天然气长输管道安全运行优化管理浅谈

目前国内长输管道建设和发展已经进入到一个较为繁荣的历史阶段,虽然管道的长度不断的增加,有效地解决了长距离输送天然气的问题,给人们的生产生活带了方便,但是天然气管网运行安全管理工作也将面临新的挑战。本文将对天然气管网运行过程中存在的安全问题进行分析,并在此基础上就如何加强天然气管网安全运行管理,谈一下自己的观点和认识,以供参考。     

油气管网负荷率的估计方法研究

随着国家经济与技术的不断发展,油气等能源的消耗也在不断提高,管道是能源输送的必要工具,而管网的负荷率直接影响能源的使用率,为了充分利用能源,减少能源的浪费率,必须对油气管负荷率进行估计预测。     

长输油气管道安全运行技术管理探讨

管道输送是油气运输中最便捷、经济和可靠的方式。随着经济的发展、管道的大量敷设和长期运行,管道事故时有发生。管道的安全技术愈发引起人们的重视。本文从几个方面着手,给出了一系列强化长输油气管道安全运行管理工作的有效举措,以求为长输油气管道的安全运行管理提供必要的借鉴与参考。     

油气管道流动保障技术发展趋势

流动保障技术是通过综合研究影响油气管道流动安全各主要相关因素对所输介质流动特性的影响规律,进而提出保障和预防措施来实现油气管道的安全运行。对油气管道流动保障技术的历史、现状和未来趋势进行了论述,明确了所包含的原油流变学及其应用研究、油(气)管道流动改进剂研究与应用研究和多种油品顺序输送流动特性研究等三项主要研究内容,提出了这一研究领域的重点发展方向。     

油气管道缺陷无损检测技术应用

油气管道作为输送大量石油或气体等能源的运输渠道,目前应用十分广泛。为确保油气管道的安全运行,延长使用寿命,应定期对其进行无损检测,以便及时发现问题,及时进行维修改造。     

输油气管道工艺运作流程及其安全性分析

管道输送是油气运输中最便捷、经济和可靠的方式。随着经济的发展、管道的大量敷设和长期运行，管道事故时有发生。现役油气长输管道的快速发展使得其安全可靠性问题日益突出，提高对事故的预测能力是实现安全高效输油输气的关键。油气管道系统的风险评价技术研究就是为了提高输油输气工程各环节的可靠性。本文在输油气管道工艺运作流程的基础上，对管道输油原理、管道输油方式等做了简单介绍，从几个方面着手，给出了一系列强化输油气管道安全运行管理工作的有效举措，以求为长输油气管道的安全运行管理提供必要的借鉴与参考。     

石油管道安全运行管理

管道输送石油天然气,具有高效、低耗、连续输送和自动化程度高等优势,成为当前物流的重要形式之一和国民经济和社会发展不可缺少的"生命线"。国家在"十一五"能源发展规划中提出石油天然气在国家能源消费的占比由现在的23.8%提高到25.8%,石油天然气管网从现有的5万公里增加到6万4千公里。但因其具有高能高压、易燃易爆、有毒有害、连续作业、链长面广、环境复杂等特点,决定了其安全管理的极其重要性。     

浅谈管道铺设初设期间外协调研工作的重要性

我国从二十世纪80年代已经开始进行管道铺设施工,主要输送油类。自从进入二十一世纪,由于油价的高涨及新兴产油国的出现,世界油气开发建设将形成高潮,油气管道、LNG储运设施等装置建设加快,带来大量的投资和相当长的管道建设期。管道作为油气生产与供应关键环节,在国家能源整体战略中占有重要的地位,市场潜力巨大,发展前景广阔,新一轮油气管道建设高潮初露端倪,如西二线西段、西二线东段、中缅管线等国家重点工程建设,输送各种介质(天然气、原油、成品油及煤层气等)。本论文主要从外协工作在国内管道施工中的重要性、外协工作中存在的问题、初设期间外协调研的重要性及案例分析等方面,阐明做好管道工程初设期间外协调研工作的重要性。     

浅析输油气管道运输中的常见问题及对策

随着社会的不断发展与进步，经济的发展带动着能源市场的需求量大大增加，石油天然气在我国的应用范围越来越广。人们的日常生活离不开石油天然气，它在人们的日常生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。油气管道在石油天然气运输过程中起着重要的作用，中国油气管道已经形成了跨地区供应管网。由于石油天然气有着其自身的特殊性，具有易燃、易爆、易与静电聚集、易挥发的特点，在输送过程中常常容易出现各种问题，引发安全事故。本文围绕输油气管道运输过程中常见的问题，探究其具体的解决措施与对策，为石油天然气的运输提供参考建议。     

浅议管道第三方破坏因素及预控措施

目前我国油气管道里程超过10万公里，形成连接东西、横穿南北、遍布全国的地下能源大动脉。虽然管道输送油气优势突出，但其存在的安全风险也特别大，仅第三方破坏在我国油气管道事故中就占40％左右的比例，所以防止第三方破坏管道的任务比较严竣。本文重点阐述了目前油气管道第三方破坏的主要因素及采取的预控措施。     

