同轴电极固液界面放电的碎石模式

为了提高高压脉冲碎石效率,开展了同轴电极固液界面碎石实验研究。采用高电压脉冲放电原理,设计了同轴电极平面布置在固体介质表面,利用液体绝缘的高电压脉冲放电碎石实验装置,开展了不同液相绝缘介质中不同固相介质条件下的高电压脉冲碎石实验。经过对记录的电压电流波形进行比较分析,抽取了可能的区分不同放电模式的参数特征。结果表明:液体介质击穿时延比相应环境下固体介质击穿时延大,且击穿时延与液体介质的导电粒子含量负相关;液体介质击穿电阻变化系数比其环境下固体介质击穿电阻变化系数大至少一个数量级。根据分析得出击穿时延与击穿过程电阻变化系数可以作为判别放电模式的参数特征。     

脉冲放电等离子体-流光光催化协同作用的动力学分析

高级氧化技术的联用可以提高水体中有机物的矿化效率,为此,基于脉冲放电过程中产生的紫外光效应,研究将玻璃珠负载的TiO2膜催化剂放置于一多针-板电极形式的脉冲放电等离子体体系中,建立脉冲放电等离子体-流光光催化协同体系,分析其协同作用机理。研究考察了不同载气、溶液初始pH值和添加不同浓度自由基捕收剂(碳酸钠)等实验条件下,单独脉冲放电等离子体体系和脉冲放电等离子体-流光光催化协同体系中苯酚氧化的准一级动力学常数。结果表明,在各实验条件下,脉冲放电流光均能诱导TiO2的光催化活性;氧气(O2)作为载气和酸性溶液条件有利于提高协同体系中苯酚的降解速率;在单独脉冲放电体系和脉冲放电等离子体-流光光催化协同体系中,对有机物降解起主要作用的是羟基自由基(.OH)。     

纳秒脉冲电压下变压器油预击穿特性的仿真分析

以针—球电极间隙变压器油为研究对象,基于场致电离机理,建立用于表述液体电介质流注预放电过程中载流子的产生及输运的偏微分方程,结合电场泊松方程,以及热扩散方程,仿真研究纳秒脉冲电压下变压器油预击穿特性。得到了预击穿过程中电场强度随电压幅值、极性以及脉冲上升沿时间的变化规律。仿真结果表明:流注速度随电压幅值的增大而增大;负流注相比于正流注轴向传播距离小径向传播距离大;负流注起始放电电压高于正流注,且起始速度大于正流注;正脉冲上升沿时间越短所形成流注半径越大,上升沿时间大于50 ns的负脉冲条件下产生的流注易消散。本文的研究工作和取得的结论有助于加深对变压器油中放电起始、发展过程的认识以及对液体电介质放电机制的理解。     

微波液相放电等离子体的产生方法及形成机理

为研发新型微波液相放电技术,探究电极匹配理论及微波液相放电等离子体的形成机理,采用微波匹配理论设计了一种新型微波液相放电系统,利用网络分析仪来检测放电电极结构发生变化时的驻波比变化情况;对放电电极进行正置与侧置,通过图像分析研究了气泡走向对放电特性的影响;基于微波液相放电形成机理,采用气泡击穿理论研究了温度对气泡及放电特性的影响。结果表明,影响放电电极匹配的主要参数为内外导体的尺寸、内外导体间介质的相对介电常数以及电极所处溶液的相对介电常数。放电过程中,气泡的走向对等离子体的产生区域有着重大影响,微波液相放电过程实际上是电极内导体尖端气泡被强电场击穿的过程。此外,随着温度的升高,放电前所产生的气泡逐渐增大,起始功率呈减小趋势,放电等离子体区域出现先增大后减小的现象。     

双极性高压脉冲介质阻挡放电降解甲醛及臭氧生成质量浓度控制

为进一步提高介质阻挡放电(DBD)降解甲醛的效率,并控制副产物的生成量,采用正负双极性高压脉冲电源对同轴式介质阻挡反应器供电,系统地研究了脉冲电压、脉冲重复频率、放电间隙、气体体积流量及甲醛初始质量浓度等影响因素对甲醛降解率及臭氧生成质量浓度的影响。实验结果表明:升高脉冲电压有利于甲醛的降解,当脉冲电压达到19 k V时,脉冲电压继续升高对甲醛降解率的影响不大,而臭氧生成质量浓度随着脉冲电压的增加而不断增大;放电间隙对甲醛降解率有很大的影响,随着放电间隙的减小,甲醛降解率增大,但放电间隙过小时,臭氧生成质量浓度较大;随着气体体积流量的增大,甲醛降解率降低;随着脉冲重复频率的增大,甲醛降解率增大,当脉冲重复频率达到60 Hz时,继续增加脉冲重复频率,甲醛降解率增大不明显;在一定实验条件下,甲醛初始质量浓度越大,甲醛降解率降低,而甲醛去除质量浓度增大并趋近于反应器的最大处理量。     

