淀粉糊化度测量方法研究进展

淀粉糊化度(Degree of Starch Gelatinization,DSG)不仅影响含淀粉类食品的物理和感官特性,而且还影响其消化特性和营养特性,如何准确、快速、简便地检测DSG已经成为食品工业界亟待解决的热点问题。本文在国内外相关研究的基础之上,综述了DSG测量方法的原理及准确性,并将几种常用方法的准确性进行了比较。经过系统比较分析,发现利用酶法测定DSG是当前较为合适的测定方法,但其还存在测定程序繁琐、耗时等问题。因此,还需要进一步优化和改进酶法,使其能够成为DSG快速、准确、广谱的测定方法。     

高温瞬时α化过程中大米物性变化规律的初步研究和基于神经网络的模型建立

本文将高温瞬时α化技术代替传统蒸煮工艺用于大米的处理。通过对大米在高温瞬时α化处理过程中大米水分含量、淀粉α化率、酶促降解氨基氮含量和总脂肪含量的测定，初步得到了这些参数在处理过程中的变化规律。本文在此基础上，利用人工神经网络技术对这些参数分别建立了模型，经两类数据（训练和未训练）的验证和评估，其结果表明所建立的模型能够较高精度的预测参数的变化趋势，较好地建立了操作条件和大米参数之间的对应关系。     

青香蕉微波干燥中淀粉糊化行为及消化特性的研究

明确微波干燥(Microwave drying,MD)过程中青香蕉水分迁移与其淀粉糊化行为的关系及其对淀粉消化特性的作用,以青香蕉片为研究对象,设计不同微波功率密度,研究青香蕉MD干燥特性、淀粉糊化行为及消化特性的变化.结果表明微波功率密度和MD时间对青香蕉中淀粉糊化行为和消化特性影响显著.当青香蕉含水率高于45％,在...     

不同糊化度的籼米淀粉在贮藏过程中结晶性和抗性淀粉的变化

本文以籼米淀粉为原料,经完全和部分糊化后,在25℃、4℃和-18℃贮藏过程中分别测定其结晶性和抗性淀粉的变化,结果表明：完全糊化淀粉在25℃、4℃和-18℃贮藏过程中,结晶度从0%分别增至7.98%,12.53%和11.77%,相应的抗性淀粉含量分别为4.1%,8.6%,6.5%,与0d相比,增加了2.7%,7.2%,5.1%;部分糊化淀粉的结晶度从11.14%分别增至19.11%,24.45%和22.89%,相应的抗性淀粉含量分别为13.8%,17.8%,15.8%,与0d相比,增加了5.7%,9.7%,7.1%。部分和完全糊化的淀粉相比,在相同的贮藏温度下,部分糊化淀粉结晶速率较快,抗性淀粉和慢消化淀粉的含量较多;与-18℃和25℃贮藏温度相比,4℃结晶速率较快,更易形成抗性淀粉。     

不同糊化度马铃薯淀粉的黏度及凝胶特性分析

为探究不同糊化度马铃薯淀粉黏度及其凝胶特性的差异,本研究将马铃薯淀粉乳(料液比1:9)分别置于59℃和60℃条件下加热1、3、6、9、12、15、18 min,制备出糊化度为38.70%～91.13%的马铃薯淀粉样品。测定了不同糊化度马铃薯淀粉的黏度,微观结构,凝胶强度及弹力,并分析了马铃薯淀粉理化特性与其糊化度的相关性。结果表明,随水热处理温度升高和时间延长,马铃薯淀粉颗粒逐渐破裂,椭圆形特征形貌逐渐消失。马铃薯淀粉黏度,凝胶强度及弹力与其糊化度有显著的线性相关性(p0.01)。随糊化度的增大,预糊化马铃薯淀粉黏度由0.17m J增加至3.40m J。未经二次加热的不同糊化度马铃薯淀粉凝胶强度和弹力随初始糊化度的增大而显著增大,但经二次加热完全糊化的马铃薯淀粉凝胶的强度和弹力随初始糊化度的增大而显著降低。不同程度的预糊化处理显著改变了马铃薯淀粉的黏度及凝胶特性。     

基于人工神经网络的大西洋鲭鱼烘烤过程中水分和色度值预测模型

以大西洋鲭鱼为原料,研究不同烘烤条件下,大西洋鲭鱼水分含量和色度值(L*、a*、b*和ΔE)的变化情况,并利用试验所得的数据以大西洋鲭鱼烘烤温度和烘烤时间作为模型输入值,水分含量和色度值(L*、a*、b*和ΔE)同时作为输出值,建立人工神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN)模型,并对模型...     

