Shaft encoder characterization via theoretical model ofdifferentiator with both differential and integral nonlinearities

A model of an incremental shaft encoder is developed to facilitate sensor characterization. The model is obtained through derivation of a new mathematical formula for the spectral characteristics of the error which accrues when a sampled, nominally constant-rate signal is uniformly quantized, having been subject to both differential and integral nonlinearities. The spectrum of the error in the rate estimate generated when a digital differentiator is applied to such a signal is shown to be of particular importance. Subsequent sensor characterization involves some basic signal processing of a set of sampled sensor outputs, obtained when the encoder rotates at an almost uniform rate, followed by a simple curve-fitting procedure using the formula for estimated rate error. Both computer-generated, finite-length data sets and experimental data derived from encoder-based shaft velocity measurements are utilized to verify the theoretical model. The methodology of the mathematical analysis is applicable to other digital sensors and to a more general class of systems; such as data converters, which involve the digital differentiation of quantized, noise-affected signals. The paper illustrates how the combined influence of quantization error and of additional sources of noise can be described in an analytical, but applicable, manner     

Design of adaptive digital filters for phase extraction in complex fringe patterns obtained using the Ronchi test

A powerful technique is presented for processing complex fringe patterns with high noise levels and arbitrary distributions of spatial frequencies, which can successfully extract the phase information. Artifacts that arise from phase extraction in local filtering approaches are avoided by using a simple design and implementation strategy for the adaptive filter, based on the theory of digital filter design used in electronics, and applied to pixel rows (or columns) in the fringe-pattern. The filter designed in this manner is then applied to phase extraction in an experimental fringe pattern measured in a digital Ronchi test setup using a Carré phase-shifting procedure. The filtering strategy has a very low computational cost and allows phase extraction in noisy ronchigrams regardless their spatial frequency distribution, provided the fringes are still visible.     

Interferometric data analysis based on Markov nonlinear filtering methodology

For data processing in conventional phase shifting interferometry, Fourier transform, and least-squares-fitting techniques, a whole interferometric data series is required. We propose a new interferometric data processing methodology based on a recurrent nonlinear procedure. The signal value is predicted from the previous step to the next step, and the prediction error is used for nonlinear correction of an a priori estimate of the parameters phase, visibility, or frequency of interference fringes. Such a recurrent procedure is correct on the condition that the noise component be a Markov stochastic process realization. The accuracy and stability of the recurrent Markov nonlinear filtering algorithm were verified by computer simulations. It was discovered that the main advantages of the proposed methodology are dynamic data processing, phase error minimization, and high noise immunity against the influence of non-Gaussian noise correlated with the signal and the automatic solution of the phase unwrapping problem.     

基于离散频谱校正的差分吸收光谱数据处理方法研究

差分吸收光谱法(DOAS)常利用傅里叶变换滤波法来滤除光谱数据中的噪声, 但因其频率分辨率的限制,致其幅值误差较大,从而影响气体的测量精度。提出了一种离散频谱校正的差分吸收光谱数据处理方法,利用离散频谱主瓣内的谱线重心求出峰值的坐标,对幅值误差进行补偿,提高气体的测量精度。对不同浓度的SO2气体进行了浓度反演实验,结果表明:频谱校正法的反演误差小于5%,相对于传统的最小二乘法和傅里叶变换滤波法误差分别减少0.36%和0.88%;在谱线漂移两个采样间隔为0.28nm时,传统最小二乘法的平均误差为31.8%,频谱校正法的最大误差则为3.8%,效果明显优于前者。     

Enhancing time-stamp counter phase modulation measurements

This paper demonstrates that digital signal processing techniques can enhance the quality of phase modulation measurements produced by a time-stamp (phase digitizing) frequency counter. A typical time-stamp counter utilizes a digital divider to reduce signal frequency to the desired sample rate. Unfortunately, division also reduces phase modulation to the point where useful information may be obscured by counter measurement uncertainty (jitter). An analogy between an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and a time-stamp counter predicts that the counter induced modulation can be modeled as random noise which is white in phase. The noise magnitude is directly related to the instrument's resolution specification. Fourier analysis, subject to some restrictions, can compute the power spectra of phase or frequency modulation, revealing even low level responses. A number of techniques can be used to reduce the amount of counter induced noise that appears on time domain plots of phase and frequency modulation. Experimental data, generated by a prototype counter, illustrates the type of results that can be expected from Fourier analysis and various noise reduction techniques     

Numerical simulation of speckle noise in laser vibrometry

The fundamental mechanism by which speckle noise is generated in laser vibrometry before describing a new numerical simulation for prediction of speckle noise level in a real measurement is considered. Factors within the simulation include rate of change of phase within individual speckle transitions, low-pass filtering to match the frequency range of experimental data with which comparison is to be made, a track-and-hold facility for periods of low signal amplitude, and wavefront curvature effects. The simulation data provide real insight into the phase and amplitude modulation of the Doppler signal, and good agreement is found in the final comparison with experimental data from a measurement on a rotating target.     

