基于多地表特征参数的遥感影像分类研究

地表特征是反映地表信息的重要参数,是了解地表时空多变信息的定量要素。提出基于多地表特征参数的遥感影像分类方法,并利用武汉市的Landsat ETM+影像为例进行试验。试验选择通用植被指数(VIUPD)、地表温度和纹理特征等多地表特征参数,在考虑光谱特征和空间信息的前提下,结合分层思想的决策树方法,对遥感影像进行分类。结果证明利用多地表特征参数的决策树分类方法与传统的基于光谱反射率特征的决策树分类方法和SVM分类方法相比较,分类精度有了明显的提高。     

基于改进决策树分类算法的遥感影像分类研究

针对现有分类器对遥感影像分类结果存不准确的问题,本文提出了一种基于决策树分类器的遥感影像分类方法,该方法以复合决策树Boost Tree思想为基础,首先利用分形理论中的毯模型提取遥感影像的纹理特征,根据遥感影像分类的特点,构造新的单棵决策树生成算法对遥感影像进行分类。以北京市五环内区域为研究区,使用landsat7 ETM数据源,实现了基于分形纹理特征、光谱特征的改进决策树分类。实验结果表明：通过毯模型提取的纹理特征可以很好地表达表面特征,辅以该纹理信息的改进决策树分类精度相比于只用光谱信息进行分类的精度有一定的提高,改善了分类效果。     

基于决策树的高光谱遥感影像分类方法研究

为了验证将决策树算法用于高光谱遥感影像分类的可行性,提出了一种二叉决策树自动构建算法用于高光谱遥感影像分类.通过对高光谱遥感影像进行现场采样、对样本进行统计和训练,生成了一棵二叉决策树,从决策树中提取出分类规则,并对高光谱遥感影像进行分类.生成的决策树简单明了,分类规则易于理解,分类效率和精度都比较高,实现了高光谱遥感影像从数据降维、样本选择、样本训练、决策树生成、影像分类的“一体化”和“自动化”.     

基于决策树的面向对象变化信息自动提取研究

为了从不同时相的遥感影像数据中自动提取变化信息且保证其效率,本文结合面向对象分析技术,提出了一种基于决策树变化信息自动提取的新方法。该方法利用影像的特征指数及形状特征、光谱特征、纹理特征等作为特征集,将其作为知识库应用到决策树控制模型中,进而利用该模型实现自动分类。对所得到的分类后影像对象,组织分析其综合属性并作为决策规则再次分类,通过"双重分类"的方式实现面向对象的遥感影像变化信息自动提取。该方法为遥感影像变化信息自动提取提供了新的思路。     

基于特征波段的SPOT-5卫星影像水稻面积信息自动提取的方法研究

为了快速、准确地从遥感影像上提取水稻信息,满足国家农情遥感监测系统要求,以黑龙江省852农场水稻提取为例,利用SPOT-5卫星影像数据,分析了水稻和其它背景地物的光谱特征,发现利用原有波段难以提取复杂的水稻信息,因此利用植被特征波段：归一化植被指数（NDVI）作为新波段融入原始影像中,在增加有效信息量的同时运用简单决策树模型提取水稻信息,并参照地块现状矢量图进行精度评价。结果表明,该方法的总体提取效果较好,其提取精度与通常的监督分类方法相比有了较大的提高,只是在水稻和玉米交界处有误判现象。     

基于面向对象的多源卫星遥感影像玉米倒伏面积提取

风灾引起的玉米倒伏可能导致玉米大量减产,利用遥感技术准确监测玉米倒伏面积与空间分布信息对灾情的评估非常重要。利用Planet和Sentinel-2影像分别结合面向对象与基于像元方法提取研究区玉米倒伏,同时评估了不同影像特征（光谱特征、植被指数和纹理特征）与不同分类方法（支持向量机法SVM、随机森林法RF和最大似然法MLC）对玉米倒伏提取精度的影响。结果表明：(1)使用高空间分辨率的Planet影像进行玉米倒伏提取的精度普遍高于Sentinel-2影像;(2)从分类精度和面积精度来看,Planet影像的光谱特征+植被指数+均值特征结合面向对象RF分类,总体精度和Kappa系数分别为93.77%和0.87,面积的平均误差最低为4.76%;(3)采用Planet和Sentinel-2影像结合面向对象分类提取玉米倒伏精度高于基于像元分类。研究不仅分析了面向对象方法的优势,还评估了使用不用影像数据结合面向对象方法的适用性,可以为遥感提取作物倒伏相关研究提供一定的借鉴。     

