响应面法优化黑蒜片真空冷冻干燥工艺研究

为加工高品质的黑蒜片,采用响应面分析法优化黑蒜片真空冷冻干燥条件,并同热风干燥黑蒜片的品质进行比较。以复水比为指标,研究了加热温度、真空度、预冻结温度对黑蒜片真空冷冻干燥过程的影响,用Box-Behnken试验设计建立响应面分析模型。结果表明:黑蒜片真空冷冻干燥的优化工艺为预冻结温度-35℃,加热温度40℃,真空度30Pa,在此条件下,黑蒜片复水比为5.35。其复水比、大蒜素含量、感官评分指标均优于热风干燥产品。表明冷冻干燥是黑蒜片干燥适宜的加工方法。     

响应面法优化真空油炸-热风联合干燥桃脆片工艺

以真空油炸温度、分阶段干燥的水分转换点、后期热风干燥阶段温度为影响因素,以桃脆片含油率为评价指标进行响应面优化分析,得出联合干燥最佳工艺参数为切片厚度2mm、漂烫3min、真空油炸温度87.1℃、水分转换点15.9%、热风干燥温度65.5℃。根据实际操作条件,调整最佳联合干燥工艺为切片厚度2mm、漂烫3min、真空油炸温度87℃、分阶段干燥的水分转换点16%、热风干燥温度66℃。验证实验表明,最佳工艺条件下测得联合干燥桃脆片的含油率为12.5%,与理论预测值的误差为5.9%。     

猕猴桃热风干燥与冷冻干燥的实验研究

本研究对真空冷冻干燥和热风干燥猕猴桃切片进行了对比实验,比较了不同冷冻干燥工艺和热风干燥工艺下猕猴桃VC损失率和干燥速率。实验发现热风干燥实验中,厚度、温度和对流情况三个因素对干燥速率和VC损失率两个指标都有显著影响(p<0.01)。最佳猕猴桃热风干燥工艺条件是:猕猴桃切片厚度取中间值6mm,温度取高值70℃,对流情况取加风。冷冻干燥实验中,厚度、一次干燥温度对干燥速率有显著影响(p<0.05),冻结速率无显著影响。厚度、一次干燥温度和降温速率对VC损失率有显著影响(p<0.05)。最佳猕猴桃真空冷冻干燥工艺条件是:猕猴桃切片厚度取中间值8mm,一次干燥温度-10℃,冻结降温速率取快速冻结。热风干燥的平均干燥速率远远大于冻干实验结果。冷冻干燥的VC损失率大大小于热风干燥过程。     

热风真空组合干燥苹果片试验研究

以苹果为原料,通过试验探讨了在热风真空组合干燥条件下,热风温度、热风时间、真空温度、真空度等因素对热风真空组合干燥苹果片品质的影响。结果表明:热风真空组合干燥较热风干燥而言可有效提高其干制品的质量;热风真空组合干燥苹果片较优的工艺参数为:热风温度60℃、热风时间1h,真空温度50℃、真空度30kPa。     

基于综合加权法优化金桔片热风干燥工艺

为得到综合质量高的金桔热风干燥产品,对热风干燥工艺进行优化。以新鲜成熟的金桔为原料,研究金桔片的厚度、热风干燥温度和干燥风速对金桔片干燥过程和最终品质的影响。在进行正交试验后,基于综合加权法确定金桔热风干燥的最佳工艺参数。结果表明,干燥温度是影响金桔片Vc质量分数的重要因素,金桔片的切片厚度和热风干燥温度对干燥速率、复水比和单位耗能均有显著影响,最终得到金桔片热风干燥最佳工艺为切片厚度2 mm、温度为70℃、风速为0.8km/h。     

冻干蒜片生产工艺的探讨(上)

探讨了冻干蒜片的生产工艺。结果表明,采用冷冻干燥,可使蒜片的品质最佳化。冻干蒜片的最佳工艺条件是：蒜片厚度1．5mm,料盘内料层厚度10mm,预冻速率39℃／h（0.65℃／min）,升华干燥压强66．65Pa（500μmHg）,冷冻干燥时间12h,前期加热温度100～90℃,后期加热温度60～50℃。     

热风、微波及其联合干燥对蒜片品质的影响

为研究热风、微波及其联合干燥对蒜片品质的影响,以大蒜片为原料,以干燥速率、硫代亚磺酸酯含量、感官评分、色泽L值、复水比和综合得分为指标,比较不同热风温度和微波功率对蒜片干燥特性和品质的影响,并以热风温度、转换点干基含水量、微波功率为实验因素,设计L₉(3³)正交实验对热风微波联合干燥蒜片的工艺条件进行优化。结果表明:60 ℃热风干燥和550 W微波干燥所得蒜片干品的综合得分较高,分别为83.64和80.74分。热风温度和微波功率对联合干燥蒜片的综合得分影响极显著(p<0.01);转换点干基含水量对综合得分影响显著(p<0.05)。热风微波联合干燥蒜片的最佳工艺条件为前期热风65 ℃干燥至转换点干基含水量1.00 g/g,后期采用功率550 W微波干燥至干基含水量0.18 g/g。在此条件下,联合干燥制备脱水蒜片的干燥速率最快,硫代亚磺酸酯含量最高为1.7739 mmol/100 g,综合得分最高为92.21分,感官品质较好。因此,热风微波联合干燥技术是适合蒜片干燥的较好方法。     

葛根片热风干燥节能工艺条件优化研究

为了找寻葛根片热风干燥的最佳条件,利用热风干燥箱,在不同的沸水预处理时间、切片厚度、热风温度和装料量条件下对葛根片进行干燥,获得了葛根片的干燥曲线,并分析了沸水预处理时间、切片厚度、热风温度和装料厚度对干燥效果的影响。并以含水率和单位物料能耗为指标,利用响应面分析法（RSM）对热风干燥工艺条件进行优化,得到了葛根片热风干燥工艺参数的最佳组合为沸水预处理时间32 s、切片厚度4 mm、热风温度56 ℃和装料量1.4 kg/m2,在此条件下,经过44 h的干燥,葛根片干基含水率为5.9%、单位物料能耗为1.88 （kW·h）/kg。     

菠萝切片热风冷冻组合干燥工艺研究

通过试验研究了菠萝在热风冷冻组合干燥工艺条件下,切片厚度、热风温度、真空度和中间转换点含水率等因素对菠萝组合干燥过程的影响;通过二次回归正交旋转组合试验分析了切片厚度、热风温度、真空度和中间转换点含水率与菠萝干燥时间、复水比之间的关系,并对菠萝热风冷冻组合干燥工艺进行了优化。结果表明,菠萝热风冷冻组合干燥的最优工艺是热风温度为60.72℃,切片厚度为9 mm,中间转换点含水率为50%,真空压力为60 Pa。此时的干燥时间为10.6078 h,复水比为4.5567。     

冻干蒜片生产工艺的探讨(下)

探讨了冻干蒜片的生产工艺。结果表明，采用冷冻干燥，可使蒜片的品质最佳化。冻干蒜片的最佳工艺条件是：蒜片厚度1．5mm，料盘内料层厚度10mm，预冻速率39℃／h（0．65℃／min），升华干燥压强66．65Pa（500μmHg），冷冻干燥时间12h，前期加热温度100～90℃，后期加热温度60～50℃。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the