Amplitude comparator based algorithm for directional comparisonprotection of transmission lines

A high-speed directional comparison relay based on an evaluation of the locally measured deviations of the voltage and the phase-shifted current from their prefault values is described. The operation of the relay depends on the power frequency components of the voltage and phase-shifted current deviation signals. The direction to a fault is determined by an amplitude comparator technique which compares a discriminant value with a positive or negative threshold. Simulation studies on a three-phase power system model show that the direction to a fault is determined within the first few milliseconds following the inception of a fault. Studies over a wide range of faults and source impedance angles show that the proposed amplitude comparator technique performs better than an analogous phase comparator technique     

New Algorithms for Computer Relaying for Power Transmission Lines

Synopsis

This paper presents a new recursive discrete-time filter for calculating the impedance from digitized voltage and current samples from the relay location, The transmission line voltage and current signals during a fault are modelled as a sum of decaying dc, and components of fundamental frequency and higher harmonic frequency components. The recursive discrete-time filter interpolates the signal samples and generates filter coefficiencs either by using spectral observation or functional expansion techniques. Both the algorithms are tested by using the fault data recorded at the Saskatchewan Power Corporation producing fast and reliable tripping conditions.     

极化电流行波方向继电器

电容式电压互感器不能有效传变宽频带的电压故障行波信号,使得传统利用电压故障行波构成行波方向继电器的保护算法不能应用于实际电力系统保护中,为此提出了一种极化电流行波方向继电器。该方向继电器以电压故障行波中工频分量初始极性与电流故障初始行波的波头极性相比较判定故障方向,解决了传统行波方向继电器因不能有效获取宽频带电压故障行...     

Laboratory investigation of an amplitude comparator baseddirectional comparison digital protection scheme

A directional comparison digital protection scheme has been implemented with a 16-b single-board computer at each end of a physical model of a transmission line, with communication between the two ends. The protection algorithm makes use of the fundamental frequency components of the deviation signals of the voltage and phase-shifted current. Software routines have been developed for fault monitoring, directional determination, and the trip/block decision. Graphics features incorporated in the software are explained. Tests for various faults conducted on the physical model of a double-circuit transmission line show that the direction to a fault is determined in 3 to 7 ms. The blocking features of the relay are demonstrated     

正序电压电流补偿的方向元件

提出了一种基于正序电压电流补偿的方向元件,可用于高压输电线路纵联方向主保护。给出了补偿阻抗的确定方法,在经过合适的阻抗补偿后,该方向元件能够反应系统全相及非全相状态下各种不对称故障,不受系统振荡的影响,在启动元件启动后整个过程能长期投入运行。对于线路发生三相短路的解决办法是补偿加入电压电流的正序故障分量。用电力系统动态模拟试验的故障录波数据对该方向元件进行验证,结果表明,该方向元件能有效、可靠地判断出故障方向。     

基于正序故障分量的方向元件性能分析

基于正序故障分量的方向继电器是一种新型故障方向判别元件。为全面了解该元件的工作性能,在500kV输电系统模型上,对振荡伴随不同类型短路和非全相运行情况下方向元件的动作行为进行仿真计算和分析。仿真结果表明,基于正序故障分量的方向元件适应于所有故障类型,不受负荷电流影响,无电压死区,灵敏度高。     

基于超高压自耦变压器中性点零序电流的方向比较 纵联保护的研究

随着电力系统向超高压方向发展,自耦变压器容量越来越大,而其零序阻抗越来越小,导致保护上虽然零序电流达到定值。但零序电压很小,不满足灵敏度要求,零序方向元件误动和拒动,从而零序方向纵联保护无法投入。但超高压自耦变压器中性点所产生的数值很大的零序电流的作用一直被忽略,没有被有效利用。据此提出利用自耦变压器中性点零序电流来代替保护上两侧零序电压的基于自耦变压器中性点零序电流的方向比较纵联保护方案。该方案以自耦变压器中性点零序电流为参考量,与两侧保护处的零序电流进行比相,以两者相位差作为方向判据,判断自耦变压器两侧故障方向,进而根据纵联方向比较原理比较两侧故障方向来易区分内部故障和外部故障。该方案能够消除保护处零序电压对零序方向元件方向判据的不利影响,有效地解决了目前保护处零序电压太小而引起的传统零序方向纵联保护拒动和误动的难题。经动模实验数据和数字仿真验证了该方案对接地故障具有灵敏度高,选择性好,能够正确地反应变压器各种轻微匝间故障,判据不受故障侧电流互感器(CT)饱和影响等优点。     

