管内液相流动压降的实验研究及理论分析

基于现有测试平台对管内液相流动换热压降进行研究,通过调节工质泵转速、水箱温度等实现对工质流量、饱和压力的调节,调节预热段、蒸发段电加热功率,实现对实验管进、出口工质状态的控制,进而为实验提供可靠、稳定的运行环境;数据分析中,对管内工质摩擦压降、局部压降进行综合考虑,对测压工装进行特别设计,以提高压降测量精度。实验结果显示:管内总压降和局部压降随着质量流量的增加而增大,其中局部压降在总压降中占比约为7.8%~9.1%,各公式对摩擦压降的预测误差波动范围为1.03%~1.79%,且当质量流量<75 kg/h时,各公式预测误差小于10%,在一定程度上说明了实验数据的精确性。此外,袁恩熙公式在四个预测公式中预测精度最高。     

不稳定蒸汽射流凝结振荡实验研究

对不稳定蒸汽射流凝结压力振荡现象进行了实验研究。结果表明:在不同的蒸汽质量流率和过冷水温度下蒸汽射流存在3种凝结流型,即喘振、半球形汽泡振荡和周期性汽泡振荡;压力振荡发生频率随着蒸汽质量流率的增加而增大,随着过冷水温度的升高先增大后减小,最大压力振荡发生频率出现在由喘振/半球形汽泡振荡区向周期性汽泡振荡区转变时;喘振和半球形汽泡振荡区的压力振荡幅值随蒸汽质量流率的增加而减小,周期性汽泡振荡区的压力振荡幅值随蒸汽质量流率的增加而增大;3种流型下的压力振荡幅值均随过冷水温度的升高而增大。     

双分离器并联CFB系统的稳定性分析

利用瞬态吹空法获得了循环流化床(CFB)分离器内气固阻力特性的非单调曲线,采用以Chen提出的分离器压降模型为基础的修正模型对特定气体质量流量下分离器压降随固体质量流量的变化进行了预测.根据质量守恒定律、各分离器压降相等和最小能量原理等约束条件,分析了双分离器并联CFB系统的运行稳定性.结果表明:随着入口固体质量流量的增大,分离器的压降先快速降低后缓慢升高;修正模型的分离器压降计算值与实验测量值吻合较好;当CFB系统分离器压降和循环流率在偏流区域时,双分离器并联CFB系统处于稳定的偏流运行状态.     

多管程微通道冷凝器热力性能计算方法

多管程平行流微通道冷凝器的管程设计方案对换热器管内热力性能影响较大。但目前一直尚未有对其管内换热系数和压降进行理论预测的较为简单可行方法。本文针对各管程工质流量可变,平均干度可变的多管程平行流冷凝器管内热力参数提出一种分程计算方法：在假设管壁温度不变及同管程内流量均匀分配的前提下,采用了Koyama与Wang冷凝换热模型,以及Zhang和Koyama提出的摩擦压降模型,建立了壁温与热流量之间的关系式,通过迭代求得管内平均换热系数和压降的理论值。以一个商用R134a、流程分配为12-8-8-6微通道冷凝器作为示例,用理论和实验方法分别得到了其管内冷凝平均换热系数和压降。结果表明,二者的偏差均落在30%以内。其中Koyama和Zhang 提出的模型预测偏差较小,分别为-4.96%~11.31%,0.42%~25.14%。     

疏水表面对微通道换热和压降性能的影响

通过搭建的微通道两相沸腾流换热实验台,利用高速摄像仪拍摄其工质两相流流型,研究了接触角分别为48.2°、140°的普通微通道和疏水微通道的压降特性、换热性能,并结合工质流型图阐述其变化规律机理。实验采用的微通道尺寸为0.55 mm×0.55 mm×80 mm,工质质量流量范围为1983～3636 kg/(m~2·s),两相流进口干度为0～0.45。研究结果表明,疏水微通道的压降在所有实验干度区间均显著大于普通微通道的压降,在低干度区间,疏水微通道的换热性能高于普通微通道的换热性能。     

R134a在水平微小圆管内流动沸腾过程中压降对换热的影响

微小通道内流动沸腾换热研究进程制约着紧凑式微小通道蒸发器的进一步开发和应用.针对HFC134a在1.0 mm水平圆管内流动沸腾换热的研究,设计并建立了开放直流式实验装置;在对测试数据分析的基础上,提出了局部饱和温度沿管长呈线性降低的假定;表明了压降对换热系数的较大影响,最后对实验不确定度进行了分析.     