Partial Leaching of Granule‐Associated Proteins from Rice Starch during Alkaline Extraction and Subsequent Gelatinization

Starch granule‐associated proteins, including granule‐bound starch synthase (GBSS), were found to be partially lost during alkaline extraction of rice starch. Variability in amount of loss of GBSS and other granule proteins was found among different rice lines. Also, part of the GBSS and other granule proteins leached out during gelatinization of the alkali‐extracted rice starch. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that some protein still existed in gelatinized starch granules prepared from starch isolated using alkaline extraction. The starch that retained more GBSS and other granule proteins after alkaline extraction tended to have more protein in the isolated gelatinized starch granules, indicating that proteins resistant to alkaline extraction also tended to resist leaching during gelatinization. The study suggests that leaching of granule‐associated proteins may contribute to variations in paste properties of alkali‐extracted starches.     

Structural Transformation of Sago Starch by Heat‐Moisture and Osmotic‐Pressure Treatment

Sago starch was modified by osmotic‐pressure treatment (OPT) and heat‐moisture treatment (HMT) and physicochemical characteristics were compared. In OPT, sago starch was suspended in saturated sodium sulfate solution and heated for 1 h at 100, 110 and 120°C, corresponding to a calculated osmotic pressure of 32,728, 33,640 and 34,552 kPa (assuming sodium sulfate dissociates completely), respectively, and in HMT, sago starch with 20% moisture content was used. Change of X‐ray diffraction pattern from C‐type to A‐type was obtained for OPT and HMT starch at 110°C and 120 °C, respectively. RVA viscograms of both OPT and HMT starch exhibited a decrease of peak and breakdown viscosity but increase of final viscosity and pasting temperature. Onset (T_o), peak (T_p), and conclusion temperature (T_c) of gelatinization of both OPT and HMT starch increased significantly with increase of treatment temperature. Biphasic broadening of T_p was observed for HMT starch indicating an inhomogeneous heat transfer during HMT. The observed narrow peaks of DSC curves indicated better homogeneity of OPT. These properties suggest that OPT starch is more suitable for large‐scale production.     

Influence of Selected Parameters of Starch Gelatinization and Hydrolysis on Stability of Amylose‐Lipid Complexes

Dissociation of amylose – lipid complexes (AMLs) upon gelatinization and enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat starch has been examined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Digestion of starch by the thermostable α‐amylase THERMAMYL 120L was carried out under conditions applied for enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat starch in industry, i.e. 5 min incubation at 105°C, followed by 60–90 min hydrolysis at 95°C. For comparison reasons, samples of wheat starch slurries were incubated under the same conditions but in the absence of enzyme. The enthalpy and temperature of AMLs dissociation and the shapes of peaks in the DSC endo‐ and exotherms depended on conditions of starch processing prior to DSC measurements. Wheat starch gelatinization coupled with its digestion by α‐amylase resulted in more pronounced AML degradation as compared to gelatinization in the absence of enzyme. Different shapes of peaks in thermograms and different temperatures of AMLs dissociation and reassociation indicate that different AML polymorphs were generated in the examined samples. Their concentrations depended on conditions (temperature, time and the presence or absence of α‐amylase) of wheat starch treatment.     

