状燃料为原料,在固定床反应器上探究热解温度对玉米秸秆棒状燃料热解过程和热解产品性质的影响。研究发现,随着热解温度的升高,热解气体产量增加,固体炭产量逐渐减少,生物油产量先增后减在450℃时达到最大值35.61%。对固体炭进行工业分析,发现其灰分含量较高;FT-IR分析表明:玉米秸秆棒状燃料的热解反应主要发生在650℃之前;SEM图显示断截面表现为蜂窝状的孔结构。生物油的GC-MS分析表明:在250~750℃下生物油的组成主要是呋喃、酮、醛和酚类等含氧化合物,其中酚类和呋喃类化合物是含量最多的物质;而在850~950℃下以多环芳烃类化合物为主。热解气的主要组成是CO₂、CO、CH₄和H₂,同时有少量的C₂H_n化合物,在250~450℃范围内,气体的主要组成是CO和CO₂,随着温度升高,CO、H₂、CH₄和C₂H_n逐渐增加,热解气的热值逐渐增加,在650℃下气体产品的热值已达到13.05 MJ/m³,当温度大于650℃后,热值增加速率变慢。     

不同水分褐煤快速热解试验研究

为考察水分对褐煤热解特性的影响,采用神雾自主研发的蓄热式下行床快速热解试验装置,研究了不同水分印尼褐煤的热解特性。结果表明,随着印尼褐煤水分的增加,热解气产率逐渐升高,水分为24.01%时达到最大值45.40%,热解气中H2和CO2含量增加,CH4和CO含量降低;热解焦油产率呈下降趋势,其中轻质组分含量不断增加,水分为24.01%时达到最大值69.30%;热解水产率逐渐升高,水分为24.01%时,热解水产率为10.60%;半焦产率逐渐降低,水分从5.60%升高至24.01%时,半焦产率从56.20%降至42.50%,半焦热值无明显变化规律。热解能耗逐渐升高,水分从5.6%升高至24.01%时,热解能耗从1.77 MJ/kg升至3.26 MJ/kg。     

氢气纯度分析方法准确性的探讨

ONACCURACYOFANALYSISOFOFHYDROGEN1前言我公司目前应用的氢气纯度分析方法有两种,一种是爆炸反应法,另一种是焦性没食子酸吸收法。几年来,人们对两种分析方法的准确性曾有过褒贬不一的评论。这里我们也谈谈自己粗浅的观点。2爆炸法测定氢气纯度一定量的氢气样品与适量的空气之均匀混合物因反应后生成液体水而引起气体体积减少,减少的体积等于参加反应气体体积之和。其中l／3为氧气,2／3为氢气。根据氢气取样量和反应前后混气体体积之差,以及氢气在反应中的体积比例关系,可计算出样品的氢气纯度。计算公式式中：A一混…     

COMPARISON OF METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF GYPSUM1

The different analytical methods proposed for the evaluation of gypsum have been subjected to an experimental test. A combination method, consisting of a fusion with KHCO₃ and determination of CaO by KMnO₄ titration, the SO₃ by Andrews method of titration of BaCrO₄ has been found to give very reliable results with the least consumption of time.     

SEDIMENTATION OF BINARY MIXTURES OF PARTICLES OF UNEQUAL DENSITIES AND OF DIFFERENT SIZES

A model is developed for the sedimentation from a suspension of two particle species of unequal densities and of different sizes. The composition and the thickness of various layers in the sediments are predicted using graphical and analytical methods. The model predictions were in excellent agreement with experimental results, when the particle size ratio was ≥ 108. When size ratio of the particles was 2.60 and 4.31 the agreement occurred in about 50 percent of the cases.     

HEASUREHENT OF INSTANTANEOUS RATES OF LOSS OF VOIATILE COMPOUNDS DURING DRYING OF DROPS

A novel technique serves to monitor instantaneous rates of loss of a volatile solute from a suspended drop during drying. A highly sensitive electron capture detector is used to monitor concentrations of SF6 released into a flowing gas stream from a suspended, drying drop. Simultaneously, the appearance and morphological development of the drop are monitored with a video camera. This provides the wherewithal of relating instantaneous rates of loss of the volatile solute to particular events during the development of particle morphology.

