联营-双边混合交易模式下的阻塞费用分摊

针对联营-双边混合交易模式的特点,基于“论责分摊”的思想,提出了一种基于潮流追踪计算阻塞影响因子的方法。根据该方法可将阻塞线路上的阻塞费用根据交易参与者定量阻塞责任的大小进行分摊。即首先利用约束分配系数将系统阻塞费用分摊给阻塞所在线路,然后利用潮流追踪法得出各个市场成员对阻塞线路的利用份额,最后将线路阻塞费用分配给所有市场成员。该方法不产生销售盈余,给市场参与者提供了准确的经济信息。IEEE-14节点系统算例结果显示,该方法能够正确有效地分摊市场成员的阻塞费用。     

联营-双边混合交易模式下的阻塞费用分摊

针对联营-双边混合交易模式的特点,基于"论责分摊"的思想,提出了一种基于潮流追踪计算阻塞影响因子的方法.根据该方法可将阻塞线路上的阻塞费用根据交易参与者定量阻塞责任的大小进行分摊.即首先利用约束分配系数将系统阻塞费用分摊给阻塞所在线路,然后利用潮流追踪法得出各个市场成员对阻塞线路的利用份额,最后将线路阻塞费用分配给所有市场成员.该方法不产生销售盈余,给市场参与者提供了准确的经济信息.IEEE-14节点系统算例结果显示,该方法能够正确有效地分摊市场成员的阻塞费用.     

基于阻塞支路潮流变化量的阻塞成本分摊

该文对双边交易模式下阻塞成本分摊问题进行了研究，提出了一种新的阻塞成本分摊方法，可以实现线路阻塞成本在市场成员间的分配。按该方法，双边交易应分摊的阻塞成本与阻塞消除前后该交易在阻塞线路中的潮流变化量成正比。研究表明，采用该方法分摊阻塞成本，既能体现双边交易对发生阻塞的输电设备的影响程度，又能提供有利于缓解阻塞的信号。5节点系统算例验证了该文观点。     

电力市场联营-双边交易模式下的阻塞费用分摊

针对联营-双边交易模式电力市场的特点和我国处于电力市场改革初期的具体情况,提出了一种新的阻塞费用分摊方法,即首先按照约束分配系数将系统阻塞费用分摊到阻塞线路,然后利用潮流追踪方法得出各市场成员对阻塞线路的利用程度,最后将线路阻塞费用分摊给全部市场成员。5节点系统算例结果表明,该方法能够正确有效地分摊市场成员的阻塞费用。     

阻塞费用的计算和分摊方法

在电力市场条件下，阻塞定价已成为阻塞管理的核心。最近，阻塞费用分摊方面的研究工作相当活跃。基于此，总结了各种交易模式下阻塞费用的计算方法，并对阻塞费用的分摊方法，即平均分摊法和责任分摊法，进行了综述。在责任分摊法中，阐述了使用程度分摊法和裁减量分摊法。     

用对策模型分析PowerPool市场对双边合同型交易的影响

用二人对策的理论和方法对同时存在集中调度的电力联营市场(Power Pool)和分散调度的双边合同型交易的两种模式进行了研究分析，井提出了定价方式。研究表明，双边交易的定价要受到同时存在的Pool电价的影响，且双边交易的利益不平均分配是可以被交易双方接受的。文中还比较了发电费用曲线为二次曲线时文中所提定价方式与不存在Power Pool时定价方式的关系，这两种结果是在不同交易环境下得到的，在各自的条件下都是常规合理的。     

基于Bilateral Shapley值的双边交易阻塞成本分摊

在阻塞管理中，基于Shapley值的分摊方法是一种常用的方法。在双边交易模式下，用Shapley值方法分摊阻塞成本不仅具有经济合理性，而且能提供明显的经济激励信号。但是当双边交易比较多时交易的联盟组合数就会很大，不利于工程计算。为此，本文提出采用一种Shapley值的改进方法——Bilateral Shapley值来分摊阻塞成本。理论分析和仿真计算表明，Bilateral Shapley值是一种Shapley值的近似解，不但具有Shapley值分摊费用的优点，而且解决了Shapley值的联盟组合“爆炸”问题。     

基于灵敏度分析模型的阻塞费用分摊方法

阻塞管理过程将产生额外的阻塞费用,如何将这些费用公平地分摊到每个市场成员是电力市场中需要重点研究的课题之一。提出一种基于灵敏度分析模型的阻塞费用分摊方法,利用发电转移分布因子(generator shift distribution factor,GSDF)作为灵敏度评价的工具,根据输电线路对各节点净注入功率的灵敏度计算各成员对阻塞线路的影响,并按影响系数将系统阻塞管理中引起的成本增量分摊到各市场成员。最后,结合5节点系统算例验证该方法的有效性与公平性。     