Digestibility and Pasting Properties of Rice Starch Heat‐Moisture Treated at the Melting Temperature (Tm )

Non‐waxy and waxy rice starches adjusted to 20% moisture (wet based, w.b.) were heated in a differential scanning calorimeter to determine the optimum parameters for producing slowly digestible starch (SDS). Starches heated to the temperature of melting (T_m) and held for 60 min in the calorimeter showed a slow digestibility compared to unheated samples. Digestibility decreased by 25 and 10%, respectively, for non‐waxy and waxy rice starches relative to non‐treated starches. Heat‐moisture treatment of waxy corn, non‐waxy corn and wheat starches at the T_m determined for non‐waxy rice starch did not result in significant decreases in digestibility. For waxy rice starches heat‐treated in microwave or conventional ovens at the T_m , there were slight but significant increases in digestibility of the treated starches compared to non‐treated starches at all incubation times. Digestibility was higher for starches heated for 30 min than for 60 min. Non‐waxy rice starches did not show any significant changes in digestibility. Heat‐moisture treatment at the T_m and the holding time of sample at that temperature in a differential scanning calorimeter were found to be significant to the formation of slowly digestible heat‐moisture treated starch.     

Composition‐Based Prediction of Temperature‐Dependent Thermophysical Food Properties: Reevaluating Component Groups and Prediction Models

Prediction of temperature‐dependent thermophysical properties (thermal conductivity, density, specific heat, and thermal diffusivity) is an important component of process design for food manufacturing. Current models for prediction of thermophysical properties of foods are based on the composition, specifically, fat, carbohydrate, protein, fiber, water, and ash contents, all of which change with temperature. The objectives of this investigation were to reevaluate and improve the prediction expressions for thermophysical properties. Previously published data were analyzed over the temperature range from 10 to 150 °C. These data were analyzed to create a series of relationships between the thermophysical properties and temperature for each food component, as well as to identify the dependence of the thermophysical properties on more specific structural properties of the fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Results from this investigation revealed that the relationships between the thermophysical properties of the major constituents of foods and temperature can be statistically described by linear expressions, in contrast to the current polynomial models. Links between variability in thermophysical properties and structural properties were observed. Relationships for several thermophysical properties based on more specific constituents have been identified. Distinctions between simple sugars (fructose, glucose, and lactose) and complex carbohydrates (starch, pectin, and cellulose) have been proposed. The relationships between the thermophysical properties and proteins revealed a potential correlation with the molecular weight of the protein. The significance of relating variability in constituent thermophysical properties with structural properties––such as molecular mass––could significantly improve composition‐based prediction models and, consequently, the effectiveness of process design.     

偏高水分粳稻谷储藏期间粮堆空气特性与品质指标的变化

为了寻找偏高水分稻谷低温短期储藏期间的评价指标,本研究基于平衡水分方程和牛顿拉弗逊迭代方法分析了高大平房仓粳稻谷储藏期间粮堆各层空气相对湿度（RH）和湿球温度的变化,并分析它们的积累值与大米热特性、热机械特性、脂肪酸成分及外观品质指标的关系。结果表明,冬季入仓的含水率15.3%的粳稻谷在163 d储藏期间,当粮堆平均温度由8.3 ℃增加到22.9 ℃,一、二、三、四层的RH由75.1%分别增加了3.6%、3.0%、2.9%、2.9%,湿球温度由6.2 ℃分别增加了15.21、13.57、13.47、13.29 ℃,显示粮堆没有虫、霉菌危害。由DSC测定的米粉淀粉糊化温度保持不变。混合试验仪分析表明,随着稻谷储存时间由45 d增加到213 d,米粉团发育和稳定时间、回生扭矩逐渐增加,而酶解速率降低。GC-MS分析表明稻谷在213 d储存期间,重要种类脂肪酸成分所占比例不变。外因指标中粮堆最高积温、最高温度对应的湿球积温;内因指标淀粉糊化峰值温度、面积及高度,米粉团发育与稳定时间、淀粉糊化峰值扭矩、回生扭矩及酶解速率,脂肪酸成分C_14:1、C_14:0、C_20:5n3、C_20:3n6、C_20:2、C_20:1、C_24:1、C_24:0,以及大米外观品质指标整精米率、小碎米率、籽粒尺寸均可作为偏高水分粳稻谷低温储藏的评价指标。     

