Development of a new algorithm for power flow analysis

This paper presents a new iterative solution technique for power flow analysis to reduce the computation complexity, hence time of the conventional solution techniques. In the proposed method, the impedance matrix has been used instead of admittance matrix. This method does not involve any other jacobian matrix or any other inversion of matrix, hence there is no problem of singularity. Memory requirement of the proposed method is also less. The new method has been tested on IEEE standard 5-bus, 14-bus, 30-bus, 57-bus, 118-bus and 300-bus test systems with high precession. The test results have been compared with the same of popular conventional solution methods. The method has also been tested under different practical security constraints. The test results presented reveal the superiority of the proposed method.     

基于DPSO算法以负荷恢复为目标的网络重构

研究了大停电事故后输电系统的重构优化问题,提出了一种求解最优目标网的离散粒子群优化（DPSO）算法。将网络重构问题表示为以重要负荷恢复量占已恢复负荷总量的比例最高为目标的非线性优化问题,在求解目标网时考虑了负荷重要性、网络连通性、电网所需满足的各种安全和运行约束等问题。该算法在求解输电网重构问题时,编码容易且能方便地处理网络连通性问题,求解效率高、速度快。在IEEE 57节点系统和IEEE 118节点系统中的应用结果验证了文中方法的有效性。     

基于SEM-MIP状态估计的配电网拓扑辨识方法

配电网拓扑辨识是配电系统操作的关键问题和重要前提。由于缺乏足够的量测设备和配电系统拓扑的频繁变化,导致实际的配电网拓扑辨识问题十分具有挑战性。为此提出了基于同步量测数据状态估计的实时拓扑辨识方法。该方法可以利用少量相量测量单元的测量数据准确估计配电网拓扑结构。首先,在配电网中引入结构方程模型(structural equation model, SEM),用于捕捉拓扑与支路电流的关系。然后,针对拓扑辨识问题提出了混合整数规划(mixed integer programming, MIP)方法,通过复数方程的虚实部解耦,利用泰勒展开与等效松弛等手段对复数方程和约束条件进行线性化。此外,将配电网运行方式约束以节点为单位进行了重新规划。最后,所提基于结构方程模型的混合整数规划方法(SEM-MIP)可以使用现有的商业求解器求解,并通过一个实际12节点配电系统和IEEE 33节点测试系统验证了所提方法的有效性。     

A Robust Regularized Hybrid State Estimator for Power Systems

Abstract—Numerical instability is an inherent issue with power system state estimation, and much effort has been made to overcome this issue using numerical techniques to ensure stability. This article proposes a regularization-based method for solving ill-conditioned hybrid state-estimation problems in the presence of equality constraints. The iterative linear state-estimation problem is solved by using Tikhonov regularization. The trade-off between the residual norm and the regularized norm is controlled by the regularization parameter in the regularization method. The regularization method employs an L-curve criterion for optimal selection of the regularization parameter. At the post-estimation stage, the correction in voltage phasor at the zero-injection bus is applied using Kirchhoff's current law. The proposed method is analyzed and tested for IEEE 14- and 118-bus test systems, as well as for a 13-bus ill-conditioned system.     

A new technique for computation of closest saddle-node bifurcation point of power system using real coded genetic algorithm

Estimation of voltage stability margin is essential for operation of the system with an adequate security margin. In this paper, a new technique to determine the worst case loading margin, i.e., shortest distance to voltage instability is developed. The problem of determining the closest saddle-node bifurcation point (CSNBP) is formulated as an optimization problem and solved using Real Coded Genetic Algorithm (RCGA). The method is capable of handling various operational constraints and can determine the CSNBP accurately even if the transfer limit surface is not smooth. The proposed approach has been applied on a simple radial system, IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 57-bus systems. The developed method has been compared with the method based on Particle Swarm Optimization. Simulation results show the validity and feasibility of the proposed method.     

基于简化预测—校正内点法的拟直流最优潮流

在大规模电力系统最优潮流的在线计算应用中,传统直流最优潮流算法虽然有着很高的计算效率,但是由于其完全忽略了电压和无功功率的影响,计算结果精度偏低。文中通过引入无功功率来修正有功功率平衡方程,提出了基于拟直流模型的最优潮流算法。为进一步提高计算效率,提出了一种简化预测—校正内点算法,该算法通过对最优潮流模型中不等式约束进行简化处理,形成只含上限约束的广义不等式约束,大大简化了程序的编写。通过对IEEE 30,118,300节点系统以及Polish 2 736,3 120节点系统的仿真测试,验证了算法的可行性和有效性。     

Hybrid approach for optimal placement of multiple DGs of multiple types in distribution networks

In the present work, a hybrid approach has been proposed for optimal placement of multiple DGs of multiple types. The analytical approaches may not be appropriate for optimal placements of multiple DGs alone. In this work, hybridization of analytical method and heuristic search for the optimal placement of multiple DGs in power distribution network for reduction of power loss has been proposed. In this approach, the sizes of DGs are evaluated at each bus by analytical method while the locations are determined by PSO based technique. The objective function has been minimized under operating constraints. The improvements in bus voltage profile and optimal power factor of the DGs have also been observed. To validate the proposed hybrid approach, results have been compared with particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique and existing fast improved analytical (IA) method results. The proposed technique has been tested on 33-bus, and 69-bus test systems.     