长输蒸汽管道压降、温降计算方法探讨

计算某工程的长输蒸汽管道温降、压降,分析各相关因素对温降、压降的影响。低流量时压力损失较小,到达点与送出点的压力相差小;流量增大,压力损失明显变大;流量低于30 m/s比较适宜,如果比容和管径较大,可以适当将流量增加至30 m/s以上;初始蒸汽过热度不足,增加保温可以减少疏水,降低输送过程中的散热损失。在热力规划、热电厂可行性研究等前期工作中,应根据供热管道距离来确定管道压降、温降,确定热电厂出口端参数,为热电厂装机选型及方案设计提供依据。     

基于LBM方法的超亲水/疏水组合表面的沸腾冷凝特性研究

基于单组分多相流格子Boltzmann方法结合精确差分法建立了汽液相变模型,运用伪势模型以及双分布函数,结合所提出的沸腾冷凝相变模型,对微小空间内超亲水和超疏水组合表面下汽液共存沸腾时两个汽泡合并、生长、离开水平面以及蒸汽冷凝凝结成两个液滴融合、脱落的过程进行了研究。着重分析了重力加速度对汽泡脱离直径和汽泡脱离时间的影响以及流固作用强度对接触角的影响,最后拟合出了对应关系,并对汽泡和液滴运动过程进行了分析。研究发现与现有已发表的对应关系和公开实验结果基本吻合,并得出结论：随着重力加速度的增大,汽泡脱离直径和汽泡脱离时间均呈现出减小的趋势;接触角随着流固作用强度的增大呈现出减小的趋势;沸腾过程受热产生的蒸汽在模型内部在平衡移动原理作用下向着冷源移动,冷源液化消耗近似等量蒸汽产生水滴逐渐成长落入水中,实现了系统内热力平衡和循环过程。     

沟槽式散热器水冷服务器基板流动与散热性能的研究

如何在较低功耗下,使服务器基板CPU低于规定温度已成为数据中心冷却问题的关键。研究了沟槽式水冷散热器对服务器基板芯片的散热。首先,通过开展沟槽式散热器冷却一个模拟CPU服务器基板的实验,对散热器水冷却过程的流动特性和传热特性做了研究,并分别获得"压降-流量"和"进口水温-流量"的性能拟合公式。其次,开展采用集成式沟槽散热器冷却含多CPU服务器基板的实验研究,通过实验测试,改变冷却水的流量和入口温度,以期获取芯片温度为70和80℃时所提供的最小能耗。实验结果表明:进口温度为25℃时,芯片温度维持在80℃以下的最佳流量为0.8 L/min;使芯片温度稳定在70℃以下的最佳流量为1.0 L/min。     

微通道内R152a的流动冷凝换热特性的实验研究

在饱和温度为30～50℃,质量流量为200～600 kg/(m~2·s),干度为0～1.0的工况范围内,对制冷剂R152a在微通道内的流动冷凝换热特性进行了实验研究,主要分析了冷凝温度、管型尺寸、质量流量、干度等参数对微通道内换热系数、压降的影响。实验结果显示:换热系数及压降均随着制冷剂干度、质量流量的增加而增大,随着冷凝温度的增大而减小;管型尺寸对压降的影响不大,但对换热系数具有较大影响。     

荷电颗粒可压缩性颗粒层模型

研究发现荷电颗粒有趋向于沉积在颗粒链尖端的趋势,据此在已建立的中和可压缩性颗粒层模型中加入荷电颗粒的沉积性质,建立了荷电颗粒可压缩性颗粒层模型,从而研究滤料过滤过程中的颗粒层过滤阶段的机理。通过模型发现,不可压缩时,荷电颗粒形成的颗粒层的高度与中和颗粒层相似,但空隙分布均匀;由于下滑角较小,其不易被压缩,当压降增大到一定程度时,呈周期性压缩,所以在较高过滤风速下其压降显著低于中和工况。模型结果成功地解释了实验现象。     

Condensation pressure drop characteristics of various refrigerants in a horizontal smooth tube