米饭回生研究(I)脉冲核磁共振法测定谷物及淀粉糊化度与回生度方法的建立

脉冲核磁共振法（ＰＮＭＲ） 测定谷物及淀粉糊化度与回生度,具有快速准确,对样品无损伤,且可测定完形谷物颗粒等优点。简要叙述了ＰＮＭＲ的工作原理,并以标准曲线法确定了ＰＮＭＲ测定值Ｓ’与米粉及米淀粉糊化度（ＤＧ）间的关系。结果表明：选择适宜的仪器参数ｆｓ ,可使Ｓ’—ＤＧ标准曲线具备良好的线性（ｒ２ ＞ ０．９９） ,同时,在米淀粉与米粉的Ｓ’—ＤＧ标准曲线之间存在着紧密的联系     

Effect of Raw and Heat‐Moisture Treated High‐Amylose Corn Starch on Fermentation by the Rat Cecal Bacteria

Resistant starch content of high‐amylose corn starch (HAS) was doubled by heat‐moisture treatment. Resistant starch content of HAS and heat‐moisture treated high‐amylose corn starch (HMT‐HAS) were 31.8 and 67.3%, respectively, as determined by enzymatic‐gravimetric method. Effects of the two types of high‐amylose corn starches, HAS and HMT‐HAS, on starch fermentation, microflora, pH, short chain fatty acid (SCFA) content and β‐glucuronidase activity in the cecal content have been investigated. Rats were given ordinary corn starch (OCS; control), HAS or HMT‐HAS at 10% level for 10 13 days. The cecal and colorectal content s weights were larger in HAS and HMT‐HAS groups than in the OCS group. The cecal content s weight did not differ between HAS and HMT‐HAS groups, while the colorectal content s weight was higher in the HMT‐HAS group than in the HAS group. The upper and lower small intestinal and cecal starch contents were significantly higher in the HAS and HMT‐HAS groups than in the OCS group, whereas there were no differences between colorectal starch content in group OCS and HAS. Starch excretion in feces was significantly higher in groups HAS and HMT‐HAS than in group OCS, the increase in the HMT‐HAS group was especially remarkable. The composition of the cecal microflora was not effected by the diet. β‐Glucuronidase activities in rats fed HAS or HMT‐HAS decreased. SCFA concentration was higher in groups HAS and HMT‐HAS than in group OCS, and the cecal pH was lower in groups HAS and HMT‐HAS than in group OCS.     

Reversible Regulation of Gelatinization of Potato Starch with Poly(ε‐lysine) and Amino Acids

Poly(ε‐lysine) (PL), lysine (Lys), monosodium glutamate (GluNa), glycine (Gly), alanine (Ala), and leucine (Leu) were used to regulate the characteristic gelatinization behavior of potato starch. As determined by differential scanning calorimetry, PL, Lys, and GluNa with positive or negative net charge elevated the gelatinization temperature with increasing amount added as compared with the small effect of Gly, Ala, and Leu with zero net charge. The peak viscosity evaluated by a Rapid Viscoanalyser was markedly decreased by adding PL, Lys, and GluNa, whereas Gly and Ala had no effect on the peak viscosity. The swelling was also decreased by added PL, Lys, and GluNa, whereas it was unchanged by added Gly, Ala, and Leu. Potato starch immersed in PL or amino acid solution released most of the retained PL and amino acids by the subsequent washing with water. The increased gelatinization temperature of the PL‐treat­ed potato starch returned to the original value by washing with water. It is thus considered that the regulatory effects of PL and amino acids on the gelatinization behavior of potato starch were substantially reversible.     

Lipases and Their Functionality in the Production of Wheat‐Based Food Systems

In the last several decades, food industries have increasingly used lipases as a result of the functional versatility of these enzymes and their potential beneficial effects in terms of processing and product quality. This review article discusses lipases and their functional effects during cereal‐based food processing with a focus on the production of bread and cakes. Their dough and batter intermediates, respectively, are essentially semi‐solid foams that upon baking are converted into solid cellular sponges. In both cases, the lipid fraction(s) from wheat (in the case of bread and cake), egg and/or bakery fat (in the case of cake) exert major roles in gas incorporation and stabilization in the cited semi‐solid foams. An up‐to‐date overview on the (potential) substrates, the different lipase enzymes, their action mechanism, their functionality, and how they impact bread and cake quality is presented. We also hypothesize on how the observed effects can be interpreted in terms of the altered lipid chemistry.