NEIGHBORHOOD DIVERSITY,ECONOMIC HEALTH,AND THE ROLE OF THE ARTS

Policymakers pursue a range of strategies aimed at diversifying neighborhoods despite research indicating the complicated and potentially damaging results of these efforts. One increasingly common approach is to incorporate the arts into planning efforts in the hope of enhancing diversity and catalyzing positive neighborhood change. Using data from the Cultural Data Project, the authors determine where newly established New York City arts organizations locate in terms of neighborhood racial, income, and industry diversity. They then analyze how diverse contexts interact with an arts presence to impact neighborhood economic health over time. They find that neighborhoods with high levels of racial diversity and low levels of income and industry diversity benefit most from an arts presence. However, the arts are attracted predominantly to neighborhoods with moderate levels of racial diversity and high levels of income and industry diversity. This complicates the use of the arts as a tool in urban revitalization policy.     

ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD: SHIFTING PATTERNS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOODS IN FIVE DUTCH CITIES

Cities are oftentimes seen as undergoing a process of “emergence” in the “new economy.” However, this process has largely remained empirically underdetermined. This article examines the intra‐city geography of emerging businesses in newly dominant sectors of the urban economy. The change in dominant sectors coincides with a shift towards small‐ and medium‐sized businesses, creating new economic opportunities for urban residential areas. The residential neighborhood is introduced as a place where supply and demand side drivers operate to attract or limit such new economic activity. Allen Scott's perspective of the cognitive‐cultural economy is used to analyze which neighborhoods are flourishing sites of the cognitive‐cultural sectors. His perspective on industries that are on the rise in urban environments and their growth potential proves very valuable. Social demographic characteristics on the level of the neighborhood are used as predictors of the composition of the local economy. The analyses show that in particular wealthy, gentrified neighborhoods are more prone than others to becoming “hubs” of the cognitive‐cultural economy. However, disadvantaged neighborhoods may under certain conditions serve as incubators for business start‐ups as they offer low‐rent office spaces. This has important consequences for their future economic growth potential as well as the distribution of successful businesses in the city.     

DIVERGENT PERSPECTIVES ON THE FUTURE OF CLEVELAND'S NEIGHBORHOODS: ECONOMIC,PLANNING, AND SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF NEIGHBORHOOD CHANGE

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this article is to evaluate the degree to which three ecological models can predict the direction of neighborhood change. Three models —the life cycle, arbitrage, and composition—are commonly found in the literature on neighborhood change, but each focuses on a different aspect of this process. To date, researchers have evaluated these models individually, but few have compared their predictive ability. Using census tract data from Cleveland, Ohio, this study conducts a regression analysis to evaluate the efficiency of each model. The lifecycle model had the greatest predictive value, but none of the models performed well. The state of Cleveland's industrial-based economy combined with the diminished federal role in urban development were identified as contributing factors to a declining inner-city environment. The condition of Cleveland's housing market was reflected in the models.     

PUTTING ACTIVISM IN ITS PLACE: THE NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXT OF PARTICIPATION IN NEIGHBORHOOD‐FOCUSED ACTIVISM

Neighborhood‐focused activism is one way residents enact their vision for their community. This study examines the neighborhood socioeconomic antecedents of participation in neighborhood‐focused activism in a diverse sample of residents of Chicago neighborhoods to test three theories of neighborhood socioeconomic context and participation: (1) affluence affords participation, (2) activism addresses neighborhood needs associated with disadvantage, and (3) socioeconomic inequality creates contention that necessitates participation. Measuring neighborhood socioeconomic status as two unique dimensions—neighborhood affluence and neighborhood disadvantage—and accounting for both individual and neighborhood characteristics, I find support for each theory. Neighborhood socioeconomic context matters for participation, regardless of individual socioeconomic characteristics. Only when these three perspectives are considered jointly can they fully capture the socioeconomic context of participation in neighborhood‐focused activism.     

