岩石亚临界裂纹扩展试验及门槛值研究

利用Instron1342型电液伺服材料试验机,采用常位移松弛法对大理岩、花岗岩双扭试件进行了亚临界裂纹扩展试验研究,获得了其裂纹扩展速率V与应力强度因子KI的关系(KI-V曲线)及I型断裂韧度,分析了不同岩石中裂纹亚临界扩展的规律,确定了岩石亚临界裂纹扩展的停滞速度和门槛值K0。研究表明:采用常位移松弛法所测岩石的lgKI-lgV关系都有很好的线性规律,即岩石的亚临界裂纹扩展速率与裂纹尖端应力强度因子服从幂函数关系,这与Charles理论相符。二种岩石的K0/KIC值的变化在0.706～0.870之间。所测数据为岩土工程稳定的时间相依性研究提供了基本数据。     

断裂力学 第五讲 应力腐蚀断裂

一、应力腐蚀临界应力强度因子K_(1800) 在工程结构中预存的宏观裂纹在恒应力的条件下,原始裂纹亚临界扩展达到临界裂纹尺寸α_c时发生快速断裂,这种现象叫“延迟破坏”。在介质坏境中,在应力和介质联合作用下,裂纹形成和扩展的过程叫做应力腐蚀。由于应力腐蚀裂纹扩展到临界尺寸而引起的破坏就是一种滞后破坏。通常在腐蚀介质中,和介质相接触的金     

灰岩单轴压缩损伤演化试验研究

利用单轴压缩试验,研究了裂纹应变随加载速率的变化规律,得到了不同加载速率下黄龙灰岩的起裂应力。黄龙灰岩的起裂应力约为峰值强度的95%以上,裂纹起裂应力随加载速率增加而增加,而且加载速率越高,破坏后的岩石碎块的尺寸越小。根据岩石黄龙灰岩单轴压缩过程的声发射特征,得到了岩石内部微裂纹演化特征。随着裂纹的不断扩展,岩样出现了明显的损伤局部化现象。最后,利用滑移裂纹模型,分析了黄龙灰岩动态损伤演化机制,得到了加载速率与裂纹起裂应力的关系,同时获得了临界裂纹长度与加载速率的关系。     

酸雨环境下Q420B钢材腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展试验与模型研究

为研究特高压输电塔所用Q420B结构钢在酸雨环境下的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展行为,开展了Q420B的CT试样在人工酸雨喷雾腐蚀环境下的腐蚀疲劳试验。试验采用背面应变法监测裂纹长度,研究喷雾方式、pH值、应力比对裂纹扩展速率的影响。试验现象及断口分析表明,CT试样的断裂类型主要为穿晶疲劳断裂,腐蚀疲劳机制主要为阳极溶解机制。对于各工况,基于Paris模型推导了考虑模型参数随机性及da/dN数据波动性的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率P-da/dN-ΔK模型。结果表明,腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率的离散性随应力强度因子幅的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势,该现象与Paris模型参数的线性相关性有关;相较于浸泡腐蚀,喷雾腐蚀下的裂纹扩展阶段存在明显的裂纹闭合效应,导致在ΔK较低阶段喷雾工况裂纹扩展速率均低于纯疲劳工况;腐蚀液pH值越低,裂纹扩展速率曲线斜率越大,但其初始速率也越低;应力比方面,增大应力比能明显缓解裂纹闭合效应,且裂纹扩展速率随应力比的升高而升高。     

三峡船闸高边坡损伤流变研究及实测分析

采用扫描电镜即时记录下裂纹尖端的微裂纹发育和演化过程,并应用双扭试件测试了三峡船闸花岗岩的亚临界裂纹扩展。推导出压应力状态下,考虑亚临界裂纹扩展时,裂纹流变断裂扩展的计算公式;考虑了裂纹之间的相互作用。运用损伤力学中的平均场模量的概念,将流变裂纹扩展推广到多裂隙岩体中去,建立裂隙岩体损伤流变所裂扩展的力学模型。根据砦模型,采用有限元方法进行了三峡船闸高边坡损伤流变断裂分析,并与实测值做了比较。     