Improvement of accuracy in digital holography by use of multiple holograms

Speckle pattern decorrelation reduces the accuracy of interferometric shape and deformation measurements. We introduce a technique for the reduction of speckle noise in digital holography. The method is not based on classical filtering techniques such as median filters. Instead it utilizes the shift theorem of the Fourier transform. For this method several holograms of the same object under test are recorded. The reconstruction leads to a set of object wave fields with different speckle patterns. A proper averaging procedure, taking into account the properties of the wrapped phases, leads to an improvement of the accuracy in the resulting phase difference. The theory of the applied method is described and our first results for technical components with an improvement of accuracy up to 1/57 of the wavelength are presented.     

Model for demagnetization-induced noise in thin-film magneticrecording media

A linear, statistical model is described which predicts the power spectrum of measured noise in bulk-demagnetized (i.e. AC-erased) thin-film magnetic recording media. It is shown that the noise is the result of magnetic flux which is ascribed to erasure-induced transitions along the track length in the medium. The noise power spectrum for a rigid disk medium is shown to correspond to the power spectrum of Poisson-distributed induced transitions along the track length, while noise along the track width is sufficiently described in terms of a uniform, average magnetization with small variance. Experimental data from two thin-film disks are used with the model to estimate the Poisson parameter for each disk. It is demonstrated that AC-erased noise from particulate media can be considered as a limiting case of the Poisson model     

实时跟踪控制系统中的数字滤波技术

在高精度的实时跟踪控制系统中，由探测器等其他一些因素给系统带来的噪声将不容忽视，数字滤波将是滤除噪声的有效手段，，由于系统实时性和采样频率的要求，本文介绍几种时跟踪系统中常用的数字滤波方法，并对它们在实时跟踪系统中的作用进行了和比较。     

利用LabVIEW和国产模入卡实现信号的采集与分析

介绍通过调用动态连接库,在LabVIEW环境下,利用国产模入卡KPCI-814实现数据采集的方法,利用混有噪声的模拟信号,采用LabVIEW自带工具包实现了信号的数字滤波与频谱分析,系统将为超导量子干涉器（SQUID）在弱磁场测量中的应用提供良好的信号采集、处理与分析手段。     

Holographic digital Fourier microscopy for selective imaging of biological tissue

We present an application of digital Fourier holography for selective imaging of scatterers with different sizes in turbid media such as biological tissues. A combination of Fourier holography and high‐resolution digital recording, digital Fourier microscopy (DFM) permits crucial flexibility in applying filtering to highlight scatterers of interest in the tissue. The high‐resolution digital hologram is a result of the collation of Fourier holographic frames to form a large‐size composite hologram. It is expected that DFM has an improved signal‐to‐noise ratio as compared to conventional direct digital imaging, e.g., phase microscopy, as applied to imaging of small‐size objects. The demonstration of the Fourier filtering capacity of DFM using a biological phantom represents the main focus of this article. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 14, 253–258, 2004; Published online inWiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.20031     

Modified Fourier-Hankel method based on analysis of errors in Abel inversion using Fourier transform techniques

Errors in discrete Abel inversion methods using Fourier transform techniques have been analyzed. The Fourier expansion method is very accurate but sensitive to noise. The Fourier-Hankel method has a significant systematic negative deviation, which increases with the radius; inversion error of the method can be reduced by adjusting the value of a factor. With a decrease of the factor both methods show a noise filtering property. Based on the analysis, a modified Fourier-Hankel method that is accurate, computationally efficient, and has the ability to filter noise in the inversion process is proposed for applying to experimental data.     

Photopyroelectric Determination of the Order of Liquid Crystal Phase Transitions

The photopyroelectric technique has been used to measure simultaneously the specific heat, the thermal conductivity, and the thermal diffusivity of 9CB liquid crystal in the temperature range 35 to 60°C, where the sample undergoes a weakly first-order phase transition and a second-order one. Measurements of the anisotropy of the thermal conductivity have also been performed, and the data have been used to establish the order of the above-mentioned phase transitions. Pretransitional effects in the isotropic phase in the thermal diffusivity have been found, and they have been associated with similar effects reported for the specific heat.     

信号相位匹配算法的语音降噪及性能评估

针对信号相位匹配算法能够在信号估计中准确提取信号频率成分的优点,将三子阵信号相位匹配算法应用于提取强背景噪声中的语音信号,同时提出了基于平均段内功率谱密度距离的语音质量客观评价方法,将主观平均意见分（MOS）、信噪比和平均分段功率谱密度距离作为指标,分别对三子阵信号相位匹配法、谱减法和最小均方误差估计法这三种算法的处理结果进行客观评价并对算法的降噪性能做了对比。仿真结果表明,三子阵相位匹配算法能够达到强背景噪声环境下语音降噪的目的;同时基于平均段内功率谱密度距离的语音质量客观评价结果与主观评价结果相符合,该评价方法具有一定的可行性。     