高压线路方向保护新原理的研究

应用综合相量的概念,提出了一种高压输电线路故障方向判别的新原理,能在较短的数据窗内计算出电压、电流的相位差,从而达到判断故障方向的目的。该继电器的动作速度快于常规的基于工频电气量的方向保护,其可靠性优于行波方向保护,且具有较高的灵敏度。     

Duffing振子方向元件法用于输电线路故障检测

提出了Du ffing振子检测输电线正序故障分量的Du ffing振子方向元件法。采用Du ffing振子周期策动力为故障电压,摄动力为故障电流。系统正常运行时,Du ffing振子方向元件没有输出;系统处于正向故障和反向故障时,Du ffing振子方向元件分别处于大周期状态和混沌状态,从而区分了故障的正反方向。该法判别方向的过程简单、准确,鲁棒性比较好。仿真结果证明了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

仅利用零序电流的谐振接地系统接地故障方向算法

由于多数终端难以获得零序电压或三相电压信号,限制了暂态功率方向法在小电流接地故障定位、多级保护、分界技术的应用。分析了谐振接地系统单相接地时故障点上游与下游的零序电流工频分量、暂态主谐振分量以及衰减直流分量与故障初相角的关系,发现可利用零序电流工频分量作为零序电压的极化相量,进一步识别故障方向。当零序电流工频分量初相位分别在(-45°,75°)或(135°,255°)以内,暂态主谐振分量初相位分别在(-30°,30°)或(150°,210°)以内时,或者衰减直流分量与工频分量幅值之比大于预设门槛时,故障方向为正,否则故障方向为负。仿真和现场实际故障数据验证了算法的正确性。     

UPFC接入对线路变化量方向元件的影响

统一潮流控制器（UPFC）可以实现线路潮流的灵活控制,改善系统运行方式,但UPFC的接入改变了线路电压的均匀分布,也给继电保护带来了一些问题。结合故障后UPFC的控制保护逻辑,研究了UPFC注入电压的暂态变化特征,针对不同故障位置推导了注入电压变化对变化量方向元件的影响机理,分析了UPFC接入对不同变化量方向元件的影响程度,指出当保护安装处位于故障点与UPFC接入点之间或者UPFC本体故障时,正序变化量、工频变化量方向元件的灵敏性会大幅下降。基于苏州南部电网500kV UPFC工程实际模型及参数,搭建了计及UPFC控保逻辑的RTDS仿真模型,通过仿真试验对理论分析结论进行了充分验证。     

A new digital filter directional relay technique using active/reactive power portrait

The present paper discusses some conventional directional relay drawbacks, which are based on the relationship between voltage and current, in order to determine fault direction. In addition, it presents a new fault detection technique based on instantaneous active and reactive energy that is measured and analysed at the relaying point. This energy has a distinct characteristic which is used to distinguish the fault direction. The suggested relay has determined the fault direction in a rather short time after fault occurrence, even in 2–5 ms, depending on the characteristics of the fault generated travelling waves. The algorithm used in this method has been modified in order to improve the performance of the relay. Simulation studies showed that the directional relay based on this new technique has fast speed operation with reliability and dependability.     

Microcontroller based overcurrent relay and directional overcurrent relay with ground fault protection

This paper presents the design and construction of overcurrent and directional overcurrent relays with ground fault protection for the protection of three-phase subtransmission and distribution systems, using a 16-bit microprocessor, the Intel 8096BH. The relay obtains the system currents at the rate of 12 samples per cycle and estimates the fundamental-frequency components of the current signals using discrete Fourier transform techniques. In the case of the directional overcurrent relay, the direction of the current flow is identified to determine whether the fault current is flowing into its protected zone. For this purpose, several internally stored voltage vectors, corresponding to the different directional element settings, are synchronized accurately with the system voltage and used to determine the direction of the power flow. Facilities to change relay characteristics, the time dial and plug settings are provided. The user can also set the relay as an instantaneous overcurrent relay. The desired operating characteristics are achieved by direct curve data storage in the memory.     

ELECTROMAGNETIC FAULT CURRENT LIMITER (EMFCL)

ABSTRACT

Due to electrical power system expansion, the utility systems are faced with fault currents higher than the momentary and interrupting capabilities of the equipment installed. One method, to convert the problem, is to use a fault current limiter. The limiter must limit the peak current to a level below that of the momentary capabilities of the system components and limit the subsequent current peaks to a level which allows correct relay operation within the interrupting capabilities of the circuit breakers. This paper describe the design and modeling of a new device for limiting the fault currents. Tliis device is an electromagnetic circuit consisting of an iron core and armature with adjustable air gap. With load current, the device has minimum impedance at the supply frequency. During fault conditions, the fault current is used to give the operating force needed to change the device inductance to the maximum impedance. The fault current limiter is successfully modeled using a digital computer and validated in the laboratory.     