三峡船闸花岗岩亚临界裂纹扩展试验研究

采用双扭试件和自行研制的加载装置,对三峡船闸花岗岩进行了亚临界裂纹扩展试验研究。采用ＵＣＡＭ５Ｂ自动巡回监测仪量测加载过程中试件的位移和应变。根据试验结果,得到了花岗岩亚临界裂纹扩展速度与应力强度因子之间的关系和花岗岩的断裂韧度。由于试验方案设计合理,试验结果可靠     

氧化膜厚度对应力腐蚀裂纹尖端蠕变的影响

针对应力腐蚀开裂裂纹尖端的基体金属在高应变条件下发生的蠕变现象,采用有限元软件ABAQUS对高温水环境下合金600含氧化膜的应力腐蚀开裂裂纹尖端的高应力状态进行了数值模拟,并对裂纹尖端的力学场分布规律及氧化膜厚度对基体材料蠕变的影响进行了分析。结果表明:蠕变后,基体金属裂尖应力值减小,应变值会增大;氧化膜越薄,基体金属裂尖区域的蠕变量越大;高蠕变区域主要分布在与裂纹扩展方向线垂直的方向上,裂纹会沿氧化膜破裂方向扩展。本研究为准确预测核电关键结构材料应力腐蚀开裂裂纹的扩展速率奠定了一定的基础。     

电瓷材料的亚临界裂纹扩展

用恒载荷双扭方法,在不同环境条件下,研究了电瓷材料亚临界裂纹的扩展,测得的K_I-V曲线呈现出典型的三个区域:Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ。第Ⅰ区域中的K_I-V曲线未延伸到裂纹扩展速度小于10~(-6)m/s的低应力区。低应力区的裂纹扩展随时间的增长而减速,直到停止。这种现象可用应力腐蚀极限和阻止裂纹扩展的非均质瓷的显微结构加以解释;根据测得的数据,本文还讨论了瓷材料的寿命预测,并把瓷的和钠钙硅酸盐玻璃的延期破坏作了比较。     

单调及循环加载下大理岩断裂特性研究

基于大理岩的室内基本力学试验,使用PFC~(3D)获取一组真实反映大理岩特性的细观参数。在此基础上对大理岩人字形切槽圆盘(CCNBD)模型分别进行单调和循环加载,研究不同荷载作用下大理岩的应力分布及断裂韧度、裂纹扩展规律。研究结果表明:逐级和等幅2种循环荷载作用下,大理岩的Ⅰ型断裂韧度均有不同程度降低,且峰后会产生明显的应变软化阶段,发生亚临界裂纹扩展;循环荷载作用下试样的裂纹扩展存在明显初期、稳定、加速3个阶段,微裂纹在加载初期增加明显,裂纹扩展速率稳定,在稳定阶段裂纹扩展速率逐渐降低,最后加速阶段裂纹扩展速率逐渐增大,裂纹数目快速增加直至破坏;拉力链分布相对于单调加载更集中在韧带两端和圆盘两边。     

类岩石裂纹压剪流变断裂与亚临界扩展实验及破坏机制

进行双轴压缩条件下类岩石裂纹的压剪流变断裂实验,采用双扭试件的常位移松弛法对类岩石材料进行亚临界裂纹扩展与断裂韧度试验。在实验室尺度上证实了类岩石裂纹流变断裂现象的存在,并且得到了翼形裂纹–翼形裂纹贯通、翼形裂纹–原生裂纹贯通和翼形裂纹–翼形裂纹–剪切裂纹贯通的 3 种流变断裂贯通模式。类岩石材料的流变断裂是一种稳定的裂纹扩展,其本质原因是类岩石裂纹的亚临界扩展。以黏弹性断裂力学、流变力学和能量准则为理论依据,推导以应力强度因子、翼形裂纹长度和时间为内变量的相应势函数,建立多种破坏机制的 压剪岩石裂纹的流变断裂 判据和计算模型。 利用 流变断裂 实验对计算模型进行验证,得出裂纹流变 贯通的 理论时间与实验时间较为吻合,当翼形裂纹的扩展方向与最大压应力方向偏离较大时实验结果与理论模型误差较大。提出的计算方法和理论判据为研究岩石裂纹的流变断裂的细观机理及岩体工程流变破坏的宏观机制提供了一个新而实用的研究手段。     