Distributed generation planning using differential evolution accounting voltage stability consideration

This paper describes a technique for selection of buses in a sub transmission system for location of distributed generation (DG) and determination of their optimum capacities by minimizing transmission losses. The buses have been selected based on incremental voltage (dV/dP) sensitivities. Line flow constraints have been accounted. Type-3 DG i.e. wind turbine along with induction generator has been considered for the study. Differential evolution (DE) has been used to evaluate the optimum DG capacity and results have been compared with those obtained using bare bones particle swarm optimization (BBPSO) and multi-membered non-recombinative (μ + λ) evolution strategy (MMNRES). The developed algorithms have been implemented on standard 6-bus and 30-bus test systems.     

A new nonlinear directional overcurrent relay coordination technique, and banes and boons of near-end faults based approach

Considerations of weight factors and far-end faults in the directional overcurrent relay coordination problem formulation do not affect the optimal solution. This paper investigates this viewpoint and verifies that indeed by such an approach the optimality is not lost. But, this study reveals that in doing so, the coordination quality is sacrificed to some extent. It is also observed that if all remaining valid constraints (after relaxing few constraints based on the back-up coordination philosophy and strength of fault level generated) are considered and if the objective function is changed to running sum of all violating constraints, all valid considered constraints are satisfied. This study is done by simultaneously optimizing all settings in nonlinear environment by Sequential Quadratic Programming method using Matlab Toolbox. The results of the analysis on a sample 6-bus and IEEE 30-bus systems are presented in this paper.     

Two approaches to transient stability-constrained optimal power flow

Formulation of transient stability-constrained optimal power flow (TSC-OPF) and finding a practical solution for the problem have gained much attention recently. In this paper, two approaches to include transient stability constraints in the OPF problem considering detailed dynamic models for generators and their controls are introduced. The first method is based on the maximum relative rotor angle deviation (MRRAD) of generators which suits systems that have specific requirements on MRRAD. The second method represents the transient stability margin of the system based on generators output power (GOP) and hence does not rely on MRRADs. The transient stability boundary can be represented by a nonlinear function of GOP. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) curve-fitting tool is used to derive a mathematical formulation for the transient stability boundary (TSB). The closed form representation of the TSB is then inserted in the OPF problem as a new constraint. The proposed method is examined using the WSCC 9-bus, the New England 39-bus and the IEEE 300-bus test systems. The results indicate that the proposed methods lead to lower computational time in solving TSC-OPF which has been a serious challenge for this problem.     

Determination of IPFC operating constraints in power flow analysis

In recent years, the Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers have been widely used to enhance the controllability, security and flexibility in power transmission networks. Interline power flow controller (IPFC) is a versatile member of FACTS devices that can be used to control the power flow in multiple lines in network. Modeling of IPFC with handling its operating constraints is an important issue to determine the practical capabilities of this device. This paper presents a simple modeling with strategies for handling all operating constrains of IPFC in Newton–Raphson (NR) load flow algorithm. The various operating constraints such as; the injected series voltages, injected line currents passing through the converters and exchanged powers among the series converters are investigated. The developed IPFC model with these constraints is validated using standard IEEE 30-bus and IEEE 118-bus test systems.     

A Multi-objective PMU Placement Method in Power System via Binary Gravitational Search Algorithm

This paper presents a Binary Gravitational Search Algorithm (BGSA) methodology for the optimal placement of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) to achieve full and maximum observability of the power system. The gravitational search technique has been extended in this investigation to incorporate binary variables for this purpose. The objective of proposed methodology is to minimize the total number of PMUs installed at various buses, which in turn minimize installation cost of the PMUs and improves observability redundancy by including an additional objective. Thus, the PMU placement problem has been expressed as a multi-objective problem. Besides, single PMU outage or single line outage cases in the presence of zero injection buses have been investigated. In this algorithm, the searcher agents are the collection of masses, which interact with each other using Newton's laws of gravity and motion. The proposed BGSA has been applied to the IEEE 14-bus, -30-bus, -118-bus, Northern Regional Power Grid 246-bus Indian system, and Polish 2383-bus system. Case studies reveal that the lower number of PMUs or equal number of PMUs has been produced by the proposed method compared to methods reported in the literature. In cases of equal number of PMUs, the observability produced by proposed method is higher or at least equal.     