负极性纳秒脉冲下变压器油预击穿特性

以针-针电极间隙变压器油为研究对象,基于场致电离机理,建立用于表述液体电介质流注预放电过程中载流子的产生及输运的偏微分方程,结合电场泊松方程,仿真研究了负极性纳秒脉冲下,变压器油预放电过程。得到了预击穿过程中电场强度和空间电荷密度随电压幅值以及脉冲上升沿时间的变化规律。研究工作和取得的结论有助于加深对变压器油中放电起始、发展过程的认识以及对液体电介质放电机制的理解。     

油纸绝缘沿面放电及发展机理

相对于气体介质放电理论,对工程复合绝缘介质放电物理过程的机理研究甚少。论文对交流耐压下的油纸绝缘沿面放电进行了机理分析和仿真研究。基于气体中沿面放电和液体中流注理论,论文认为沿面放电缺陷模型中的高压电极与油纸绝缘交界面处的三角形区域的高场强将导致初始电子发射。在沿面放电的发展过程中,由于电、热和机械应力的作用下,油纸绝缘系统会产生微小的气泡。在外加电场的作用下,微小气泡导致的电场畸变以及气泡中的电子崩可能是导致沿面放电发展甚至击穿的主要原因。通过COMSOL有限元分析软件,建立了基于真实实验模型的仿真物理模型,对其电场分布进行了计算,并研究了微小气泡等环境因素对于沿面放电发展过程的影响。仿真结果验证了上述机理分析的正确性。     

水降膜DBD等离子体去除水中磺胺甲恶唑的效能及机理

水降膜介质阻挡放电装置可以在气相高效生成反应活性物质,且大的气–液反应界面有利于反应活性物质的气–液传质,高效降解液相污染物。为此研究了单极性和双极性脉冲电源供电时水降膜装置的放电特性及磺胺甲恶唑(sulfamethoxazole,SMX)的降解效率,研究发现双极性脉冲供电时,水降膜装置放电强度及SMX降解率更高。同时,本文探究了双极性脉冲电压和频率、SMX初始质量浓度、p H值、液体流速和电导率对SMX降解的影响,分析了SMX的降解机理。结果表明：放电功率随放电电压和脉冲频率升高而增大,SMX降解率随之升高,当放电电压较低(24 kV)时,电压升高能提高SMX降解的能量效率,但提升放电频率会导致SMX降解能量效率的下降;液体循环流量和电导率对SMX的降解影响不大;放电功率为5 W,放电处理质量浓度为20 mg/L的200 mL溶液30 min,SMX降解率达到了80.2%,能量效率达到1.28 g/(kW·h);由于过臭氧化和SMX分子的质子化效应,碱性条件下SMX的降解率远高于酸性条件下的降解率。     

供电方式对介质阻挡放电-催化降解苯的影响

为研究能量注入方式对等离子体降解有机污染物的影响,分别将交流高压和双极性脉冲高压引入介质阻挡放电反应器,结合Mn催化剂对苯进行降解,研究供电方式对放电特性、苯去除率和产物选择性的影响。结果发现,与交流电源相比,脉冲电源供电下能量在极短的时间里注入到反应器内,产生瞬间大功率放电和高能活性粒子,可以实现对苯的高效降解和较高的CO2选择性。此外,相同功率下脉冲介质阻挡放电(DBD)的臭氧质量浓度更多,更有利于与Mn催化剂结合对苯进行降解。在电压为18.8kV的条件下,对苯的去除率最高可达98%,CO2转化率可达77%。     

用介质损耗分析变频电机匝间绝缘老化特性

变频电机匝间绝缘承受来自逆变器的连续高压脉冲方波的作用,为探讨工频正弦电压作用下具有很大差异的老化机理,通过采用工频正弦和高压脉冲方波两种电压源对模拟变频电机匝间绝缘的绞线对试样进行了电热联合老化对比试验,测量损耗角正切tanδ随老化时间的变化趋势,并结合热刺激电流测量结果,分析了电压形式对匝间绝缘介质损耗产生和发展的作用机理。试验结果表明:绝缘内部有放电发生时,放电与空间电荷协同作用使绝缘缺陷迅速增多;无放电时空间电荷反复注入和抽出造成绝缘损伤。两者都导致高压方波脉冲老化下绝缘材料的tanδ高于工频正弦老化下的tanδ;高压方波脉冲下空间电荷可能是导致绝缘材料最后击穿的原因。     

Hydrogen peroxide and ozone formation in hybrid gas-liquid electrical discharge Reactors