The two-phase pressure drop characteristics of the pure refrigerants R410a, R502, and R507a during condensation inside a horizontal tube-in-tube heat exchanger were investigated to determine the two-phase friction factor, the frictional pressure drop, and the total pressure drop. The two-phase friction factor and frictional pressure drop are predicted by means of an equivalent Reynolds number model. Eckels and Pate's experimental data, presented in Choi et al.'s study provided by NIST, were used in the analysis. In their experimental setup, the horizontal test section was a 3.81 m long countercurrent flow double tube heat exchanger with refrigerant flowing in the inner smooth copper tube (8.01 mm i.d.) and cooling water flowing in the annulus (13.7 mm i.d.). Their test runs were performed at saturated condensing temperatures from 38.33 °C to 51.78 °C while the mass fluxes were between 119 and 617 kg m⁻² s⁻¹ for the horizontal test section. The separated flow model was modified by ten different void fraction models and correlations, as well as six different correlations of friction factors, in order to determine the best combination for the validation of the experimental pressure drop values. Carey's friction factor was found to be the most predictive. The refrigerant side total and frictional pressure drops were determined within ± 30% using the above friction factor and the void fraction combinations of Carey, Baroczy, and Armand for R410a; and those of Carey, Spedding and Spence, and Rigot for R502 and R507a. The equivalent Reynolds number model was modified using the void fraction correlation of Rigot in order to determine the frictional condensation pressure drop and the two-phase friction factor. The effects of vapor quality and mass flux on the pressure drop are discussed in this paper. The importance of using the alternative void fraction and friction factor models and correlations for the separated flow model is also addressed.     

Analytical study of two-phase flow pressure-drop oscillations in a vertical heated tube

This paper focuses on an analytical investigation of two-phase flow pressure-drop oscillations in a vertical heated tube with the two-fluid model employed in the computer code MINI-TRAC. Pressure-drop oscillation is an important phenomenon appearing in a two-phase flow channel with compressible volume existing in the upstream region. In a previous investigation, pressure-drop oscillations with superimposed density-wave oscillations were observed. In this work, numerical calculations have been carried out to predict the characteristics of pressure-drop oscillations and the range of instabilities. We also offer an application of the two-fluid model to the analysis of pressure-drop oscillations at low pressure in a heated channel with a small inner diameter. Good agreement between the simulations and experiments was obtained. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Jpn Res, 27(8): 597–608, 1998     

直喷式柴油机进气道变压差稳流试验方法的研究

在直喷式柴油机气道稳流试验中,采用变压差试验方法代替传统的定压差方法。在气门升程最大时,将气道压差定到足以使流经气道内的空气为充分发展的湍流,采用涡流动量计,进行了直喷柴油机6108缸盖的气道稳流变压差试验。结果表明：变压差气道稳流试验中的Ricardo和FEV方法的流量系数、涡流强度、平均流量系数及涡流比等参数与定压差稳流试验的结果基本相同,最大差别不到1．5％,变压差方法可以替代定压差的气道稳流试验方法。试验结果还表明变压差试验所获得的数据具有良好的重复性和精度。采用变压差试验的方法可以减少气道稳流试验中的调整气道压差为恒值的操作程序,大幅度提高工作效率,利于实现气道试验台的自动化,从而适用于缸盖的在线检测。     

Study of a Vertical Boiling Flow in Rectangular Mini-Channels

Mini-channel heat exchangers with boiling flows present optimal performances: they are highly efficient and compact and require low fluid mass. However, classical correlations for two-phase flow in macro-channels fail in predicting the heat transfer coefficient and the eventual premature dry-out in mini-channels. Therefore, new studies are needed to provide better knowledge on flow boiling phenomena in small, confined spaces. The proposed paper presents an experimental study of vertical flow boiling in mini-channels. The pressure drop and the heat transfer coefficient in the test section have been measured for a variety of conditions. Different heat flux, inlet vapor quality, and mass flow rate values have been tested. A critical dry-out vapor quality depending on the mass flow rate has been found. Nevertheless, the superficial velocity appears to be much more appropriate than the vapor quality or the mass flow rate for the dry-out occurrence prediction. A clean dependence with a single critical velocity value has been found.     