基于网损等值负荷模型的改进直流最优潮流算法

交流最优潮流因需要处理大量非线性约束,求解效率不高,且在求解含有小阻抗支路和重负荷特征的病态电力系统时,容易出现不收敛的情况;而直流最优潮流计算速度快,可以处理病态电力系统,但是计算精度较低。基于此,文中提出了基于网损等值负荷模型的改进直流最优潮流算法。该算法首先采用网损等值负荷等效替代线路网损,有效地提高了原有直流模型的计算精度;然后使用简化原—对偶内点法进行求解,提高了算法的计算效率。通过对IEEE 30节点、IEEE 300节点、Polish 2736节点和Polish 3120节点系统的测试,证明了所提算法不仅有着较高的计算精度和效率,而且在不依赖于交流潮流解的基础上对于病态电力系统具有较强的处理能力。     

一种考虑暂态稳定约束的可用输电能力计算的新方法

提出了一种考虑暂态稳定约束的可用输电能力计算的新方法。采用约束转换技术处理系统动态方程中的微分方程，将函数空间的优化问题转换为Euclidean空间的优化问题，并利用非线性互补方法求解。该方法以原一对偶内点法为基础，通过引入一个特性函数来处理互补性条件，克服了原对偶内点法在每次迭代中都必须保持正方向的缺点，在效率上有很大的提高。该文以7节点系统和36节点系统的计算结果为例证实了该方法的有效性和合理性。     

Optimal reactive power control via loss minimization and voltage control

This paper presents a mathematical formulation of optimal reactive power control problem via loss minimization and voltage control. The model minimizes real power losses, deviation from the optimal active power despatch policy, and the difference between percentage sharing of reactive power by controlling the generator terminal voltage magnitudes, transfer tap setting, and reactive power sources. The constraints set include power flow equations and limits on the variables. A method is developed to solve this problem using reduced gradient and Fletcher's update. Several test problems were solved using the developed technique. Correction to the groups of decision variables are applied simultaneously as well as hierarchically, and the results are compared for 6-bus, 30-bus, and 103-bus sample systems.     

A robust method for equality constrained state estimation

This paper presents a robust method for the solution of the equality constrained state estimation problem. The problem is formulated as a weighted least squares (WLS) problem with equality constraints. Traditionally the problem is solved iteratively by the normal equations with equality constraints (NE/C). One problem of NE/C is that the gain matrices are not positive definite and extra logic is required to process the zero pivots during Gaussian elimination. In this. paper, positive definite gain matrices are formulated and triangularization is performed symbolically using sparsity techniques. The method is illustrated with a six-bus system and the IEEE 14-bus system     

Allocation of multi-type FACTS devices using multi-objective genetic algorithm approach for power system reinforcement

This paper presents a novel approach to find optimum locations and capacity of flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices in a power system using a multi-objective optimization function. Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) and static var compensator (SVC) are the utilized FACTS devices. Our objectives are: active power loss reduction, new introduced FACTS devices cost reduction, voltage deviation reduction, and increase on the robustness of the security margin against voltage collapse. The operational and controlling constraints, as well as load constraints, are considered in the optimum allocation. A multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is used to approach the Pareto-optimal front (non-dominated) solutions. In addition, the estimated annual load profile has been utilized in a sequential quadratic programming (SQP) optimization sub-problem to the optimum siting and sizing of FACTS devices. IEEE 14-bus Network is selected to validate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

考虑暂态稳定约束的可用功率交换能力计算的研究

建立了计及暂态稳定约束的计算电力系统可用功率交换能力(ATC)的数学模型,采用转子角约束作为暂态稳定约束,利用梯形法将表示暂态稳定约束的微分方程离散化为差分方程,从而将这一问题转化为只含有代数约束方程的非线性规划问题,并利用高效的原一对偶内点法求解。7节点和36节点系统的计算结果表明了本所建立模型及所用方法的有效性。     

输配电价改革背景下电网项目多阶段投资优化决策研究

针对目前电网项目投资模型难以同时考虑输配电价与建设时序的问题,提出了一种输配电价改革背景下电网项目多阶段投资优化决策方法。首先,利用输配电价改革后的电价核算方式,计算电网项目投资的成本与收益。在此基础上,将投资周期分为若干阶段,在每个投资阶段初期增加设备投入以满足逐渐增长的电网负荷需求。以全投资期收益最高为目标,以各阶段功率平衡、投产项目数量、紧后关系等为约束,建立输配电价改革下电网项目多阶段投资优化决策模型。最后,通过IEEE 24节点算例的仿真和分析验证了模型的有效性与在提高投资效率方面的优越性。     

基于碳交易机制的电—气互联综合能源系统低碳经济运行

燃气轮机等发电技术为低碳电力提供了一条有效途径,"能源互联网"的提出也使得天然气网络与电力网络的联系更加紧密。文中提出了一种电—气互联综合能源系统的联合经济运行模型,并引入碳交易机制,以综合能源系统发电能源成本与碳交易成本之和最小为目标函数,综合考虑了天然气网络和电力网络的安全约束。采用修改的IEEE 30节点电力网络与比利时20节点天然气网络进行算例分析,通过燃气轮机建立两个网络之间的耦合,分析比较了基于碳交易机制的电—气互联综合能源系统和单纯火电机组电力系统低碳经济模型下的运行状态,验证了所提出模型的有效性。最后,分析了碳交易价格、天然气价格及天然气网络约束对系统运行的影响。