Ozone in the gas phase and hydrogen peroxide in the liquid phase were simultaneously formed in hybrid electrical discharge reactors, known as the hybrid-series and hybrid-parallel reactors, which utilize both gas phase nonthermal plasma formed above the water surface and direct liquid phase corona-like discharge in the water. In the series configuration the high voltage needle-point electrode is submerged and the ground electrode is placed in the gas phase above the water surface. The parallel configuration employs a high voltage electrode in the gas phase and a high voltage needle-point electrode in the liquid phase with the ground electrode placed at the gas-liquid interface. In both hybrid reactors the gas phase concentration of ozone reached a power-dependent steady state, whereas the hybrid-parallel reactor produced a substantially larger amount of ozone than the hybrid series. Hydrogen peroxide was produced in both hybrid reactors at a similar rate to that of a single-phase liquid electrical discharge reactor. The resulting concentration of H/sub 2/O/sub 2/ in the hybrid reactors, however, depended on the pH of the solution and the gas phase ozone concentration since H/sub 2/O/sub 2/ was decomposed by dissolved ozone at high pH.     

Polydimethylsiloxane and alumina trihydrate system subjected to dry-band discharges or high temperature part II: electrical insulation

This is the second of a two-part series on the chemical, morphological and electrical changes of the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and alumina trihydrate (ATH) material system subjected to dry-band discharges. The PDMS/ATH system allowed track formation (tracking) leading to dielectric breakdown in the IEC 60587 internationally standardized tracking test. However, the carbon concentrations in the formed track were merely /spl sim/1% wt., and thus dielectric breakdown based on electrical conductivity of carbon deposited in the track could not be reasonably explained. This second paper describes electrical conduction in the track of the PDMS/ATH system as well as the track-propagation mechanism in little presence of carbon. The discharge behavior during the track propagation was studied in detail in association with the behavior of the electrolytic solution as discharge onset media and with gas byproducts emitted from the system subjected to dry-band discharges. A hypothesis regarding tracking of the PDMS/ATH system, which has previously been believed to be a highly tracking resistant system, is proposed herein. Gas byproducts created a space where electrical insulation was reduced and induced discharges to the surface. As a result, the emission of gas byproducts was more strongly promoted and the gas byproducts played the role of media creating discharges that connect carbon particles dispersed in the track.     

Effect of Pressure on Discharge Initiation and Chemical Reaction in a Liquid-Phase Electrical Discharge Reactor

The effect of pressure on liquid-phase electrical discharges was investigated by using a stainless steel high-pressure reactor combined with a high-voltage pulse forming network. The initiation breakdown voltage was obtained under various pressures up to 1380 kPa (200 $hbox{lb/in}^{2}$ ). The discharge characteristics including current and voltage waveforms as well as power per pulse were determined. The effect of pressure on streamer chemical reactions was also investigated by measuring the formation rate of hydrogen peroxide $(hbox{H}_{2}hbox{O}_{2})$ in the solution. Experimental results showed that the initiation voltage is linearly dependent on pressure. The initiation voltage and power were correlated to the increase of heat requirement to vaporize liquid water with increasing pressure. On the other hand, when the input voltage exceeds the initiation voltage such that a stable discharge can be formed, the discharge characteristics are not affected by pressure. Hydrogen peroxide generation was also not affected by external pressure for conditions with stable discharge. To explain the aforementioned results, the bubble theory of liquid-phase breakdown initiation is discussed.      

The relationship between partial discharge current pulse waveformsand physical mechanisms

Partial discharge (PD) measurements have long been recognised as an important tool for detecting and predicting dielectric breakdown (BD). However, as a result of their small amplitude and wide bandwidth, the relationship between the physical mechanisms of gas breakdown and PD signal generation has not been clarified fully. We have investigated the relationship between PD current pulse waveforms and physical mechanisms to provide a basis for improved PD-based diagnostics     

Application of pulsed HV discharges to material fragmentation andrecycling

The physical basis of electric impulse fragmentation and its applications to the recycling of composite materials are reviewed. The method is based on the initiation of a pulsed electric discharge inside the solid dielectric material. With pulse amplitudes of ~300 kV, material layers of ~2 cm can be punctured. Specific energy deposition, of ≲100 J/cm at a GW power level, leads to pressure buildup of ≲10¹⁰ Pa in the discharge channel. Pressure waves and radially propagating cracks are launched into the solid body, which can lead to the separation of inclusions from the matrix or to detachment at material boundaries. To induce the discharge in the solid dielectric it must be immersed in a dielectric liquid with higher breakdown strength. Most applications use water, which has excellent breakdown strength at fast ramp rates and, due to its high permittivity, leads to field concentration in the solid dielectric. Electric impulse fragmentation is a clean physical method without any environmental burden and therefore well suited for recycling applications. In this paper we consider applications in the fields of demolition debris, incineration ashes, contaminated surface layers, electric appliances, glass, and elastoplastic materials. Finally, the economy and the scaling of the technique to large material throughput are discussed     

