Computer encoding,storage and transposition of musical scores

This paper proposes an encoding scheme for printed music. A computerized system is designed and implemented to read music as human-encoded symbols, decode and store it within the computer, and to print it out either in its original key or in another key specified by the user. The graphics output is obtained by translating musical symbols into positional information and plotting it on a high resolution digital plotter. The rules for transposition, including those for transposing accidentals, are formalized. These have been programmed and appear to work correctly. The graphic output obtained is of high quality and should be acceptable for several purposes. The usefulness of the system would be increased immensely by providing a graphical input phase. Several plotter outputs of examples of musical scores along with the required coding are included.     

An algorithm for programming electrostatic plotter type devices

Electrostatic plotter type devices, CRT or hardcopy, are basically printers which allow the ‘paper’ movement only in one direction. As a result, the entire display file has to be created before the process of generating the display can begin. This arrangement differs significantly from the X-Y plotters where the ‘plotting pencil’ and/or paper may be moved in any direction. An algorithm for generating a display on the electrostatic plotter type devices is described in this paper. This algorithm is based upon creating and maintaining a vector file consisting of end points of visible vectors, sorting these vectors, and then generating the plot—a strip at a time. Only the points that lie within the strip are calculated. The details of implementation and the data structure used are discussed. There is no restriction on the size of the display that can be generated; in fact, plots of size 100 in by 20 in have been produced using this algorithm. No a-priori knowledge of the extent of the plot is required. The algorithm has been designed to operate in a device independent computer plotting system and has worked very satisfactorily without imposing any restrictions on the users.     

Geo — EAS (Geostatistical Environmental Assessment Software)

Geo-EAS (Geostatistical Environmental Assessment Software) is a collection of public-domain interactive software tools for performing two-dimensional geostatistical analyses of spatially distributed data. The principal functions of the package are the production of 2-dimensional grids and contour maps of interpolated (kriged) estimates from sample data. Other functions include data preparation, data maps, univariate statistics, scatter plots/linear regression, and variogram computation and model fitting. Extensive use of data graphics such as maps, histograms, scatter plots and variograms help the user search for patterns, correlations, and problems in a data set. Data maps, contour maps, and scatter plots can be plotted on a pen plotter. Individual programs can be run independently; the statistics and graphics routines may prove useful even when a full geostatistical study is not appropriate. For ease of use, the programs are controlled interactively through screen menus, and use simple ASCII data files which may be prepared with any text editor.     

G-plot: graphics in the geological computer

G-PLOT is a package of programs for graphic display of data. It has been designed as an integral part of the G-EXEC data-handling system, and adopts the principles of G-EXEC: it is generalized with respect to data, it is structured and modular, and it has a simple (near-English) user interface. In addition, a number of standards have been defined to allow the greatest possible flexibility of usage of the programs, as well as to provide a consistent and powerful set of modules for the applications programmer. The two most significant of these standards are the use of the ‘plot-frame’ concept and the definition of logical raster levels between the data and a ‘logical plotter’. By the use of these standards, it is possible not only to send generated plots to any available graphic device, but also to edit plots by selection and manipulation of logical ‘subframes’—units of plot data such as axes, titling, map frames, and grids. By the combination of G-PLOT facilities with planned enhancements to the G-EXEC system, it will be possible to generate sequences of plot frames from iterative simulation models, or from successively changing parameters (scaling or rotation for example) in normal application programs.     

Parametric spline curves in integer arithmetic designed for use in microcomputer controlled plotters

An algorithm for generating a parametric spline curve through a set of points using only integer arithmetic is derived. The algorithm is especially suited for implementation on simple computers with a short wordlength and does not require multiplication or division. It is an incremental step algorithm suited for digital plotting and numerical machine tool control. It has been used to draw optimally “nice” alphanumeric characters independent of scale in a plotting system for the RC4000 computer where a microcomputer controls the plotter. The splined alphanumeric characters do not require more computer time on the main processor than the simple characters using straight line segments, and only increases the load on the microcomputer.     

