Firefly Optimization Algorithm for the Reactive Power Control of an Isolated Wind-Diesel System

This paper investigates the application of firefly optimization algorithm to design an optimal control for voltage stability of a stand-alone hybrid renewable generation unit based on reactive power control. The studied renewable generation unit mainly consists of a permanent magnet induction generator driven by wind turbine and a synchronous generator driven by diesel engine. A STATCOM is used to stabilize the terminal load bus voltage via compensating of reactive power. The main control objective aims to stabilize the terminal load voltage against any disturbances in load reactive power and/or input wind power by adjusting the total system reactive power. This is accomplished by controlling STATCOM phase angle and hence to control the load bus voltage and also by controlling the excitation voltage of the synchronous generator. The proposed renewable energy power system based on the proposed optimal controller has been tested through step change in input wind power and load reactive power. The system performance based on the proposed control is compared with model predictive control, a robust H_∞ control, and a classical PI control.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ASYNCHRONIZED SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

ABSTRACT

Theoretical steady state and transient characteristics of an asynchronised synclironous ( a.s.) generator, having excitation with full compensation for the emf induced in the field windings, are presented. Also transient characteristics of an a.s. generator, having excitation with field current feedback and slip feedback, are presented taking into consideration the ceiling voltage of the exciter

Finally a novel experimental excitation scheme using cyclo-converters and field current feedback is described, using which the steady state power, reactive power versus torque angle curves of a laboratory a.s. generator are obtained for the entire range ( 0 - 180° elec) of the torque angle at synchronous speed.     

Analysis of turbine generator steady-state reactances for load conditions

This paper describes variations of turbine generator steady-state reactances for load conditions. When the turbine generator is of small size, magnetic saturation of the stator and rotor core is a problem. Therefore, it is important to understand the variations of the reactances for load conditions. The reactances of a 592-MVA turbine generator are calculated with d- and q-axis equations considering magnetic saturation and two-dimensional numerical magnetic field analysis. The results are as follows. (1) The equivalent synchronous reactances considering cross-magnetizing are smaller than the original synchronous reactances for load conditions. (2) Numerical values of the d- and q-axis mutual reactance and the field and q-axis mutual reactance are at their maximum when the d-axis linkage flux is nearly equal to the q-axis linkage flux under constant voltage. (3) The d-axis synchronous reactance drops with increasing reactive power under constant voltage and active power, but the q-axis synchronous reactance increases. (4) The variation of the equivalent d-axis synchronous reactance with increasing reactive power is similar to that of the d-axis synchronous reactance, but the variation of the equivalent q-axis synchronous reactance is different from that of the q-axis synchronous reactance. © 1998 Scripta Technica. Electr Eng Jpn, 123(3): 73–83, 1998     

ESTIMATION OF ROTOR VOLTAGE VECTOR ON THE DOUBLE EXCITED INDUCTION MACHINE USED IN WECS

ABSTRACT

The aim of this work is to estimate and control the rotor voltage of a double excited induction machine DEIM that is necessary to operate it as a generator in wind energy conversion systems (WECS), with speed range extending from the sub synchronous range to double the synchronous speeds. For efficient power generation, the DEIM is to be operated at its rated electric torque which is realised by having both rotor and stator currents magnitudes constant throughout the whole operating range. Also the angle between the rotor current and stator current is kept constant irrespective of the rotor speed.     

Dynamic stability study of an isolated wind-diesel hybrid power system with wind power generation using IG,PMIG and PMSG: A comparison

This paper presents a comparative study of reactive power control for isolated wind-diesel hybrid power system in three different cases with wind power generation by induction generator (IG), permanent-magnet induction generator (PMIG) and permanent-magnet synchronous generator. The synchronous generator (SG) is used with diesel engine set. A mathematical model of the system based on small signal analysis, is developed considering reactive power flow balance equations. The variable reactive power needed by the system is provided by a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) when wind power generation is done by IG and PMIG. When permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is used for wind power generation, the variable reactive power demand is fulfilled by a voltage source converter (VSC) which is on the load side. A new mathematical approximation model for VSC connected with PMSG is proposed such that the voltage source converter fulfills the increased reactive power requirement of load and also increases its active power equal to the increased input wind power. Proportional and integral (PI) gains of the STATCOM and VSC controllers are optimized using integral square error criterion (ISE). The dynamic responses of the system for small (1%) step increase in load reactive power with and without 1% step increase in input wind power are shown. The paper also shows the dynamic responses of the system for random step change in load reactive power plus random step change in input wind power. The MATLAB/SIMULINK environment is used for simulation.     