微纳尺度电气击穿特性和放电规律研究综述

微纳尺度电气击穿特性和放电规律是当前国内外学者的研究热点。本文回顾了近70年来国内外学者在该领域的主要研究工作和成果,重点从研究手段、放电规律以及物理机制等方面对不同物理尺度介电系统(宏观尺度电极/微米间隙、微米尺度电极/微米亚微米间隙、纳米尺度电极/纳米亚纳米间隙)的放电击穿特性进行了总结,阐述了电极间隙、气压、电极材料和电极形状等因素的影响机制以及不同物理尺度介电系统的放电规律。通过对微纳尺度电气击穿特性和放电规律的概括和分析,发现当前存在的主要问题并指出下一步的研究方向,对丰富和完善微纳尺度放电击穿理论具有重要参考意义。     

双极性窄脉冲介质阻挡放电合成臭氧的研究

利用火花隙开关的双极性陡前沿窄脉冲高压电源 ,产生双极性陡前沿窄脉冲 ,在放电反应器中引发介质阻挡放电。试验结果表明 :该种形式的放电兼有短脉冲电晕放电和介质阻挡放电的优点 ,合成臭氧产率高 :进气为露点 <-40℃的干燥空气 ,臭氧质量浓度在 4～ 8g/ m3时 ,产率为 90～ 12 0 g/ (k Wh) ;进气为工业瓶装氧气 ,臭氧质量浓度在 3～18g/ m3时 ,对应产率为 30 0～ 390 g/ (k Wh) ,对比普通的介质阻挡放电提高产率幅度 >30 %。     

Microwave surface flashover of dielectrics in vacuum

Threshold characteristics of pulsed dielectric breakdown in vacuum, obtained at various experimental conditions, are considered in detail. As would be expected, the breakdown time delay τ_d (supposing τ_d<τ_p, the microwave pulse duration) depends on many initial parameters, such as the microwave intensity J, the nature of the irradiated material and its surface quality and the vacuum characteristics, At the same time experimental results, for microwave intensities above the continuous wave threshold of J=10⁷ W/cm², showed that the energy density W=J/τ_d is approximately constant for a given material and its operating conditions. An increase of pulsed microwave surface flashover thresholds after preliminary surface conditioning by a discharge series or under the application of a constant electrical potential from an external source to the dielectric sample was observed and measured. Experimental data allowed us to clarify the physical model of the microwave surface flashover phenomenon. It is based on the dominating role of the saturated secondary electron emission avalanche, electron stimulated gas desorption, and the resultant microwave breakdown of the surface gas cloud. Experimental and theoretical results are in satisfactory agreement     

Production of ozone by surface and glow discharge at cryogenictemperatures

The generation of ozone at cryogenic temperatures is investigated with a special interest in increasing the yield of ozone by using low temperatures of liquid natural gas. Two modes of plasma chemical processes are studied, both based on electric discharges: one is the high-frequency surface discharge mode under ordinary gas pressure and at a temperature above the liquid temperature of ozone at this pressure (-111°C); the other is the glow discharge mode under a low gas pressure (0.5-2.0 torr) and low gas temperature (-190°C). The surface discharge mode uses a novel ozonizer developed by the authors made of 92% high-purity alumina and tungsten electrodes sintered together. This ozonizer has an extremely high resistance to large temperature gradients and thermal shock, which is a prerequisite for cryogenic operation. The glow discharge mode uses a Pyrex glow tube with a separate liquid-ozone collector. A dramatic improvement in the energy yield of ozone generation is achieved in both modes of cryogenic operation. The results of preliminary test for cryogenic ozone generation are very encouraging     

Computer modeling of interaction of gas discharge plasma with solid dielectric barriers

A computer model describing charge transfer in a system consisting of two parallel-plate metallic electrodes covered with solid dielectric barriers immersed in gas medium is proposed. The material of the barriers is supposed to be a non-ideal insulator whose properties correspond to polyethylene and air is considered as a gas phase. The model is based on continuity equations for fluxes of charge carriers and accounts for their drift and diffusion and also for different sources of their generation and losses in different media. The continuity equations are coupled with Poisson's equation for computing electric fields affected by temporal and spatial variations of space charges in the system. Results of the computer simulations are obtained for the case when the applied field in the gas exceeds its breakdown threshold, i.e. charge transfer in the gas phase takes place in the form of an electrical discharge (electron avalanche and streamer). Evolution of generated discharge plasma is analyzed taking into account conditions on gas-solid interfaces and in the bulk of the solid dielectric barriers.