Frequency-Domain Interpretation of Oscillator Phase Stability

A frequency-domain interpretation of the phase stability of an oscillator is discussed. From a knowledge of the time dependence of an oscillator phase during a time interval T* it is possible to give the characteristics of this oscillator, not only for this time interval, but also for subsequent time intervals. Since the use of a Fourier transform for the computation of a continuous power spectrum is unrealistic, a discrete-spectrum approach will be taken. Usually, in the calculation of power spectra, stationarity of the fluctuations is assumed, although experiment indicates that this is often not the case. A more realistic approach is adopted. Analytical phenomena and random walk are separated from white noise on the basis of statistical criteria using discrete Fourier transforms. The white noise is then interpreted in the frequency domain. Both random walk and specific signals are studied in the time domain and can be separated by digital filtering. Two different sets of experimental results are analyzed by this method, one derived from measurements on a quartz-crystal oscillator locked to a low-frequency transmitter and the second from measurements on an ammonia maser. In both cases, measurement precision and ease of prediction of the behavior of the oscillator are improved.     

The effects of quantization noise and sensor nonideality on digitaldifferentiator-based rate measurement

This paper focuses on the nature of the rate error which arises when a first-order digital differentiator is applied to the output of a uniform quantizer for the purpose of rate estimation. The quantizer input is assumed to be a constant-rate signal which is subject to a uniformly distributed noise source. New formulae are presented for the corresponding rms and spectral error characteristics. The results are applicable to the signal processing of sensor outputs, exemplified by the shaft encoder-based velocity estimation of an almost uniformly rotating mass. Both computer-generated finite data sets and experimental data derived from encoder-based shaft velocity measurements are utilized to verify the theoretical results. The results described are also applicable to a more general class of systems which involve the digital differentiation of quantized, noise-affected signals, such as first-order sigma-delta modulators with nominally constant input     

新型无机非金属材料相变的热物性研究

本文系统地研究了新型无机非金属材料的各类相变、极化处理和晶体取向对其热物理性质的影响。用各种测试技术测定了六种新型无机材料在较大温度范围内的导热系数、导温系数、比热和热膨胀系数。实验结果显示出这些材料发生相变时,在热物性曲线上都将出现突变。由突变点所确定的相变温度(居里点)与用电学方法测定的结果相吻合,据此,热物性的测试研究可作为研究材料相变的一个新的判据和手段。     

Application of Baseline Correction Techniques to the “Ratio Method” of DSC Specific Heat Determination

The measurement of specific heat by heat flux differential scanning calorimetry using the “ratio method” requires three consecutive runs (baseline, reference and sample) to be performed using identical temperature programs. Traditionally measurements are taken as the sample of interest is subjected to a controlled heating rate, but it is also possible to perform measurements on down-ramps, and this is often worthwhile as it provides a consistency check on the up-ramp data. In recent work a Netzsch DSC-404 has been used to investigate discrepancies observed between up- and down-ramp specific heat results. Based upon this experience several different “baseline correction” techniques have been developed, and have been applied to specific heat measurements on reference sapphire samples. The performance of these “baseline correction” techniques is shown to be extremely good, even up to 1400°C. An important conclusion is that, even in cases where agreement between up-ramp and down-ramp data is reasonable, a “baseline correction” method can still usefully be applied to improve the precision of the final results.     

Thermomechanical characterization of stress localization in glass: An experimental and numerical study

Thermoelastic stress analysis and quantitative calorimetry are full‐field noncontact techniques widely used to study the thermomechanical behaviour of materials. The first one linearly relates the sum of the principal stresses to the temperature variation, and the second one can be used to measure the mechanical dissipation. However, brittle materials such as glass are a priori bad candidates for these techniques. Indeed, their low‐temperature variations under loading lead to very noisy infrared images, and their brittle mechanical behaviour does not allow to deform them significantly. In the present paper, the thermomechanical characterization of a holed glass sample under cyclic loading is performed. A preliminary new filtering methodology has been applied to the thermal movie to remove the noise. The stress field obtained from the thermoelastic stress analysis is well correlated to the finite element model showing that this technique is adapted to study the thermoelastic response of brittle materials. Finally, the corresponding calorimetric response has been determined by using a simplified formulation of the heat diffusion equation. This permits to quantify heat sources and to carry out energy balances.     

Detection of stiffness degradation in laminated composite plates by filtered noisy impact testing

The purpose of this paper is to detect damage (stiffness degradation) of laminated composite plates from noisy impact response data. The combined finite element method (FEM) with five degrees of freedom (DOF) and the advanced noise filtering algorithm described in this paper may allow us not only to detect the deteriorated elements but also to find their locations and the extents. A first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is used to predict the structural behavior and to detect damage of laminated composite plates. The filtering procedure is designed by means of a wavelet decomposition together with a selection of the measuring points, and the optimization criterion is constructed on an estimate of the probability of detection using genetic algorithms. All these techniques are applied for the first time to composites. The effects of filtered noise associated with the uncertainty of measurements due to the complex nature of composites are considered for different layup sequences, number of layers, and length–thickness ratios. Several numerical results show that the noise filtering system is computationally efficient in identifying stiffness degradation for complex structures such as laminated composites.