A New Approximate Least Absolute Value Based on Dynamic Filtering Algorithm for On-Line Power System Frequency Relaying

ABSTRACT

Frequency deviation from its rated value and its rate of change are indications of load imbalance in power systems. Frequency relays which detect frequency deviation and its rate of change and react accordingly are implanted in power systems to ensure the safe and efficient operation of power systems. This paper presents a new application for a discrete filtering based on least absolute value parameter estimation algorithm (DLAV), which was developed recently by the authors, for on-line measuring of the steady state frequency, the frequency deviation as well as the voltage magnitude and and its phase angle from a noisy measurements. The proposed algorithm uses the digitized samples of the power system voltage at the relay location. The proposed algorith can easily handle the time-varying magnitude of the power system voltage, if any.

In this paper, two models are used,namely the two-state model and the six- state model. The order of the second model depends on the number of terms taken from Taylors series expansion. We assume, in this paper, that the power system frequency is constant during the data window size. In this paper we compare the proposed algorithm and the well-known Kalman filtering (KF) algorithm. Test results are reported in this paper, which forms the basis for our conclusion at the end of the paper.     

基于工频变化量的序分量距离保护

为了适应孤岛运行低电流值的故障特性,一般分布式电源孤岛运行时的保护方法与并网运行时的不同。但是随着分布式电源投入和切除配电网频率的增加,保护的整定值也必须频繁地在不同保护方法之间转换。所以提出了基于工频变化量的序分量距离保护,以短路故障时负序电压为例,对其电压分布进行分析,得出了负序和零序继电器的动作判据,并在Matlab中搭建负序和零序继电器的仿真模块。通过仿真分析了在并网和孤岛两种情况下,该保护方法在不同故障距离和过渡电阻情况下的动作情况,从而验证了该保护方法在并网和孤岛两种方式下均能够可靠动作。     

Dynamic Tracking of The Steady State Power System Magnitude and Frequency Using Linear Kalman Filter a Variable Frequency Model

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the application of Kalman Filtering algorithm for tracking the power system voltage magnitude, the rate of change of the frequency, the frequency deviation as well as the voltage phase angle, when the the frequency of the voltage signal varies linearly with the time during the data window size. The proposed algorithm uses the digitized samples of the voltage signal at the relay location. Effects of sampling rate, data window size and the harmonics contaminating the voltage signal on the performance of the algorithm are studied. Furthermore, effects of the noise level are also investigated. A sample of the results obtained is reported in this paper.     

超高速方向继电器新算法的研究(Ⅰ)——原理分析

应用综合矢量的概念,提出了一种判别高压输电线路故障方向的新算法,在较短的数据窗内计算出电压、电流的相位差,从而达到判断故障方向的目的.该继电器的动作速度快于常规的基于工频电气量的方向保护,其可靠性优于行波方向保护,且具有较高的灵敏度.     

基于模糊逻辑的UPFC线路新型正序故障分量方向元件

统一潮流控制器(UPFC)可以灵活控制线路潮流,提高电力系统运行稳定性,但其接入会对线路保护的动作性能产生影响。针对UPFC线路正序故障分量方向元件在反方向故障时易发生误动的问题,提出了基于模糊逻辑的适用于UPFC线路的新型正序故障分量方向元件。首先,通过增加UPFC线路侧电压互感器,与原有的母线电压和线路电流测点组成新型保护单元。在此基础上,对传统方向元件的动作区域进行划分,进而应用模糊逻辑,通过设置合理的隶属度函数、权重和故障方向判据,利用综合隶属度函数实现故障方向的判别。最后,基于PSCAD/EMTDC的大量仿真结果表明,新型方向元件在UPFC不同运行方式、不同故障类型和过渡电阻等条件下,均可正确判别故障方向,保障了UPFC接入后电网的安全可靠运行。     

Ground-fault Location Algorithm for Ungrounded Radial Distribution Systems

This paper proposes a single phase-to-ground fault location algorithm for ungrounded radial distribution systems. The algorithm uses the voltage equation from the relay location to the fault location, which contains three unknown variables: zero-sequence fault current, fault resistance, and fault distance. The zero-sequence fault current can be determined using the zero-sequence relay current. Inserting the zero-sequence fault current into the voltage equation results in an equation that contains only the fault resistance and fault distance. The fault resistance is removed by extracting the components orthogonal to the zero-sequence fault current from the equation and finally the fault distance is estimated. Simulation results indicate that the algorithm performs well regardless of fault resistance and fault distance.