DIGITAL SIMULATION OF A RECTIFIER LOADED SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE

ABSTRACT

The digital computer simulation of a rectifier loaded synchronous generator is described in this paper. The digital model of the synchronous generator with either a controlled or uncontrolled rectifier bridge deals efficiently with the complex commutation conditions when the source impedance is significant. From the equations developed in this paper, the performance of synchronous generators with or without damper windings, connected to controlled or uncontrolled bridge-rectifier loads, can be predicted from given loading data, field current, load current, generator speed and bridge delay angle. The approach described in this paper is valid for any bridge topology, and analysis of abnormal fault conditions presents no difficulties once the appropriate transformation matrix is available. The numerical analysis includes calculation of the performance of a synchronous generator with rectifier bridge loads for a variety of operating conditions.     

Brushless self-excited three-phase synchronous generator without exciter

This paper describes principles together with analytic and experimental studies of an exciterless, brushless, and self-excited three-phase synchronous generator which was devised by authors. Since traditional brushless and dc self-excited three-phase synchronous generators without exciter did not have the self-exciting function by series characteristic component proportional to the load current inside the generator, they need auto-voltage regulating equipment or a transformer with three windings and condensers to obtain constant voltage characteristics. It also has the following problem in the case of two-pole traditional generator: oscillatory tension is generated at the shaft of the rotor caused by the magnetic force between magnetic poles of stator and rotor windings, and it causes mechanical vibration and noise. This paper proposes a new brushless and self-excited three-phase generator solving the aforementioned problems: the ratio of poles of the windings for providing power to load (armature and field windings) to the windings for supplying exciting power (stator and rotor exciting windings) is 1 to 5. Then oscillatory tension does not generate theoretically. Furthermore, a self-exciting three-phase generator using the 5th-harmonic component of armature reaction which makes series characteristic component proportional to the load current, currently is available. In this paper, the winding construction, the electric circuit, and the principle of the aforementioned generator are described, and the experimental results of the trial-produced generator show that the three-phase terminal voltage waveforms are almost sinusoidal and also balanced, and the voltage can be kept almost constant for the change of load. This generator has high reliability because of its simple construction.     

具有阻尼和惯性的电流下垂控制研究

针对虚拟同步发电机控制策略的优良特性,研究了其在电流下垂控制中的应用。采用电流下垂控制算法取代虚拟同步发电机的有功/频率调节和无功/电压调节控制策略,保留其机械转动所具有的惯性和阻尼特性,舍弃其定子电气模块,使逆变器不仅具有电流下垂控制的优越性能,而且具备虚拟同步发电机的阻尼和惯性特征,增强电网频率和电压幅值的稳定性。通过在电压/电流双闭环控制器中引入虚拟阻抗,提升并网逆变器的鲁棒性。仿真实验结果验证了所提出控制策略的可行性和有效性。     

Functional Predictive Control for Voltage Stability Improvements of Autonomous Hybrid Wind–Diesel Power System

This study investigates the application of the model predictive control technique for voltage stability of an isolated hybrid wind–diesel power system based on reactive power control. The proposed generation system mainly consists of a synchronous generator for a diesel-generator system and an induction generator for a wind energy conversion system. A static VAR compensator is used to stabilize load voltage through compensating reactive power. Two control paths are used to stabilize load bus voltage based on model predictive control. The first control path is used to adjust the total reactive power of the system by controlling the static VAR compensator firing angle. The second is proposed to control the excitation voltage of the synchronous generator. Model predictive control is used to determine t optimal control actions, including system constraints. To mitigate calculation effort and reduce numerical problems, especially in a large prediction horizon, an exponentially weighted functional model predictive control (F-model predictive control) is applied. The proposed controller was tested through step change in load reactive power plus step increase in input wind power. The performance of the proposed system with the proposed controller was compared with classical model predictive control; moreover, this scheme is tested against parameter variations.     

