动态相量测量算法等效滤波器研究

指出实现动态相量测量的DPEA、DPEFM和TFDPE算法本质上可视为线性非时变(LTI)系统,推导出各系统等效数字滤波器的表达式,并给出算法的扩展形式。基于滤波器频响特性定义一组技术指标,并建立其与基波扰动、谐波、噪声和衰减直流各因素产生测量误差的对应数量关系。由此,一方面基于滤波器频响特性对测量算法综合性能进行便捷有效的评估,另一方面基于技术指标对扩展算法进行优化,设计出具有最佳频响特性的测量算法。针对P类性能要求,给出了数据窗长为2个和3个周波优化设计结果。技术指标和仿真实验结果表明,在相同数据长度下,优化算法相比原算法在综合性能上有大幅提升,特别是具有了非常强的抗直流干扰能力。     

A Distributed State Estimator Utilizing Synchronized Phasor Measurements

With the creation of balancing authorities by the North American Reliability Council that span large portions of the North American interconnection, and stringent requirements for real time monitoring of power system evolution, faster and more accurate state estimation algorithms that can efficiently handle systems of very large sizes are needed in the present environment. This paper presents a distributed state estimation algorithm suitable for large-scale power systems. Synchronized phasor measurements are applied to aggregate the voltage phase angles of each decomposed subsystem in the distributed state estimation solution. The aggregated state estimation solution is obtained from the distributed solution using a sensitivity analysis based update at chosen boundary buses. Placement of synchronized phasor measurements in the decomposed subsystems is also investigated in this paper. Test results on the IEEE 118-bus test bed are provided     

A Novel Topological Genetic Algorithm-Based Phasor Measurement Unit Placement and Scheduling Methodology for Enhanced State Estimation

Phasor measurement units are emerging as a potential tool for on-line power system state estimation. Incorporation of phasor measurement units to the existing power system's monitoring system is impeded by various physical and economic constraints. This article proposes a novel topological genetic algorithm for optimal placement of phasor measurement units along with existing conventional measurement units such that state estimation can be achieved with enhanced accuracy and immunity against power grid contingencies. The proposed algorithm optimally places phasor measurement units so that complete observability of the power system is achieved through them and enhanced redundancy in measurement can be accomplished through conventional measurement units. Since practical phasor measurement unit placements are accomplished in multiple horizons, intelligent sorting and phase optimization methodologies have been presented to attain maximum observability during phasing periods. Placement of phasor measurement units with multiple channel limits has also been studied in this article. The efficacy of the proposed topological genetic algorithm for optimizing the number of phasor measurement units and enhancing state estimation under various operating conditions has been validated through extensive simulation studies conducted in IEEE standard bus systems. Practical case studies have been performed in the western and southern region Indian power grids.     

母线电压同步相角测量算法研究及实现

讨论了基于GPS绝对时钟的电力系统母线电压同步相角测量的实现方法 ,研究了电压相角的过零测量法、离散Fourier和递归Fourier算法 ,探讨了变采样速率的同步相量测量算法。利用DSP数据处理芯片实现了基于DFT算法的GPS同步电压相角测量装置的软硬件设计 ,给出了实验仿真结果。     

电网相量同步测量技术及应用

为动态监测全网,分析了常规电网监测系统的缺陷,介绍了基于GPS(全球卫星定位系统)和现代通信技术的全新电网监测和控制手段——全网相量同步动态监测技术和系统,包括该系统中相量测量装置的设计原则、核心算法、系统通信方式的选择等关键技术及其应用前景,重点阐述了该技术在系统动态过程监测、不稳定预测、系统状态估计和失步保护与故障定位等方面的应用。基于电网相量同步测量技术的动态监测系统,改变了常规电网监测系统的状态估计和控制方式,提供了直接电网监测和控制的依据,提高了整个系统的可观性。调度员可实时观察到全网各节点间相角差的变化情况,并作出调度和稳定控制策略。它在电网监测和安全稳定控制上开辟了一个新的领域,在电力系统的动态分析中有很大应用前景。     

A Robust Extended Complex Kalman Filter and Sliding-mode Control Based Shunt Active Power Filter

Abstract—This article presents the design of a new shunt active power filter that employs a modified robust extended complex Kalman filter approach with an exponential robust term embedded for reference current estimation together with a current controller based on the sliding-mode control concept. The robust extended complex Kalman filter exploits a new weighted exponential function to handle these grid perturbations to estimate the reference signal in shunt active power filter system. The current controller in the proposed shunt active power filter has been designed using a sliding-mode control strategy because of its ability to handle parameter uncertainties and ease in implementation. To test the effectiveness of the proposed shunt active power filter, extensive simulations were performed using MATLAB/Simulink (The MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA), and real-time studies were made using OPAL-RT (Montreal, Quebec, Canada). Results obtained from the above studies using the proposed shunt active power filter together with the different variants of Kalman filter (Kalman filter, extended Kalman filter, extended complex Kalman filter) are analyzed, and it is observed that the proposed robust extended complex Kalman filter-sliding-mode control based shunt active power filter provides accurate and improved harmonics mitigation and reactive power compensation.     