Initial experiments have been carried out with drops of aqueous solutions of glucose, sucrose, maltodextrin and coffee extract. The results clearly display the onset of the volatiles-retentive selective diffusion phenomenon. There is also substantial loss of the volatile component later in the drying process, when the drops undergo repeated ex ansion, bursting and cratering due to the formation of internaf bubbles. These experiments appear to be the first quantitative demonstration of major losses accompanying changes in drop morphology.     

茶多酚提取方法进展

本文综述了国内外现有茶多酚提取方法的现状以及近期的研究进展，并对其优缺点进行了评价。这将有助于中低档茶的综合利用和茶多酚的进一步开发应用。     

几种针状焦性能对比

针状焦分石油系和煤系两大类,这主要取决于针状焦的原料来源。在同一系列中由于原料不同和工艺条件不同 ,针状焦的各自性能也不相同。针状焦是生产超高功率石墨电极和高功率石墨电极的主要原料 ,针状焦的性能对石墨电极的质量有至关重要的影响。所以对针状焦性能以及其对石墨电极质量影响的研究十分必要的。以下是常用的几种进口针状焦和国产针状焦的性能对比。１原料性能分析对比原料试样包括４种针状焦 ,其中两种为进口针状焦：三菱针状焦和新日化针状焦;另两种为国产针状焦：鞍山针状焦和锦州针状焦。其中除锦州针状焦是石油系针状焦外…     

ANALYSIS OF RECENT MEASUREMENTS OF THE VISCOSITY OF GLASSES

Viscosity of Simple Soda-Silicate 500° to 1400°C Comparison of the results given by English with those of Washburn, Shelton and Libman, indicates a discrepancy in the absolute values of log₁₀ viscosity amounting to 0.6, those of Washburn et al., being relatively too high. If correction for this is made, the isothermal curves of log₁₀ viscosity as a function of soda content are smooth up to 50% Na₂O, showing no inflection. The observations as a function of temperature T are all represented within accidental error by an equation of the type where all three constants vary regularly with the composition. Change of Viscosity of Glass (6SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to Molecular Substitution of CaO, MgO and Al₂O₃ for Na₂O The effect is clearly brought out by plotting (from the results of English) the change of log₁₀η due to the substitution as a function of temperature. The curves each show a sharp bend at a temperature between 840° and 1050°C, which is designated the aggregation temperature T_a. If we divide these curves by the corresponding percentage substituted, we get curves for each oxide which are straight and parallel below the aggregation temperatures, the slopes (increase of change of log₁₀η per 100°C) being −0.056 (CaO), −0.055 (MgO), −0.018 (A1₂O₃) per per cent oxide substituted. For substitution of 1/2 molecule the slopes are −0.325 (CaO), −0.23 (MgO) and −0.18 (Al₂O₃) per 100°. At the aggregation temperature the change of log₁₀η per per cent is a minimum, 0.03 to 0.06 for CaO, 0.12 for MgO, 0.07 for Al₂O₃. Evidence of Aggregation in Glasses, from viscosity Measurements The sharp bends in the plots of change of log₁₀η due to substitution of an oxide for Na₂O, suggest the beginning of molecular aggregation at these temperatures. These aggregation temperatures are close to the devitrification temperatures, but the effect on the viscosity curves cannot be due to actual devitrification since it does not change with time. Taking the aggregation temperatures as equal to devitrification temperatures, additional isotherms are roughly sketched into the equilibrium triangle of the system Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂. Change of Viscosity of Glass (4SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to of Substitution of B₂O₃ for SiO₂ The change of log₁₀η (from the results of English) is plotted as a function of temperature, and also the change of log₁₀η per per cent B₂O₃. The curves are more complex than for the substitution for Na₂O.     

环氧树脂羟基值测定方法的研究

利用乙酸酐、吡啶和浓硫酸混合的乙酰化试剂测定环氧树脂中羟基值含量的方法具有操作简便、滴定终点明显和分析结果误差小等优点。     

骑式摩托车油箱喷涂工艺的改进

面对日益激烈的市场竞争,摩托车油箱外观质量越来越成为影响销售的因素之一。文章介绍了改进工艺后的油箱涂装,该涂装体系提高了油箱外观的丰满度,降低了油箱涂装的生产成本。     

聚酰亚胺的合成法

本文评述了缩聚型聚酰亚胺的主要合成方法和近年来国际上在合成中所做的探索。