Flow boiling of liquid nitrogen in micro-tubes: Part I – The onset of nucleate boiling, two-phase flow instability and two-phase flow pressure drop

This paper is the first portion of a two-part study concerning the flow boiling of liquid nitrogen in the micro-tubes with the diameters of 0.531, 0.834, 1.042 and 1.931 mm. The contents mainly include the onset of nucleate boiling (ONB), two-phase flow instability and two-phase flow pressure drop. At ONB, mass flux drops suddenly while pressure drop increases, and apparent wall temperature hysteresis in the range of 1.0–5.0 K occurs. Modified Thom model can predict the wall superheat and heat flux at ONB. Moreover, stable long-period (50–60 s) and large-amplitude oscillations of mass flux, pressure drop and wall temperatures are observed at ONB for the 1.042 and 1.931 mm micro-tubes. Block phenomenon at ONB is also observed in the cases of high mass flux. The regions for the oscillations, block and stable flow boiling are classified. A physical model of vapor patch coalesced at the outlet is proposed to explain the ONB oscillations and block. Vapor generation caused by the flash evaporation is so large that it should be taken into account to precisely depict the variation of mass quality along the micro-tube. The adiabatic and diabatic two-phase flow pressure drop characteristics in micro-tubes are investigated and compared with four models including homogeneous model and three classical separated flow models. Contrary to the conventional channels, homogeneous model yields better prediction than three separated flow models. It can be explained by the fact that the density ratio of liquid to vapor for nitrogen is comparatively small, and the liquid and vapor phases may mix well in micro-tube at high mass flux due to small viscosity of liquid nitrogen, which leads to a more homogeneous flow. Part II of this study will focus on the heat transfer characteristics and critical heat flux (CHF) of flow boiling of liquid nitrogen in micro-tubes.     

Two-phase flow instability for boiling in a microchannel heat sink

The present study explores experimentally the two-phase flow instability in a microchannel heat sink with 15 parallel microchannels. The hydraulic diameter for each channel is 86.3 μm. Flow boiling in the present microchannel heat sink demonstrates significantly different two-phase flow patterns under stable or unstable conditions. For the stable cases bubble nucleation, slug flow and slug or annular flows appear sequentially in the flow direction. On the other hand, forward or reversed slug/annular flows appear alternatively in every channel. Moreover, the length of bubble slug may oscillate for unstable cases with reversed flow demonstrating the suppressing effect of pressure field for bubble growth. It is found that the magnitude of pressure drop oscillations may be used as an index for the appearance of reversed flow. A stability map on the plane of inlet subcooling number versus phase change number is established. A very narrow region for stable two-phase flow or mild two-phase flow oscillations is present near the line of zero exit quality.     

Correlations of two-phase frictional pressure drop and void fraction in mini-channel

Alternative correlations of two-phase friction pressure drop and void fraction are explored for mini-channels based on the separated flow model and drift-flux model. By applying the artificial neural network, dominant parameters to correlate the two-phase friction multiplier and void fraction are picked out. It is found that in mini-channels the non-dimensional Laplace constant is a main parameter to correlate the Chisholm parameter as well as the distribution parameter. Both previous correlations and the newly developed correlations are extensively evaluated with a variety of data sets collected from the literature.     

储冰桶换热管组流动特性研究

分析了储冰桶换热器管组的流动过程,建立实际流动的物理模型,通过理论推导,获得了分析解。为准确计算换热器组流量分布,系统压降以及设计提供了一种理论方法。     

Flow distribution in the manifold of PEM fuel cell stack

In this study, the pressure variation and the flow distribution in the manifold of a fuel-cell stack are simulated by a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. Two dimensional stack model composed of 72 cells filled with porous media is constructed to evaluate pressure drop caused by channel flow resistance. In order to simplify this model, electrochemical reactions, heat and mass transport phenomena are ignored and air is treated as working fluid to investigate flow distribution in stacks. Design parameters such as the permeability of the porous media, the manifold width and the air feeding rate were changed to estimate uniformity of the flow distribution in the manifold. A momentum-balance theory and a pressure-drop model are presented to explain the physical mechanism of flow distribution. Modeling results indicate that both the channel resistance and the manifold width can enhance the uniformity of the flow distribution. In addition, a lower air feeding rate can also enhance the uniformity of flow distribution. However, excessive pressure drop is not beneficial for realistic applications of a fuel-cell stack and hence enhanced manifold width is a better solution for flow distribution.