反思规划专业在社会变革中的角色——跨学科的知识和实践

回顾西方城市规划的历史 ,规划起源于解决 1 9世纪末资本主义工业城市的种种环境恶化问题和社会问题。在不同的历史阶段中 ,规划专业和论述 ,做为城市公共事务的一股组织力量 ,在社会变革中伴演着不同的角色规划改变社会 ,也被社会改变。傅约翰 (JohnFriedmann)曾归纳不同规划范型在公共领域之角色为 :1 .规划做为社会改革。 2 .规划做为政策分析。 3 .规划做为社会学习。 4 .规划做为社会动员。总结规划专业一百多年的历史 ,规划已从崇尚科学理性的技术性角色 ,转变到在公共事务中伴演组织群众意见和协调不同利益团体的角色。规划正逐步从一个蓝图变为一个过程。     

凡口铅锌矿狮岭深部矿段的控矿规律及其应用

凡口矿狮岭深部的大型铅锌矿床属于沉积改造型层控矿床。分析了层、相、位共同控矿的规律。该控矿规律在生产中可用于指导矿体圈定、生产探矿、研究采矿方法和远景找矿。     

减震结构中橡胶垫水平刚度的变化对动力分析的影响

对橡胶垫减震结构中隔震层恢复力曲线进行了详细的研究,对该结构在弹塑性范围内进行了地震反应的动力分析,计算了结构在地震波作用下各层的位移反应,研究了橡胶垫水平刚度变化对动力分析的影响。并分析了不同的场地对建筑物减震效果的影响。这些都为结构设计提供了参考依据。     

考虑堆载区水位变化的固结沉降计算方法

以往研究的基础上,推导砂垫层残余水头公式,并进行简化;综合考虑地面沉降、砂垫层残余水头对外加荷载的影响,推导地基附加应力公式;建立考虑地面沉降、砂垫层残余水头的砂井地基径向排水固结方程,并给出相应的定解条件;在等应变假设的基础上,推导地基平均固结度公式,由得到地基沉降公式。由深圳机场扩建工程实例得出的理论计算沉降过程曲线与实测曲线相符,验证了计算方法的正确性。     

振兴战略实施以来辽宁城市群经济发展水平的空间格局演绎研究

研究城市经济发展水平能为制定有效的经济发展机制提供决策依据.通过运用综合评价法构建辽宁城市群经济发展水平测度模型,进而运用ESDA对经济发展的空间格局及演绎特征进行探讨.研究表明辽宁省城市的经济发展均有不同程度提升,但差异性增大;全省经济发展水平存在显著但微弱的正相关,但空间格局对比愈加显著;城市经济协同发展的空间趋势...     

NEIGHBORHOOD ORGANIZATIONS AND RESOURCE DEPENDENCY: THE ESTABLISHMENT IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD

It is the author's contention that community control movements of the 1960s were unable to fulfill their militant objectives due to their lack of politically critical resources. As a result, these organizations were forced to moderate their objectives or incur the wrath of their donors. This article provides a brief history of the movement and an analysis of the consequences of resource dependency (i.e., the need of these groups to seek resources from government, corporations, and the philanthropic sector). The author concludes that the participants, if they are to have any hope of becoming successful, must maximize their own resources. Such maximization might make community control organizations less dependent on outside donors (whose interests may conflict with those of the group), giving them greater freedom to realize their objectives.     

THE ROLES OF NEIGHBORHOOD ORGANIZATIONS IN URBAN SERVICE DELIVERY

It is important that students of urban life develop an understanding of the dynamics by which community associations influence the quality and quantity of public services available in their neighborhoods. Employing collective goods theory to analyze the activities of neighborhood organizations suggests that their efforts to influence public services may usefully be conceptualized in terms of three primary roles. Community associations act as consumers' cooperatives seeking to secure public services from other organizations, as alternative producers of desired services, and as organizers of citizens' coproductive efforts whereby service levels are determined through the joint efforts of neighborhood residents and public service personnel. The three roles differ significantly in the effectiveness and efficiency with which citizens can employ them to secure services, and require different resources from the community associations. The design of governmental arrangements for service delivery are closely related to the availability and effectiveness of the three strategies and must be considered as part of any effort to enhance citizens', role in public service delivery.     