北美电力市场电力交易的标签化管理

在电力市场中，由于电力交易的合同路径与其所经过的物理路径并不相同，由此产生的电力平行流可能会引发输电阻塞，给电力系统带来严重的问题。针对该问题，北美电力可靠性委员会开发了一种基于Internet的电力交易标签化管理的信息系统，该系统通过多种方式进行阻塞管理。文中介绍了该电力交易标签化管理的基本原理，并对我国电力市场中电力交易的管理提出了建设性的意见。     

双边交易模式下基于Aumann-Shapley值的阻塞费用分摊方法研究

在阻塞管理中，费用分摊法已成为阻塞定价中的一种重要方法，然而在阻塞费用对阻塞线路的分摊中，目前提出的影子价格法和边际微增法仍存在一些不合理的地方。为了克服这些方法的缺点，该文针对双边交易提出了一种基于Aumann-Shapley值的阻塞费用分摊法，该方法利用无限多局中人联盟博弈中的Aumann-Shapley值，计及了所有阻塞消除顺序，通过Gauss积分法较为简单和精确地计算出分摊结果，真正实现了阻塞费用在阻塞线路上的公平分摊，通过算例分析，证明了基于Aumann-Shapley值的阻塞费用分摊法优于影子价格法和边际微增法。     

考虑输电约束的期权市场与现货市场联合均衡分析

针对实际运营电力市场的需求,研究发电商在期权市场与现货市场的联合竞争问题,建立了一个考虑输电约束的两阶段古诺博弈模型。该模型是一个具有均衡约束的2层数学模型,可使用非线性互补方法和改进的Levenherg-Marquardt算法求解。结果表明,输电阻塞抑制了发电商参与期权交易的积极性,削弱了期权对电力市场的作用,加强了处于阻塞有利位置的发电商的市场力,发电商可通过策略性竞标剥夺用户和网络所有者的部分或全部收益。     

A zonal congestion management approach using ac transmission congestion distribution factors

In a deregulated electricity market, one of the major concerns of system operator (SO) is to ensure the free and fair electricity trading while maintaining system security and stability in meeting the pool and contract demands. Achieving a commercially transparent and technically feasible solution during transmission congestion, therefore, poses a great challenge to SO. Transmission congestion distribution factors (TCDF) based on sensitivity of ac power flow in the lines due to the unit change in the power injection at the buses have been proposed by which the congestion zones are identifies to reschedule the generators and loads in that zone for the congestion management. A conceptually reasonable and computationally feasible approach for the solution of this problem has been developed and is illustrated on two test systems having both pool and contracts loads.     

Modeling Bilateral Electricity Markets: A Complex Network Approach

In electricity markets, a pool trading model with a power exchange pool is a typical market organization that attracts much more attention than a bilateral trading model. To date, quite a few papers have focused on bilateral trading models, particularly those under network constraints. This trend is due to the model's complexity in terms of the various trading patterns, reflecting the self-interested behavior of the market participants striving to find potentially profitable transactions. In this paper, we propose a new approach based on complex networks suitable for assessing different aspects of bilateral market. This work strives to analyze the bilateral trading patterns in the electricity markets where physical network constraints need to be considered for the feasible and secure operation of the power systems. The goal of the work is to find the stable network structures that can be used to anticipate possible bilateral transactions in the real market place and to provide a novel and applicable approach to studying the bilateral model in electricity markets. The proposed approach has been tested on several test systems in which the transmission network structure of the market that accommodates the transactions is considered. The proposed model is illustrated with examples using a four-bus test system, the IEEE 30-bus, and the IEEE 118-bus test systems.      

发电权交易的阻塞调度

利用发电权交易机制促进电力工业的节能降耗目标的实施,已经在国内得到了越来越广泛的认同。发电权交易会引起系统潮流变化,进而可能引起新的系统安全问题。因此,发电权交易的阻塞调度是一个值得研究的问题。首先,以目前采用较多的撮合交易模型为基础,提出了以最大化社会效用为目标的阻塞调度模型。其次,从节能降耗的角度出发,提出了以最大化成交量为目标和考虑能耗约束的最大化社会效用为目标的2种阻塞调度模型。对发电权交易的结算方法进行了探讨,并提出了2种具体的结算方法。最后,以IEEE单区域RTS-96系统为例,对这3个模型进行了分析和比较。     

New secure bilateral transaction determination and study of pattern under contingencies and UPFC in competitive hybrid electricity markets

In the competitive electricity environment, the flexibility of power transactions is expected to drastically increase among the trading partners and can compromise the system security and reliability. These transactions are to be evaluated ahead of their scheduling in a day-ahead and hour-ahead market to avoid congestion and ensure their feasibility with respect to the system operating conditions. The security of the transactions has become essential in the new environment for better planning and management of competitive electricity markets. This paper proposes a new method of secure bilateral transaction determination using AC distribution factors based on the full Jacobian sensitivity and considering the impact of slack bus for pool and bilateral coordinated markets. The secure bilateral transactions have also been determined considering critical line outage contingencies cases. The bilateral transaction matrix pattern has also been determined in the presence of unified power flow controller (UPFC). The optimal location of UPFC has been determined using mixed integer non-linear programming approach. The proposed technique has been applied on IEEE 24-bus reliability test system (RTS).     