基于季相变化特征的撂荒地遥感提取方法研究

在我国西南地区耕种条件差,地块比较破碎,地块类型比较复杂,中低分辨率遥感数据难以满足撂荒地提取的需要。选取贵州修文县为试验区,基于高分辨率卫星遥感数据（哨兵2号）,探索单期或多期影像在中国西南地区的撂荒地检测能力,构建撂荒地遥感监测方法,为今后我国西南地区撂荒地统计调查提供参考。结合野外调查数据,在划分不同撂荒地类型基础上,综合遥感影像的光谱特征、植被指数特征以及多时相植被指数变化特征分析,优选不同类别撂荒地遥感提取敏感特征集,利用CART决策树分类方法,提取不同类型的撂荒地。结果表明：①单个时相对不同类型的撂荒地识别能力差异显著,基于单时相影像,难以开展撂荒地高精度遥感监测提取;②不同时相的植被指数变化特征对撂荒地的识别能力较强,其中比值植被指数优于差值植被指数和归一化植被指数;③以贵州修文县为例,开展了撂荒地空间分布制图及撂荒面积统计分析,修文县撂荒地面积约为6 460 hm²,占修文县耕地面积的13%;④基于多时相高分辨遥感数据,通过季相变化特征构建的撂荒地检测方法,能够满足我国西南地区撂荒地高精度遥感监测提取,为大范围撂荒地遥感调查和制图提供技术参考。     

基于多时相Landsat 8 OLI影像的农作物遥感分类研究

时序遥感数据及地物细微光谱特征对于提取作物分布有重要作用,基于此,利用多时相Landsat 8 OLI影像,结合光谱角填图和决策树分类提取大同市新荣区东部地区主要农作物分布情况,并与最大似然法提取的分布结果进行对比。研究发现:①研究区内春玉米、谷物、大豆和马铃薯种植面积依次减小并呈镶嵌式分布;②结合光谱角填图与决策树分类总体精度为85.34%,Kappa系数为0.76,与最大似然法结果相比,总体精度提高22.51%,Kappa系数增加0.31,分类结果与实际作物分布具有更好的一致性;③利用时序遥感影像进行作物分类的精度明显高于单时相遥感影像的分类精度,且从光谱角差异的角度分析时序数据可有效削弱中高分辨率影像物谱不一致现象的影响。研究结果验证了多时相遥感影像对农作物分类研究的积极作用,并发展了光谱角填图法结合决策树分类在中高分辨率遥感影像中进行农作物分类的用法,具有一定的应用前景。     

南方地区复杂条件下的耕地面积遥感提取方法

针对我国南方地区植被类型复杂、地形复杂和地块破碎等原因导致耕地信息提取精度较低问题,提出了一种面向对象和CART决策树结合的复杂条件下耕地面积提取方法。以广西南宁市隆安县与武鸣县地区为研究区,采用Sentinel-2A影像,结合数字高程数据（Digital Elevation Model,DEM）及归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）等多源数据,利用面向对象分割技术识别地块信息,然后以地块为单位采用CART（Classification And Regression Tree,CART）决策树分类法,依据不同地类的形状、光谱特征,提取研究区的耕地。结果表明：面向对象的CART决策树分类方法分类总体精度和Kappa系数分别为96.1%和0.94,相比较于未加入面向对象分割的CART决策树耕地信息提取总体精度提高Kappa系数提高0.54,面向对象的分割方法有利于减少复杂背景对耕地提取的影响。基于面向对象的CART决策树分类方法相比较于传统方法对研究区耕地信息的提取有较好的精确性,能够提高耕地信息的提取精度。     

HJ-1星多光谱影像火烧迹地信息提取研究——以百色市为例

为识别火烧迹地等地类,以广西百色市为研究区,采用HJ-1星多光谱影像数据近红外波段光谱值、林火发生前后两时相各自NDVI值以及NDVI变化值,基于先验知识和统计分析构建决策树分类模型,通过与传统最大似然分类提取结果的比较分析,表明基于多特征的决策树模型能够有效地对HJ-1星多光谱遥感数据进行火烧迹地等地类提取,在研究区并具有良好的推广性。     

The multispectral separability of Costa Rican rainforest types with support vector machines and Random Forest decision trees

Estimating the extent of tropical rainforest types is needed for biodiversity assessment and carbon accounting. In this study, we used statistical comparisons to determine the ability of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) bands and spectral vegetation indices to discriminate composition and structural types. A total of 144 old-growth forest plots established in northern Costa Rica were categorized via cluster analysis and ordination. Locations for palm swamps, forest regrowth and tree plantations were also acquired, making 11 forest types for separability analysis. Forest types classified using support vector machines (SVM), a theoretically superior method for solving complex classification problems, were compared with the random forest decision tree classifier (RF). Separability comparisons demonstrate that spectral data are sensitive to differences among forest types when tree species and structural similarity is low. SVM class accuracy was 66.6% for all forest types, minimally higher than the RF classifier (65.3%). TM bands and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) combined with digital elevation data notably increased accuracies for SVM (84.3%) and RF (86.7%) classifiers. Rainforest types discriminated here are typically limited to one or two categories for remote sensing classifications. Our results indicate that TM bands and ancillary data combined via machine learning algorithms can yield accurate and ecologically meaningful rainforest classifications important to national and international forest monitoring protocols.     