THE IMPACT OF ETHNIC CONCENTRATION ON PREJUDICE: THE ROLE OF CULTURAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENCES AMONG ETHNIC NEIGHBORHOOD RESIDENTS

Many studies have examined the impact of the size of the neighborhood minority population on prejudicial attitudes of majority residents. However, few studies have investigated how residents of different ethnic origins evaluate different ethnic outgroups based on the shares of these particular ethnic outgroups in their neighborhood. Based on the belief congruency theory and social identity theory, we propose that the effect of outgroup size on outgroup attitudes depends on the socioeconomic and cultural differences between ethnic groups. Multilevel analyses of Dutch survey data gathered among Turkish, Moroccan, Surinamese, Antillean, and native Dutch residents indicate that for most groups outgroup attitudes are not influenced by the share of the particular outgroup in their neighborhood. For some ethnic groups, however, the size of a particular outgroup is associated with less positive attitudes toward that outgroup. Differences in the effect of outgroup size on outgroup attitudes only partly correspond with cultural differences and socioeconomic status differences.     

CHANGE,COHESION, AND COMMITMENT IN A DIVERSE URBAN NEIGHBORHOOD

ABSTRACT: This study examines neighborhood cohesion in a racially and economically integrated neighborhood in Dayton, Ohio. The authors compare results of surveys conducted in 1984 and 1990. This was a period when the neighborhood witnessed a number of significant changes, including a marked increase in African-American residents, a decrease in homeownership and an increase in vacant units, and an increase in crime. Neighborhood cohesion appeared to remain strong in 1990, although not as strong as in 1984. Despite these changes, appreciation for racial diversity increased significantly during the period, most markedly among new white residents of the area.     

为了更好的医院建筑——谈建筑师在医院建设项目中应担当的角色

医院建筑是最复杂的，变化最快的民用建筑类型，它涉及的知识范围远远超过了建筑师所能掌握的范围。因而，为了更好的医院建筑质量，建筑师应在医院建设中担当一种适宜的，面向最终用户的角色。本文从策划，方案，施工图和建造四个阶段来分析建筑师的这种角色，并通过香港北区医院的成功范例说明了这种角色的意义。     

ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DETERMINANTS OF REGIONAL INVESTMENT AND TECHNICAL CHANGE IN CANADA

ABSTRACT This paper seeks to develop an understanding of the most significant determinants of spatio-temporal patterns of private capital accumulation in Canadian regions by focusing on both economic and political attributes of the regional investment context. Economic variables include spatial variations in profitability of production. labor costs, and aggalomeration economics, while the chief political dimension is the extent of union organization and militancy within the regional labor force. Analysis of provincial manufacturing activity1 investigates the relative importance of economic versus political variables in shaping the histories of investment and technical change in individual provinces from the mid-1980s to the present.     

地下水位变化对邻近地铁结构的影响研究

为了研究地下水位变化对邻近地铁结构的影响,以天津某基坑为研究对象,通过统计基坑施工过程中地下水位的变化,进一步研究基坑周边地下水位的变化及邻近地铁结构的变形.结果表明基坑施工过程中降水会影响周边地下水位的变化,进而会导致邻近地下构筑物的变形,其中承压水对周边环境的影响尤其显著;今后基坑施工过程中的降水一定要注重对周边环...     

THE ROLE OF PRICING ON INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT AT THE INDUSTRIAL PARK LEVEL: A CASE OF TEDA

Increasing water shortage and water pollution issues have attracted people to seek an integrated water management approach. This paper presents an integrated water management model at the industrial park level by employing a case of TEDA. Such a model is an overall management model for optimizing water resources within an industrial park, seeking potential water reuse among industries, incorporating the size and cost of reclaimed wastewater delivery systems. The main focus of this paper is to test how pricing strategy can influence water reuse scenarios by doing a cost sensitivity analysis. The results Indicate that when being set at the correct level, increased water charges could help reduce freshwater use and wastewater discharge, while covering administrative costs, financing environmental improvements (e.g. cleaner production), or subsidizing the operation of the wastewater treatment plant and the maintenance of freshwater infrastructure, therefore, providing water reuse incentives for water users within an industrial park.