Approaches to the academic market.

An earlier publication verified that: "Major universities hire primarily from major universities, and these positions are rarely advertised formally. Appointments are based heavily on prestige or promise of prestige, i.e., publications, and there is an institutional pecking order which is of considerable importance in determining the direction of mobility." A brief questionnaire was mailed to a randomly selected group of psychologists in the 1963 APA Directory as having academic rank at an institution of higher learning. "Of the 161 faculty members, 36 or 22% were not seeking employment when they were offered their present position." 53% of appointments to Type A (PhD-granting) departments were secured through "friends or major professor" while only 30% of appointments to Type B (non-PhD-granting) departments were secured in that way. On the other hand 20% and 12% secured positions in type B departments thru "circulated vita" and "answered APA 'vacancy' " while the respective numbers were 4% and 0 respectively for type A departments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Lumbar MR myelography in the prone position: evaluation of nerve root sleeve delineation

Although MR myelography is able to depict the subarachnoid space noninvasively, its ability to depict the nerve root sleeve is poor. The authors placed subjects in the prone position to increase the volume of spinal-fluid within nerve root sleeves and improve their depiction in MRM. MRM images of five normal volunteers taken in the supine and prone positions were visually correlated. Improved delineation of nerve root sleeves was obtained in all subjects.     

Ordinal position research related to vocational interest.

Reviews studies on the relationship of birth order to vocational interests in an attempt to support the hypotheses that firstborns are more directing, controlling, and organizing than laterborns, and that laterborns are more sociable, empathic, and sympathetic than firstborns. The research was inconsistent, contradictory, and speculative. Recommendations for further studies are presented, including (a) investigation of birth-order personality differences within rather than between vocations; (b) additional study of the influence of sibling associations on the development of interests and personality and the effect of personality on occupational preferences; (c) research using Adlerian concepts; and (d) continued emphasis on methodological and theoretical considerations. (50 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Introduction to the Special Section on Psychological and Behavioral Approaches to Occupational Health.

The history of the International Commission on Occupational Health is deeply bound to that of the 20th century. First and only international scientific society of such an importance, it was founded in 1906 to bring solutions to the problems caused by a great number of occupational injuries and diseases due to the developing of industry. With the passing years, from a small medical group it has become a multidisciplinary society, present in 90 countries, where researchers, government authorities, and practitioners are coexisting in a permanent exchange between practice and research. It is composed of international scientific committees, which organize regular conferences and meet every 3 years on the occasion of the great International Congress in Occupational Health. Owing to the changes due to the new technologies of work and to the globalization of economy, the orientation of its activities is in progress: larger opening toward developing countries and the phenomenon of development in general, emphasis on prevention in occupational health, and opening of a new field of research on the psychosocial factors and work organization. At the first conference on this theme, held in Copenhagen in August 1998, occupational health and occupational psychology specialists to meet. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Enhancing Professional Competence Through Developmental Approaches to Supervision.

There has been a recent increase in interest in defining and describing the competencies for professional practice in psychology. Perhaps the most important mechanism for enabling the acquisition of competencies is the process of supervision. This article takes the position, based on a review of relevant research in supervision and the author's experiences, that developmental theories of supervision have stimulated considerable research and provide a direction for future work in research and practice. It is argued that the most detailed of these theories, the Integrated Developmental Model, provides a useful framework for understanding how supervisees change over time and how various supervision environments (broadly) and supervision interventions (specifically) can enhance or detract from the development of professional competencies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Eclecticism at work: Approaches to job design.

Explores a particular aspect of work-job design-and emphasizes the range of alternatives available. Job enlargement and modified work weeks are briefly examined. It is suggested that the orientation of the problem solver and the issue of problem formulation are vital, but usually neglected aspects of job design. Some approaches to job design which capitalize on the existence of individual differences in the work force are considered. (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Approaches to informed consent

Informed consent (IC) is an indicator, or a pivotal point, in broader and more fundamental questions dealing with the way clinical experimentation and, more specifically, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) relate to routine clinical practice; the rules that characterize the doctor-patient relationship; the self-perception of medicine with respect to its capacity, duty, and autonomy in the production of new knowledge; and the role of medicine in society. The asymmetry of knowledge and power that characterizes the usual relationship between care providers and patients does not resolve when something experimental enters the relationship. The real world of clinical investigation is not uniformly distinct from clinical practice. Experimentation is more appropriately considered a continuum with respect to appropriate or recommended care. Fundamental patient rights come first and are more binding than compliance with procedures and regulations. The view that IC is the most important component of the "ethical" aspects of experimentation is highly misleading. The responsibility to foster well-informed decisions shapes the contents, the timing, the validity, and the credibility of IC. Documented, evaluable decisions are the natural substitute for individual IC when the patient is not able to handle information autonomously. Positive examples of IC practices and approaches suggest that IC may be important in improving the way medicine responds to its responsibilities and communicates with society.     