Effects of relative humidity and temperature on subcritical crack growth in igneous rock

Effects of relative humidity and temperature on subcritical crack growth in igneous rock have been investigated experimentally on samples of Kumamoto andesite and Oshima granite. Stress intensity factors and crack velocities were measured using the double-torsion technique, and all experiments were conducted in moist air. Our results show that in experiments conducted under the same relative humidity, crack velocity increased with increasing temperature, in agreement with previous studies. Our results also show that, in experiments conducted at the same temperature, crack velocity increased dramatically with increasing relative humidity. A three- to fourfold increase in relative humidity resulted in an increase in crack velocity of between one and four orders of magnitude. Such an increase is larger than that predicted by classical stress corrosion theory. It is suggested that capillary condensation of water vapour close to crack tips of small aperture influences the rate of crack growth. It is concluded that relative humidity needs to be controlled to avoid time-dependent weakening and extend the lifetime of structures in a rock mass.     

Study of subcritical crack growth in andesite using the Double Torsion test

Subcritical crack growth is one of the main causes of time-dependent behavior in rocks. Double torsion (DT) tests have often been used to study subcritical crack growth in rocks. There are three methods used for the DT test, each with different loading conditions: the constant load (CL) method, the constant displacement (CDR) method, and the load relaxation (RLX) method. The RLX method is convenient, because the wide range of data of subcritical crack growth can be obtained with a single experimental run. In this study, subcritical crack growth in andesite was investigated using RLX method of the DT test.To determine the appropriate shape for the guide groove in DT specimens, tests were performed using rectangular, semi-circular, and triangular section grooves. The level of reproducibility of the test results was highest for specimens with a rectangular groove. Hence, this is an appropriate guide groove shape for DT specimens.DT tests were also performed for different water vapor pressures to investigate the effects on subcritical crack growth. The results showed that crack growth was facilitated at higher water vapor pressures. Additionally, the activation energy for subcritical crack growth in andesite was determined from the experimental results, and the crack velocity values for various temperature, humidity, and stress conditions were calculated theoretically. The crack velocity can be predicted from theory for various environmental and stress conditions.     

双扭法研究岩石亚临界裂纹扩展速度和断裂韧度

从断裂力学角度来研究岩石强度的时间效应必须以测定岩石的断裂韧度K_IC和亚临界裂纹扩展速度与应力强度因子的关系K_I-V为基础。笔者用双扭方法在伺服试验机上测定了5种岩石的K_IC和3种岩石的K_I-V结果表明,岩石的K_IC测值与试件厚度无关,双扭试件所测K_IC与其它试件所测值基本一致,岩石的K_I-V关系符合Charles理论及Hillig和Charles理论,岩石裂纹中的水能明显加速亚临界裂纹扩展。     

Growth of geologic fractures into large-strain populations: review of nomenclature, subcritical crack growth, and some implications for rock engineering

Several aspects of fracture arrays are reviewed briefly and discussed. The terminology applied to progressive or multi-stage brittle deformation in rock masses is improved by noting fundamental mechanical differences in fracture type and the kinematic coupling between dilatant mixed-mode crack displacements and wing cracks developed at the fracture tips. An array of initially mixed-mode (I–II) cracks will evolve under remote tensile least principal stress and with increasing strain to a dilatant, mode-I crack array oriented approximately perpendicular to the remote tensile stress. This progressive fracture growth thus defeats predictions of fracture-set orientation and displacement based only on a Mohr circle estimate of initial elastic stress (valid in the rock mass only at the earliest stages of fracture nucleation). Slow, subcritical crack growth in rock is associated with distinctive changes in fracture population geometry, as shown by published numerical simulations of fracture–network evolution. An increase in the stress corrosion index promotes joint clustering and significant changes in joint length–frequency that may lead to characteristic differences in the statistics of large-strain fracture populations. These geometric clues can be used to refine estimates of strength and deformability of rock masses and to infer classes of physico-chemical processes acting at the fracture tips during the development of the fracture population.     