基于决策树分层分类法的粉煤灰堆场信息提取研究

粉煤灰污染环境,危害人类健康。应用遥感方法快速、实时、准确地识别粉煤灰堆场信息,对保护环境和人类健康具有重要意义。通过分析包头市辖区内典型地物的光谱信息,基于Landsat 5 TM影像数据,采用决策树分层分类法对研究区内的粉煤灰堆场进行提取实验。首先,分析研究区内典型地物的光谱特征,对不同地物之间的关系进行比较。其次,建立决策树,利用土壤调节植被指数(SAVI)、改进归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)、归一化建筑指数(NDBI)以及光谱阈值法对图像进行了分类。最后利用形状特征和空间位置特征等对分类图像进行后处理,分类精度达到70.7%。实验结果表明:该方法适合粉煤灰堆场信息的自动提取,结合目视解译能够达到较高的识别精度。     

基于GF-1影像的耕地地块破碎区水稻遥感提取

耕地地块破碎区水稻遥感提取是作物监测研究的热点问题之一。以苏州市高新区为例，通过挖掘关键物候期水稻与下垫面水体光谱特征组合差异，基于分蘖期与齐穗期两景16 m分辨率的GF-1 WFV数据，构建归一化差值植被指数（NDVI）差值法、归一化水体指数和比值植被指数（NDWI-RVI）差值法提取水稻分布，并深入探究了水稻面积提取精度及空间重合度影响因素。结果显示：与非监督分类和监督分类方法相比，植被指数差值法水稻识别精度贡献率可提升30%以上，NDVI差值法提取水稻种植面积的精度、空间重合度、制图总体精度和Kappa系数分别为86.2%、66.1%、92.2%和0.72；NDWI-RVI差值法上述指标分别高达95.5%、78.4%、93.5%和0.846，实现了利用少量中高分辨率遥感影像精确提取耕地地块破碎区水稻分布的目的，可实际服务于太湖地区农业生产及相关决策支持。     

基于GF-1影像的耕地地块破碎区水稻遥感提取

耕地地块破碎区水稻遥感提取是作物监测研究的热点问题之一。以苏州市高新区为例,通过挖掘关键物候期水稻与下垫面水体光谱特征组合差异,基于分蘖期与齐穗期两景16 m分辨率的GF-1 WFV数据,构建归一化差值植被指数（NDVI）差值法、归一化水体指数和比值植被指数（NDWI-RVI）差值法提取水稻分布,并深入探究了水稻面积提取精度及空间重合度影响因素。结果显示：与非监督分类和监督分类方法相比,植被指数差值法水稻识别精度贡献率可提升30%以上,NDVI差值法提取水稻种植面积的精度、空间重合度、制图总体精度和Kappa系数分别为86.2%、66.1%、92.2%和0.72;NDWI-RVI差值法上述指标分别高达95.5%、78.4%、93.5%和0.846,实现了利用少量中高分辨率遥感影像精确提取耕地地块破碎区水稻分布的目的,可实际服务于太湖地区农业生产及相关决策支持。     

Land‐cover mixing and spectral vegetation indices

Vegetation indices have been widely used as indicators of seasonal and inter‐annual variations in vegetation caused by either human activities or climate, with the overall goal of observing and documenting changes in the Earth system. While existing satellite remote sensing systems, such as NASA's Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), are providing improved vegetation index data products through correcting for the distortions in surface reflectance caused by atmospheric particles as well as ground covers below vegetation canopy, the impact of land‐cover mixing on vegetation indices has not been fully addressed. In this study, based on real image spectral samples for two‐component mixtures of forest and common nonforest land‐cover types directly extracted from a 1.1?km MISR image by referencing a 30?m land‐cover classification, the effect of land‐cover mixing on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) has been quantitatively evaluated. When the areal fraction of forest was lower than 80%, both NDVI and EVI varied greatly with mixed land‐cover types, although EVI varied less than NDVI. Such a phenomenon can cause errors in applications based on use of these vegetation indices. This study suggests that methods that reduce land‐cover mixing effects should be introduced when developing new spectral vegetation indices.     