Evolving methods in genetic epidemiology. IV. Approaches to non-Mendelian inheritance

Dissecting aneurysm of the basilar artery is a rare but increasingly recognized entity, with a frequently fatal or morbid outcome. Unlike the well established proximal occlusion and trapping approaches to vertebral artery dissections, surgical intervention for basilar lesions has been limited to wrapping techniques for arterial wall reinforcement. We report a case of midbasilar dissecting aneurysm successfully treated by clipping the proximal basilar artery below the level of the anterior inferior cerebellar arteries, allowing retrograde flow via the posterior communicating arteries to provide continued basilar perfusion. With the growing recognition of basilar dissection and pseudoaneurysm formation there is a need for improved therapeutic options. We suggest that definitive treatment can be achieved using the principle of proximal occlusion and flow reversal, and review the pertinent literature on basilar artery dissection.     

Approaches to Serious Emotional Disturbance: Involving Multiple Systems.

Practice with children who have serious emotional disturbance (SED) increasingly requires multiple-systems intervention. Through a sample case, this article explores these interventions within the context of current national policy. Mental health collaboration with the systems of juvenile justice, education, child welfare, primary health care, and drug and alcohol services is summarized. The specific programs of multisystemic therapy, Pennsylvania's family-based mental health services, and Wraparound Milwaukee are presented as multiple-systems approaches that are successful with this population. The authors offer suggestions for emerging roles for psychologists within this context. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Approaches to preventing crises in family controlled small enterprises.

With their limited resources, family controlled small enterprises are especially vulnerable to the catastrophic consequences of crisis events. Crises may emerge in private as well as entrepreneurial spheres. Although crises may be of different origin, like political, environmental, social, legal, psychological, or economical origin, they usually incite the psychological processes of the stakeholders of the enterprise. Consequently, various biases may influence decision making, and crises therefore cannot be analyzed and evaluated by economic analyses alone. An entrepreneur’s decision making might be improved, however, if perceptions of the enterprise’s situation held by the family and other stakeholders were to be taken into consideration at an early stage of a crisis process. This paper presents, as a proposal, a process model and a management tool, based on quantitative and qualitative data, to evaluate the perceptions of the different stakeholders of an enterprise of how to prevent the emergence of a crisis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Points to ponder when seeking a new professional position.

Suggest areas to the psychologist in which he/she might obtain the best arrangement possible from a prospective employer by being aware of the gamut of compensation available, the scope of fringe benefits, and the importance of titles and nonpecuniary rewards. An interview checklist is presented in the appendix. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Approaches to personality inventory construction: A comparison of merits.

The 3 major approaches to personality scale construction—the external, inductive, and deductive strategies—are discussed and their rationales compared. It is suggested that all scales should possess validity, communicability, and economy. The relative importance of these characteristics, however, varies with the purpose for which the instrument is being constructed. A review of more than a dozen comparative studies revealed no consistent superiority of any strategy in terms of validity or predictive effectiveness. However, deductive scales normally communicate information more directly to an assessor, and they are more economical to build and to administer. (66 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reply to the ministries' reactions to the Canadian Psychological Association's position paper on beginning reading instruction.

Reactions to the position paper (M. L. Simner; see record 1994-03519-001) approved by the Canadian Psychological Association on beginning reading instruction were received from 8 ministries (departments) of education. Despite widespread media and public support for the Association's claim that the level of phonics instruction in whole language is insufficient to meet the needs of many beginning readers, the majority of the ministries took issue with this claim. The present article clarifies the Association's stand by drawing attention to the differences between the phonics exercises that research shows should be employed in beginning reading instruction and the phonics exercises that teachers are being encouraged to employ as a result of the ministries' endorsement of whole language. Four additional measures are provided that the Association now asks the ministries to adopt to avoid having more children suffer the consequences of improper beginning reading instruction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

对企业管理创新途径的探讨

本文应用管理学、经济学基本原理,通过对企业管理创新工作内容的阐述,强调企业管理创新的重要性、紧迫性和重要意义,提出企业管理创新的根本途径。