Estimation Methods of Short Circuit Current Using Normal PMU Measurements and Field Testing

This paper proposes estimation methods for short circuit currents using phasor measurement unit (PMU) measurements (phasors). The methods follow the basic notion of representing the source side of a power system by an equivalent circuit with a voltage behind a back impedance, and employ a set of voltage and current phasors measured at substations during the normal variation of loads in their estimation. In order to improve the estimation accuracy of the proposed methods, the concept of using the changes between consecutive phasors is introduced. Furthermore, to make the methods applicable to a real‐world system, the concept of a reference phasor, used to remove the effects of system‐wide frequency variations and a filtering process to filter out the outlier phasors, is proposed and implemented. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed methods were checked and confirmed through experiments and field tests.     

同步相量测量技术在配电网中的应用

随着智能电网建设的不断深入,配电网的智能化升级改造也步入正轨。同步相量测量技术不仅适用于输电系统,在实现配电网智能化方面也能发挥积极作用。基于美国FNET系统和国内WAMS Light系统,给出国内外配电网同步相量测量系统概念;从状态估计、故障定位、谐波估计、孤岛检测角度,介绍同步相量测量技术在配电网诊断方面的应用,并从微电网协调、电能质量控制、控制与保护角度论及它在配电网保护方面的应用。最终,针对配电网同步相量测量技术发展所遇问题,试着提出明确的解决思路。     

A Robust Regularized Hybrid State Estimator for Power Systems

Abstract—Numerical instability is an inherent issue with power system state estimation, and much effort has been made to overcome this issue using numerical techniques to ensure stability. This article proposes a regularization-based method for solving ill-conditioned hybrid state-estimation problems in the presence of equality constraints. The iterative linear state-estimation problem is solved by using Tikhonov regularization. The trade-off between the residual norm and the regularized norm is controlled by the regularization parameter in the regularization method. The regularization method employs an L-curve criterion for optimal selection of the regularization parameter. At the post-estimation stage, the correction in voltage phasor at the zero-injection bus is applied using Kirchhoff's current law. The proposed method is analyzed and tested for IEEE 14- and 118-bus test systems, as well as for a 13-bus ill-conditioned system.     

动态相量估计算法特征分析及比较

电力系统的实际应用对相量估计算法的动态性能有很高要求。首先,分析了动态向量估计算法应具有基频附近频率响应幅值平坦的频域特征,和采样时间窗尽可能短的时域特征。其次,提出了一种带通滤波的四分之三周期最小二乘相量估计算法,这种算法符合上述时域和频域特征。第三,对提出算法的计算复杂度进行了定量计算,对提出的算法在各种类型的动态信号下的估计效果进行了仿真。与通用的离散傅里叶相量估计算法、估计效果较好的泰勒-傅里叶变换向量估计算法比较后说明,所提出的算法是一种能够在计算复杂度和相量动态效果间取得较好平衡的动态相量估计算法。     

Generalized Mathematical Modeling of N-Phase Power Systems

ABSTRACT

The analysis of the polyphase power systems is normally carried out by assuming a perfectly balanced system. However, power system is generally unbalanced because of various reasons. Therefore, it is desirable to analyse the power system taking imbalances into account. Hence, it is necessary to develop mathematical formulations of various components of the power systems in phasor co-ordinates. In this paper, detailed mathematical models for general n-phase components have been developed. These models will be useful for conducting the steady state as well as the transient analysis of the multiphase systems in phasor co-ordinates. Finally, the paper concludes with the discussion on the findings based upon these models.     

不确定量测下发电机动态状态估计性能分析

相量测量单元（PMU）中随机误差不可避免,在实际电网系统中PMU量测数据可能出现延时、重新排序甚至丢失等不确定情况。为准确估计电力系统机电暂态过程中的状态信息,首先建立量测丢失下的发电机动态状态估计模型;然后在某实际电网系统算例中分别采用无迹混合滤波（UMF）、粒子滤波（PF）和所提出的改进粒子滤波（IPF）3种算法对发电机动态状态估计模型进行了仿真试验。仿真结果表明：在不确定量测系统下,改进的IPF算法的滤波性能和抗差性能优于UMF与PF算法,更适用于不确定量测下发电机动态状态估计。     