Electricity market equilibrium of nonlinear power systems with reactive power control

The impact of reactive power control on the electricity market equilibrium is investigated. The effects of limitations on the reactive power generation and absorption, and load power factor adjustments, are examined using a novel electricity market equilibrium model that solves large-scale nonlinear power systems with asymmetric strategic firms. The algorithm implemented employs the linear supply function theory for bid-based pool markets. AC power flow analysis is used to represent the electricity network, incorporating variable price-responsive active and reactive load demands. The significance of the reactive power modeling in the electricity market equilibrium is demonstrated using the IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems. It is shown that variations on the reactive power in the system result in different market outcomes, as incentives are given to the strategic generating firms to alter their bidding strategies. The convergence characteristics of the IEEE 118-bus system are graphically presented and discussed to demonstrate the superior computational performance of the proposed algorithm in producing results under strict binding constraints and heavy transmission congestion conditions.     

Probabilistic reactive power procurement in hybrid electricity markets with uncertain loads

This paper presents a novel probabilistic algorithm for optimal reactive power provision in hybrid electricity markets. The proposed algorithm is a six-stage multiobjective nonlinear constrained optimization problem which takes into account load forecasting inaccuracies. Considering a set of probable forecasted loads, a three-component expected total market payment function is suggested being minimized as cost function of the first stage. Besides economic issues, expected voltage security margin, deviation from multilateral and pool based energy transactions, deviation from spinning reserve contracts, having adequate local reactive power reserve in each voltage control area of the system and transmission congestion probability are well thought out in stages 2-5 as technical aspects of the market. Finally, in the last stage, using different weighting factors to compromise between all objects, a probabilistic multiobjective function is presented to find the best reactive power market schedule. The proposed algorithm is applied on IEEE 24-bus test system. As a benchmark, Monte Carlo Simulation method is utilized to simulate the market of given period of time to evaluate results of the proposed algorithm, and satisfactory results are achieved.     

Decentralized approach to intermarket congestion management

When transmission bottlenecks affect dispatches and prices of neighboring Regional Transmission Organization (RTO) markets, intermarket congestion management and coordination are needed to mitigate congestion and to compute economically efficient prices in the day-ahead markets. This paper discusses and proposes two decentralized processes with which each RTO administers its energy market and also acts as a transmission coordinator to achieve feasible and efficient use of congested transmission by all markets in the region (interconnection). With this arrangement, a new decomposition technique is introduced without breaking a network model at the RTO's geographical boundaries. The paper then presents two decentralized congestion management formulations to model markets interactions in the interconnection. The coordination between market operators and transmission operators is based on the use of congestion price signals or allocated megawatt capacities, as well as their sensitivity information. The proposed solution ensures not only feasible schedules but also efficient and consistent congestion path prices for the final schedules in the entire interconnection. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the application of the proposed models.     

电力现货市场环境下结算权转让在阻塞管理中的应用

采用节点电价的电力现货市场通过节点电价中的阻塞分量反映线路或断面阻塞产生的成本,引导市场主体参与阻塞管理。除了形成合理准确的价格信号外,建立有效的阻塞风险管理机制也是开展阻塞管理的重要环节。考虑当前中国电力现货市场的实际特点及需求,提出了应用于阻塞风险管理的结算权转让交易机制。发电厂通过与其他发电厂或用户对特定电量进行结算权转让交易,获得对方以特定价格结算的权利,进而规避以自身所在节点价格结算时面临的阻塞风险。相对于国外成熟电力现货市场从阻塞盈余返还金额不确定性的风险管理角度建立的金融输电权等机制,结算权转让交易机制站在阻塞费用缴纳金额不确定性的风险管理角度,实现阻塞风险在交易双方间的重新分配,更适用于当前中国电力现货市场中长期合同交易与现货交易顺次结算、中长期合同交割点唯一设置在用户侧统一结算点、发电侧承担较大阻塞风险等特征。算例分析进一步验证了结算权转让交易的实用性和有效性。     

电力市场中的交易模式和传输拥挤管理

分析和比较了电力市场中两种典型交易模式——联营交易模式和双边合同交易模式的特点,举例讨论了不同模式下的传输拥挤管理,提出了一种新的联营交易模式下的传输拥挤管理方案。该方案将交易盈余通过传输拥挤合同的方式对受损失的电厂和用户进行补偿。最后还分析了我国近期发电侧电力市场下传输拥挤管理的一些特点。