Flow charting by interactive computer graphics

An interactive graphic flow charting routine based on the principles set out by the American Standards Association is described. Written in a modular form for use with the CDC Digigraphic system and the Kingmatic flat-bed plotter, the program provides a quick yet technically satisfactory method for the production of such diagrams. No previous graphic experience is required on the part of the user and demand on the central processor has been kept to a minimum.     

分析化学离子平衡软件的开发

介绍分析化学中离子平衡计算软件的结构，功能及用途，该软件可用于分析化学中离子平衡的计算及绘图，软件用VB编写，操作简单，功能齐全，用户界面友好，为辅助教学和实际应用提供了方便。     

Filtran: A fortran program for one-dimensional fourier transforms

FILTRAN is an operational FORTRAN IV program that calculates one-dimensional Fast Fourier Transforms using the algorithm of Good as modified by Cooley-Tukey and Gentleman-Sande. Options permit selection of time or distance to frequency and then inverse transforms. Input data may be cards, tape, or disk-files and output includes plots on line printer, logical units, or Calcomp Plotter.The program is useful for frequency analysis of many forms of segmented digital data. Filtering and such operations as optimally discriminating, interpolating additional values, and stretching of their data sets. It is versatile, easy to use, and without many of the data restrictions of other Fourier routines.     

Three dimensional interactive graphic display program for Michigan SAP (MSAP)

To extend the usefulness of the Michigan Structural Analysis Program (MSAP), a computer graphics program called MSAPLOT has been developed. Using MSAP input data it plots line, plane and 3-D objects in isometric form as well as their orthotropic projection. MSAPLOT allows the user of MSAP to accomplish the following: (1) Check visually on the screen the correctness of the input data of the model being studied. (2) View the deformed structure. (3) Produce an ink drawing through the CalComp plotter. (4) Draw pictures of any object following input format of MSAP. Note that MSAPLOT is equally applicable to all input data of SOLID SAP and to most of SAP IV. Static analysis mode and cartesian coordinates are needed for the latter.     

On-line application of microprocessors in quality control

A system is described that collects data and computes and plots control charts and sampling plans automatically. An inspection device is connected with a microcomputer to measure a physical characteristics of a product, transmit data to the computer and process and store summary statistics. The software accepts preliminary measurements, computes control limits, accepts further measurements, plots them on a CRT or plotter and stops the process when an out-of-control measurement is detected. The software will also determine a single-sampling plan which meets specified producer's and consumer's risks, measures products to determine if acceptable and will report decisions on lot acceptance.     

Modal: a program to calculate compositions of ternary systems within the qz-or-ab-an tetrahedron from modal-analysis data

Program MODAL transforms raw point-count data into volume and weight-percent values. By using the An-content of plagioclase and the Ab-content of alkali feldspar it reduces the percentages of the petrogenetically important feldspars to the pure components and calculates the four faces of the Qz-Or-Ab-An tetrahedron for volume-, weight- and molepercent. The program provides a routine for plotting triangular diagrams on the line printer as well as on the CALCOMP plotter. It also is possible to have the projections of points on the cotectic line plotted into the triangular diagrams.The results can be used for petrogenetic discussions and can be directly compared with other (e.g. normative) data and experimentally determined phase relationships within the granite/granodiorite system.     

基于C/S和图形化的用户供电可靠性信息系统

针对我国供电部门统计用户供电可靠性指标存在数据量大,易出错,致使统计数据上报不及时、不准确的问题,采用图形化技术设计出了针对配电网的专用绘图平台;利用配电网设备自动分层编号技术和配电网络分层搜索技术,实现了配电网的模拟操作与模拟运行,同时系统自动记录相关信息,进而实现用户供电可靠性指标计算、用户供电情况统计及设备管理等功能。达到了配电网设备操作与数据统计一体化管理的效果;系统采用C/S网络体系结构,实现数据远程共享。通过实际应用验证了该系统功能完善、交互性强、计算准确,同时具有操作直观、灵活、可靠等特点。     

High resolution scanning of absorbing and fluorescent electrophoresis gels using video image analysis

A low cost, microcomputer-controlled image analysis system is described which scans electrophoresis gels or photographic negatives with high resolution. Absorbing gels (e.g. with stained proteins) are analyzed using broadband or monochromatic visible light. The gel is scanned by a video camera with a macro objective; the gray level of each pixel is digitized sequentially and the values are stored in the computer memory. Repetitive scanning is used to average the absorption values before plotting on a digital plotter. Photographic negatives of gels and autoradiograms are scanned using the same technique. Fluorescent, non-absorbing gels (e.g. nucleic acids stained with ethidium bromide) are analyzed on a transilluminator with u.v. excitation radiation. The fluorescence intensity of each pixel is digitized and processed as described above.     