Decision tree regression for soft classification of remote sensing data

In recent years, decision tree classifiers have been successfully used for land cover classification from remote sensing data. Their implementation as a per-pixel based classifier to produce hard or crisp classification has been reported in the literature. Remote sensing images, particularly at coarse spatial resolutions, are contaminated with mixed pixels that contain more than one class on the ground. The per-pixel approach may result in erroneous classification of images dominated by mixed pixels. Therefore, soft classification approaches that decompose the pixel into its class constituents in the form of class proportions have been advocated. In this paper, we employ a decision tree regression approach to determine class proportions within a pixel so as to produce soft classification from remote sensing data. Classification accuracy achieved by decision tree regression is compared with those achieved by the most widely used maximum likelihood classifier, implemented in the soft mode, and a supervised version of the fuzzy c-means classifier. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and fuzzy error matrix based measures have been used for accuracy assessment of soft classification.     

高光谱遥感在植被监测中的研究综述

高光谱遥感数据已成为地表植被地学过程中对地观测的强有力的工具。综述了利用高光谱遥感数据进行植被监测的研究进展,主要包括以下三个部分:(1)高光谱遥感信息的处理方法;(2)高光谱遥感数据用于植被参数估算与分析;(3)高光谱遥感数据在植被生长监测中的作用。     

The area extraction of winter wheat in mixed planting area based on Sentinel-2 a remote sensing satellite images

ABSTRACT

The traditional area extraction method mainly depends on manual field survey methods, it is workload, slow and high cost. While remote sensing technology has the advantages of accuracy, rapidity, macroscopic and dynamic, which has become an effective means to extract crop growing area. In this paper, we took Kaifeng City in Henan Province as the study area. Firstly, we explored the advantages of Sentinel-2A RENDVI in crop identification. Then used the supervised classification SVM, object-oriented classification method and assisted with field measured data to extract the winter wheat planting area, the characteristics of the two methods were compared and analysed. Finally, we combined the above two classification methods and proposed a new classification method V2OAE to remove unnecessary influencing factors. The experiment results showed that RENDVI has better recognition ability than the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) in distinguishing vegetation with similar spectrum, the classification effect of object-oriented classification is better than supervised classification SVM, and our classification method removes unnecessary influence factors in the results of object-oriented classification, which is further improve the monitoring accuracy.

Firstly, we have preprocessed the Sentinel-2A image data, its steps are: (1) In the first step, we made radiation calibration for remote sensing images to eliminate the image distortion caused by external factors, data acquisition and transmission systems and so on; (2) In the second step, we made atmospheric correction to eliminate changes in the spectral feature of remote sensing images caused by atmospheric absorption or scattering; (3) In the third step, we made band resampling to unify the resolution of remote sensing images and facilitate the mathematical combination operation of vegetation index; (4) In the fourth step, we made mosaic and cutting to get preprocessed remote sensing images of Kaifeng City. Secondly, we analysed the spectral features of each object and established the interpretation mark with the field measured data. then we explored the ability to identify the ground objects based on NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and RENDVI. Third, we used the rule-based object-oriented classification method and SVM classification to extract the planting area of the study area, the input definition of SVM is spectral feature images of ground objects and the output definition of SVM is the recognition result of ground objects in the process of data training. Then the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods in classification results were analysed. Finally, In order to extract winter wheat information more accurately, we combined the above two classification methods and proposed a new classification method V2OAE (Vector Object Oriented Area Extraction) to remove unnecessary influencing factors, then the winter wheat planting area in Kaifeng City was statistically obtained.     

Study on Crops Remote Sensing Classification based onMulti-temporal Landsat 8 OLI Images

It is crucial for agricultural production to know crop planting situation.Temporal remote sensing images and subtle spectral characteristics of ground features play an important role in extracting crops distribution.At this point,multi-temporal Landsat 8 OLI images were used to extracting the distribution of main crops in the east of Xinrong district of Datong city by using Spectral Angle Mapper(SAM) combined with the decision tree classification,and the extracting result was compared with the result that maximum likelihood extracted.The results show that：① The planting area of spring corn,grain,soybean and potato is decreased and mosaic distribution in order.② The overall accuracy obtained by SAM combined with the decision tree classification is 85.34% and the Kappa coefficient is 0.76,which is outperformed the results of maximum likelihood with the increase of 22.51% and 0.31,respectively,the classification results was more consistent with the actual distribution of main crops.③ The classification accuracy of main crops used the multi-temporal remote sensing images was obviously higher than that of single-temporal image,and the difference between ground features and spectra in middle or high resolution images can effectively weaken by analyzing multi-temporal data from the perspective of difference of spectral angle.The results not only confirmed the positive effect of multi-temporal remote sensing images on crops classification,but also developed the SAM combined with decision tree classification in crops classification of medium-high resolution remote sensing images,which has a certain application prospect.