凸极永磁同步交流发电机负载特性的数值分析

通过相量法建立起永磁同步交流发电机的内阻抗数学模型,采用数值分析手段研究了发电机外特性、电压调整率、有功输出功率与电枢反应电抗关系。结果表明,发电机内阻抗具有电流和功率因数角负反馈特性,使得电压调整率在一定程度上得到改善,感性负载下电压调整率的改善效果取决于直轴反应电抗,阻性负载下取决于交轴反应电抗,根据数值计算和分析确定出了获得最佳电压调整率时电枢反应电抗的变化范围。通过发电机外特性的实验测量与数据分析,实验结果与理论计算相吻合,说明了根据发电机电枢反应所建研究模型的正确性,为永磁发电机的电磁设计提供了一定的理论指导作用。     

双馈风力发电机三相短路电流分析

为了研究双馈风力发电机组的低电压穿越控制问题,分析了双馈风力发电机定子端三相短路时短路电流的产生机理,给出了双馈风力发电机在空载同步转速条件下的定转子短路电流的近似解析表达式.在此基础上,根据双馈风力发电机内部的电磁关系,分析了发电机故障前不同转速、输出有功功率及无功功率等运行状态对双馈发电机短路电流的影响.在理论分析的基础上,建立了3 MW双馈风力发电机的模型,对发电机定子端三相短路故障状态进行了仿真研究.仿真结果表明:通过定转子短路电流的近似解析表达式和发电机故障前的初始状态可以有效对双馈发电机短路电流进行定性分析,为进一步研究双馈风力发电机的低电压穿越能力提供了理论依据.     

直驱同步风电机组并网动态稳定性仿真研究

以直驱同步风电发电机组为研究对象,在matlab/simulink环境下建立了直驱同步风电机组的动态数学模型,对直驱同步风电机组接入系统的动态稳定性进行了仿真研究,试验结果表明：首先,直驱同步风电机组具有最大功率跟踪功能。其次,在电网发生故障时,直驱同步风电机组能为系统提供无功支撑。有效防止系统电压过多的降落。提高了系统故障运行的稳定性。     

Power Electronic Interface with Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Line-commutated Inverter for Grid-connected Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator

Abstract—This article presents a simple grid interactive system that extracts maximum power from a wind-driven permanent magnet synchronous generator using an integrated cascade boost converter and a three-phase line-commutated inverter. The firing angle of the line-commutated inverter is held constant at an appropriate value that provides a constant DC-link voltage, and only DC-link current is sensed for maximum power point tracking. For wide wind variation, maximum power from the permanent magnet synchronous generator is achieved using a simple load current (DC-link current) perturb and observe maximum power point tracking technique. This is obtained by varying the duty ratio of the integrated cascade boost converter with an adaptive incremental step that varies the load on the permanent magnet synchronous generator in accordance with changing wind. Experiments have been conducted on a 3-phase, 750-W, 500-rpm laboratory size permanent magnet synchronous generator. The operation and analysis of the proposed topology with a fixed firing angle for a line-commutated inverter is presented. The results obtained from MATLAB (The MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA) simulation are verified with experimental results, and a close correlation has been found, proving the efficacy of the system.     

Extensive Application of UPQC-L for a Dual Point of Common Coupling System with Multiple Loads under Unbalanced Source Condition

Abstract—This paper presents a synchronous reference frame (SRF)-based power angle control (PAC) approach for a specific unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) arrangement, termed as UPQC-L for dual point of common coupling system under unbalanced source voltage condition. In contrast to a conventional configuration of UPQC, the static compensator (STATCOM) part is on left side of UPQC-L, while dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is on the right side. The UPQC-L configuration is specifically adapted for protection of sensitive and critical load types from voltage disturbances. Along with its basic compensation capability of current harmonic compensation and voltage compensation, it efficiently handles reactive power demand from sensitive load. This is achieved with the introduction of PAC concept for effective sharing of reactive power between STATCOM and DVR. The extraction of instantaneous power angle faces difficulty with unbalanced voltage and UPQC-L configuration. Thus, the control algorithm for UPQC-L is designed based on SRF and numerical analysis approach with equal reactive power sharing phenomena by STATCOM and DVR of UPQC-L. UPQC-L with the proposed control approach is successfully implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK (The Mathworks, Inc. USA) and verified experimentally for mitigation of voltage disturbances (such as sag/swell, unbalancing, and harmonics), current harmonics, and high-reactive power demand.     

STRONG CONTROLLABILITY AND OBSERVABILITY AND THEIR EFFECTS ON TRANSIENT STABILITY OF POWER SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT

An algorithm is developed for identifying bus clusters called control areas that have strong local controllability and observability property for measurements and controls at the buses or on generators within the control area. Two types of control areas are identified; one that is based on weak boundaries of the reactive power voltage jacobian and is called voltage control area; the other is based on the jacobian of both real and reactive power balance equations with respect to voltage and angle at network buses. The two control areas are identical under light load conditions, but are different as the system approaches voltage collapse or poorly damped low frequency oscillations. The understanding of strong controllability and observability in terms of real power angle dynamics and reactive power voltage dynamics (voltage control areas) and the strong controllability and observability of voltage and angle dynamics (control areas) helps understanding of voltage instability and inter-area oscillations.     