Frequency estimation by demodulation of two complex signals

This paper presents a method for frequency estimation in a power system by demodulation of two complex signals. In power system analysis, the αβ-transform is used to convert three phase quantities to a complex quantity where the real part is the in-phase component and the imaginary part is the quadrature component. This complex signal is demodulated with a known complex phasor rotating in opposite direction to the input. The advantage of this method is that the demodulation does not introduce a double frequency component. For signals with high signal to noise ratio, the filtering demand for the double frequency component can often limit the speed of the frequency estimator. Hence, the method can improve fast frequency estimation of signals with good noise properties. The method loses its benefits for noisy signals, where the filter design is governed by the demand to filter harmonics and white noise. The method has been previously published, but not explored to its potential. The paper presents four examples to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of the method     

一种基于PMU的线路自适应故障测距算法

提出一种新的基于相量测量单元(PMU)的输电线路故障测距的自适应算法。该算法利用PMU装置获得高压线路两端的电压和电流相量,在线计算线路参数,解决了线路实际参数与电力局所提供参数的不同、线路参数在运行过程中的不确定性等问题。采用前置带通滤波器与全波傅氏算法相结合的滤波算法,提取相当精确的突变量基频分量,用于输电线路故障测距。大量的EMTP仿真计算结果和实际系统参数验证结果表明,该测距算法不受系统的运行方式、故障点过渡电阻、故障类型、故障距离等因素的影响,具有很高的测距精度。     

GPS技术在实时相角测量中的应用

在实时相角测量系统中用ＧＰＳ和晶振建立了高精度的统一时间系统,它克服了ＧＰＳ系统时间的离散性和可能再现的死锁,保证了每台实时相角测量装置测量相角的精确性。论述了相角测量装置的测量原理,以及实时相角测量装置和实时相角测量系统的构成,并展望了实时相角在集中监控、状态估计、ＦＡＣＴＳ、稳定控制等方面的应用。     

基于广域测量系统的状态估计研究综述

广域测量系统（WAMS）的逐步发展给电力系统在线分析方法提供了一个新思路。针对WAMS测量精度高、具有同步相量测量功能以及数据传输快等特点，分别从引入高精度节点电压相量量测的状态估计算法、引入高精度支路电流相量量测的算法、引入全部WAMS量测的算法以及其他与WAMS状态估计相关的问题等4个方面，介绍了目前引入WAMS量测的各种状态估计算法；并详细分析了各种算法的优缺点和适用范围，从工程应用出发研究其可行性，对部分算法给出了改进措施。讨论了WAMS的不良数据检测与辨识问题、相量测量装置（PMU）的最优配置问题以及基于PMU的动态状态估计和谐波状态估计等与WAMS状态估计相关的其他问题。     

A novel short-window algorithm of phasor computation for EHV line protection

A novel phasor computation algorithm is presented in this paper. The real and imaginary part filters of this algorithm have identical magnitude frequency characteristic (IMFC) at all the frequencies and orthogonal phase frequency characteristic (PFC) at fundamental frequency. Considering the conditions of the same magnitude frequency characteristic (MFC) and the orthogonal PFC, the two-sample algorithm is derived. Once two-sample orthogonal filters with IMFC are obtained, the algorithm design is just to select proper shapes and lengths of windows, which determine the filtering performance and response-time, respectively. This method could be applied to design filter in any window-length, especially in short-window. Therefore, this class of phasor algorithms is suitable for EHV transmission line protection where a short-window is crucial for fast response and better operation performance. The proposed algorithm has been applied to a series of EHV relay devices by China Xuchang Relay Group.     

谐波相量测量的FIR滤波算法

为实现广域范围内谐波相量监测,需要研究与谐波相量功能相适应的测量算法。参照同步相量测量P类要求,研究长度为2周波有限冲激响应(finite impulse response,FIR)带通滤波器,实现各次谐波同步相量快速准确测量。通过研究滤波器频响特性与频偏条件下由基波、被测谐波、干扰谐波和宽带噪声引起测量误差之间定量关系,定义多项滤波器技术指标,根据误差要求制定滤波器设计准则,并由动态谐波相量虚指数函数模型和加权最小二乘算法实现滤波器的具体设计。仿真试验验证了所设计算法在系统稳态和动态条件下性能良好。     

Power System State Estimation with Equality Constraints

ABSTRACT

In this paper, a new technique for constrained power system state estimation is presented. The new technique is based on a recently developed least absolute value (LAV) state estimation procedure. Unlike least squares state estimation, least absolute value state estimation is well suited to constrained estimation problems.

Most power systems contain zero injection buses at which there is no load or generation. These buses impose constraints on a state estimator, since the real and reactive power injected at these buses is fixed at zero.

The least absolute value state estimator, which is presented in this paper, will initially treat all constaints as measurements. This increases the redundancy ratio of the measurement set without adding any additional metering costs.

After a preliminary (least squares) estimate is calculated, all of the constraints are placed in the interpolated measurement set. The interpolated measurement set is then completed with the addition of some of the actual measurements. The LAV state estimate is then computed using the interpolated measurement set.