Software aspects of business graphics

This paper considers some software and technical issues involved in the production of high quality three dimensional business graphics. It considers whether to use the vector or raster mode, the location or generation of source materials such as type fonts and geographic maps, existing 3-D plotting programs, and some technical issues in the calculation of 3-D plots. Finally it gives some examples of 3-D color plots illustrating different color techniques.     

基于单片机的X-Y绘图仪控制系统设计

X-Y绘图仪是指能分别沿着X向和Y向移动的坐标尺,X-Y绘图仪接收计算机的命令,在图纸上绘出各种字符和图形。平面绘图仪的绘图系统、数控机床的加工系统等,尽管结构和功能各不相同,但基本原理相同。X-Y绘图仪系统是将机械系统与微电子控制系统相结合而形成的一个有机整体。本文通过对X-Y绘图仪的机械系统、控制系统及接口电路的硬件设计及软件设计等,阐述了用8051单片机控制步进电机的驱动,经传动机构带动X向和Y向的坐标尺进行平面绘图。该系统具有操作方便,速度快、精度高等特点。     

POLYPLOT—an interactive modular program in basic for plotting graphs

POLYPLOT is an interactive program in BASIC, with a modular structure, for plotting x-y graphs on a conventional printer. The options offered by POLYPLOT are: input of data from keyboard or disk file: single parameter or combination of parameters assigned to each axis; log plots: best-fit line and polynomial curve fitting; program scaling or user scaling of the axes; replotting of a data set, excluding samples, either individually or in groups. POLYPLOT may be used to create a large number of different programs because each option is contained in program modules which may be merged into a central program framework as required. The options operate independently so that programs containing any combination of options may be created.     

The U.S. geological survey rass-statpac system for management and statistical reduction of geochemical data

RASS is an acronym for Rock Analysis Storage System and STATPAC, for Statistical Package. The RASS and STATPAC computer programs are integrated into the RASS—STATPAC system for the management and statistical reduction of geochemical data. The system, in its present form, has been in use for more than 9 yr by scores of U.S. Geological Survey geologists, geochemists, and other scientists engaged in a broad range of geologic and geochemical investigations. The principal advantage of the system is the flexibility afforded the user both in data searches and retrievals and in the manner of statistical treatment of data. The statistical programs provide for most types of statistical reduction normally used in geochemistry and petrology, but also contain bridges to other program systems for statistical processing and automatic plotting.     

Applying a coupled expert system to quality control charts

Quality control charts are a common tool used for control of a manufacturing process. Expert systems can serve as a valuable tool to automate the different phases in the use of quality control charts. The authors have developed a coupled expert system to select a proper control chart, optimize the design of the selected control chart, analyze the chart to identify an out-of-control process and suggest the reason(s) for an out-of-control process. The intent of this paper is to discuss the main features of this coupled expert system.

An expert system shell called PCPLUS helps a user select the most appropriate control chart and identify the reason(s) for a process to be out-of-control. FORTRAN was used to implement the modules for design, plotting, and analysis of the selected control chart.     

听觉实验研究的微计算机系统

本文叙述应用于听觉研究的微计算机系统.该系统包括:多种波形发生器、专用键盘、显示屏、接口和4个微计算机芯片8085等.外围有xy记录仪、示波器、照相机等.系统能产生参数可编程序的复杂声音;处理实验动物生物电脉冲;能按获得的结果自动改变实验的步骤;在xy记录仪上以直方图形式画出实验结果.系统具有多个常用实验程序,操作简易.在其EPROM中有许多子程序可供调用,用户能按自己的意图方便地编写新的程序.设计中采用数字和模拟电路相结合,使系统能以很少的硬件和资金获得合宜的性能.