一种同步发电机进相运行时功角的计算方法

功角是判断机组运行稳定的一个重要参量.提出一种在进相运行工况下,实时计算发电机功角的新方法,该方法采用发电机运行中的实时同步电抗,并综合考虑变压器、线路等外部回路参数.通过试验及实际验证该方法具有很好的精度.     

双馈风电场无功电压分层协调控制的研究

针对变速恒频双馈发电机和静止同步补偿器(STATCOM)组成的风电场,为了解决大型风电场并网运行的电压稳定性和无功裕度问题,提出面向并网点电压偏差指标和风电场无功源裕度最优的无功电压分层协调控制策略。阐述了双馈发电机组和STATCOM的无功分配原则,基于电压和无功裕度的综合指标构建无功电压分层协调控制策略的目标函数。采用粒子群优化算法的退火不可微精确罚函数法,求解该策略的非线性多约束最优化目标函数。基于Matlab/simulink搭建某风电场的电力系统仿真模型,仿真结果验证了所提控制策略的正确性与有效性。     

APPLICATION OF INERTIAL LOAD TO A LOSS OF GENERATOR POSTMORTEM

ABSTRACT

The inertial load flow technique [2] is applied to a dynamic equivalent [1] derived from a NERC (North American Electric Reliability Council) data base to compute maximum tie line power flows for a 1980 MW loss of generation at the Nanticoke station in the Ontario Hydro system. The results were compared with a transient stability simulation and recorded tie line power and frequency measurements. The inertial load flow results were more accurate in capturing the filtered measurements of power flows during the first three to five seconds after a loss of generation contingency than the transient stability simulation. The transient stability simulation was shown to contain both synchronizing oscillations between generators as well as the quasi steady-state behavior captured by the filtered power measurements and inertial load flow.

The inertial load flow is an excellent tool for estimating proximity to voltage collapse since the field current limiters on exciters utilize filtered measurements of the inertial response that occurs 3-5 seconds after a loss of generation contingency. The loss of voltage control and reactive generation supply due to action of field current limiters is a principle cause of loss of voltage stability in power systems. The inertial response is shown to capture a filtered estimate of the peak of the deceleration wave that propagates from the point of disturbance and would indicate whether the filtered estimate of these peak real power flows would incur sufficient filtered generator field current levels to cause field current limiters to act. Generator field current levels rise in an attempt to counteract voltage decline and increase in reactive losses caused by the peak power flows that are observed in the inertial response. The action of the field current limiter reduces field current and reactive supply to prevent thermal damage to the generator. The action of field current limiters initiates the voltage decline that can result in voltage collapse.     

MICROPROCESSOR BASED NONLINEAR EXCITATION CONTROLLER FOR SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

ABSTRACT

The synchronous machines in power systems have the excitation systems of field winding to improve the transient stability of power systems. The synchronous machines are nonlinear systems, however, the excitation systems have been designed based on linearized systems, because the stability analysis of nonlinear systems is difficult and the generalized control method of nonlinear systems has not been developed yet.

This paper proposes a nonlinear excitation controller for synchronous machines in power systems. For the sake of simplification of the nonlinear state feedback control, this paper considers both the transient stability and the suppression of the rotor swings in transient conditions. The effect of the automatic voltage regulator (AVR) for the synchronous generator is not discussed here. This controller is designed based on Lyapunov's direct method that can directly judge the stability of nonlinear systems. The usefulness and validity of the proposed excitation controller are confirmed by numerical simulations and experiments. The microprocessor based generator excitation system that consists of a nonlinear controller, state variable detector, and PWM inverter, is constructed. The nonlinear excitation controller can improve the transient stability of synchronous machines.     

考虑光伏动态特性的功角电压交互失稳机理分析

在大容量直流和高比例新能源集中接入电网的背景下,研究了考虑光伏动态特性影响的直流大功率扰动引发功角电压交互失稳问题。首先,从理论上推导了两机等值系统发电机转子运动方程和电动机负荷运动方程;然后,分析了直流大功率扰动引发功角和电压交互作用导致系统失稳的物理机理;最后,进一步分析了光伏低电压穿越期间不同有功/无功特性对系统稳定性的影响规律,通过吉泉直流实际系统算例进行了仿真验证。研究结果表明,两侧发电机功角拉开和负荷母线电压跌落(电动机电阻减小)形成恶性循环最终导致系统失稳,不同的光伏低电压穿越有功/无功特性对系统稳定性的影响需要通过理论结合仿真综合分析。