偶应力对裂纹扩展的影响及其尺度效应

 与经典弹性理论相比,偶应力理论中考虑了微观结构的旋转梯度(即弯曲曲率),可以展示变形的弯曲效应。把无网格方法和偶应力理论结合在一起,给出偶应力理论的无网格离散模型。采用最大周向拉应力裂纹扩展准则,研究受拉情况下I型平面裂纹问题,确定该方法的基本参数,解决算法实施的关键技术。在此基础上,研究在不同微观尺度下受压岩体中裂纹初始破裂问题,进而对在某一给定微观尺度下受压岩体中裂纹扩展路径进行数值模拟跟踪。结果表明,偶应力对I型平面裂纹破裂没有影响,对复杂裂纹的弯折扩展有显著的影响,复杂裂纹的扩展角度、扩展步长、扩展载荷和扩展路径表现出显著的尺度效应。     

矿物颗粒形状的岩石力学特性效应分析

岩石作为矿物颗粒的集合体,其宏观力学特性主要影响因素为矿物的细观形态特征。基于颗粒流理论,建立了4种代表颗粒形状用于模拟石英砂岩的矿物颗粒,并采用球度指标对矿物颗粒形状进行参数量化。通过石英砂岩的室内三轴试验校准了颗粒流模型的细观参数,在此基础上进行四种矿物颗粒形状试样的岩石三轴力学模拟试验。研究结果表明：颗粒的球度越大,试样的启裂强度、损伤强度和峰值强度均越低。随着颗粒球度的增加,试样的弹模降低,泊松比增大。内摩擦角和黏聚力则随球度的增大而下降。根据岩样数值试验中的变形数据,研究了不同颗粒形状剪胀角随着塑性剪切应变的演化规律。     

A multiaxial stress criterion for short- and long-term strength of isotropic rock media

Natural and induced stress states around man-made openings in rock generally have different magnitudes along the principal axes. Accordingly, appropriate stability analyses should be based on expressions that take into account the full stress tensor. Based on the main features of compressive and tensile failure of isotropic media, the authors propose a general multiaxial criterion for describing the short-term failure (STF) strength as well as the damage initiation threshold (DIT) of rocks and rock masses. Time and size effects are explicitly included in the formulation. The influence of time is described by an extension of the subcritical crack growth theory in which the DIT is introduced. This damage initiation threshold represents the stress state below which there is virtually no crack growth, and hence corresponds to the long-term rock strength. Size effects, on the other hand, are treated using a generalized version of existing power-law expressions in which limiting values have been imposed for the relative size of representative elements. Application of the criterion to rock masses is done using simultaneously the size effect function for the case where no new types of defects are introduced, and a function of the RMR geomechanical classification to take into account the influence of new types of discontinuities such as joint sets. Sample applications of the criterion, using simplified calculations for rock structures, are shown and briefly discussed.     

泥岩夹层对盐岩变形和破损特征的影响分析

针对我国大多数盐矿的多层盐岩地质构造特征，对含泥岩夹层盐岩、纯泥岩和纯盐岩3种岩芯试样进行单轴压缩和不同围压下三轴压缩试验研究，对比分析3种试样的变形和破坏特性。试验结果表明：泥岩夹层对盐岩体的变形和破坏特性有明显的影响，强度高于盐岩的泥岩夹层却先于盐岩出现横向拉伸破坏；此外还观察到应力-应变曲线的“应力跌落”现象。针对试验结果，利用Cosserat介质扩展理论对泥岩夹层的影响进行理论分析。分析结果表明，泥岩和盐岩力学特性上的不匹配导致二者界面附近泥岩体等效受到横向拉伸应力作用，这很好地解释试验结果，这一分析结果可对进一步进行层状盐岩体内油（气）储库洞室稳定性分析提供理论基础。