凝固科学技术与材料

从凝固科学与实践发展的角度介绍了当前凝固材料体系的基本框架和凝固科学主要发展阶段的基本理论。作为材料科学与工程的基本组成，凝固科学技术正在现代科学理论的基础上针对传统材料的改性提高和新材料的发展需求，以控形、控构、控性为目标开展优质铸件的定向、晶体生长、快凝、深过冷及各种新型和超常领域凝固过程的研究，并介绍了其中某些方面和展望了可能的发展趋势。     

Development and challenges of planning and scheduling for petroleum and petrochemical production

Production planning and scheduling are becoming the core of production management, which support the decision of a petrochemical company. The optimization of production planning and scheduling is attempted by every refinery because it gains additional profit and stabilizes the daily production. The optimization problem considered in industry and academic research is of different levels of realism and complexity, thus increasing the gap. Operation research with mathematical programming is a conventional approach used to address the planning and scheduling problem. Additionally, modeling the processes, objectives, and constraints and developing the optimization algorithms are significant for industry and research. This paper introduces the perspective of production planning and scheduling from the development viewpoint.     

江澳两地高校文创设计的协同研究与商业实践

目的 探索江门世遗文化的传承、发展和转化的新思路,践行国家在《粤港澳大湾区发展规划》纲要中要求江门承担与港澳地区文化创意合作与开发任务的分工。方法 与澳门高校紧密合作,开展专业培训课程,以开平碉楼为例,从人文视角开展设计研究,梳理开平碉楼的文化脉络,把世遗文化的元素和其背后的文化融入文创产品中,提升文创产品的附加值,推动当地文创产业结构的变革。结果 两地高校构建了稳定的科研团队,开设长期有效的设计培训课程,与景区建立了研究协作关系,帮助景区构建了一套产销研的商业模式。结论 以跨区域高校合作为平台,以文创产品为抓手,依托江澳两地的资源优势,可以构建江门世遗文化全新的品牌形象,最终推动开平世遗文化的活化。     

Error and uncertainty in modeling and simulation

This article develops a general framework for identifying error and uncertainty in computational simulations that deal with the numerical solution of a set of partial differential equations (PDEs). A comprehensive, new view of the general phases of modeling and simulation is proposed, consisting of the following phases: conceptual modeling of the physical system, mathematical modeling of the conceptual model, discretization and algorithm selection for the mathematical model, computer programming of the discrete model, numerical solution of the computer program model, and representation of the numerical solution. Our view incorporates the modeling and simulation phases that are recognized in the systems engineering and operations research communities, but it adds phases that are specific to the numerical solution of PDEs. In each of these phases, general sources of uncertainty, both aleatory and epistemic, and error are identified. Our general framework is applicable to any numerical discretization procedure for solving ODEs or PDEs. To demonstrate this framework, we describe a system-level example: the flight of an unguided, rocket-boosted, aircraft-launched missile. This example is discussed in detail at each of the six phases of modeling and simulation. Two alternative models of the flight dynamics are considered, along with aleatory uncertainty of the initial mass of the missile and epistemic uncertainty in the thrust of the rocket motor. We also investigate the interaction of modeling uncertainties and numerical integration error in the solution of the ordinary differential equations for the flight dynamics.     

Density and viscosity of tetralin and trans-decalin

New measurements are reported for the density and viscosity of tetralin and trans-decalin. The density was determined from room temperature to 60°C for tetralin and to 95°C for trans-decalin. The kinematic viscosity was measured up to temperatures slightly above 100°C. Our results improve upon the values recommended by the American Petroleum Institute for these liquids.     

Creation and motion of dislocations and fracture in metal and silicon crystals

By making a step on one surface ( ) of a rectangular small paralellepiped copper crystal, dislocations could be created by the molecular dynamic method. The dislocation created was not a complete edge dislocation but a pair of Heidenreich-Shockley partial dislocations. Each time a dislocation was created, the stress on the surface was released. Small copper crystals having a notch were pulled (until fracture), compressed and buckled by use of the molecular dynamic method. An embedded atom potential was used to represent the interaction between atoms. Dislocations were created near the tip of the notch. A very sharp yield stress was observed. The results of high speed deformations of pure silicon small crystals using the molecular dynamics are presented. The results suggest that plastic deformation may be possible for the silicon with a high speed deformation even at room temperature. Another small size single crystal, the same size and the same surfaces, was compressed using molecular dynamic method. The surfaces are {110}, {112} and {111}. The compressed direction was [111]. It was found that silicon crystals are possible to be compressed with a high speed deformation. This may suggest that silicon may be plastically deformed with high speed deformation.     

SMC／BMC的回收与再利用

SMC／BMC废弃物对工业及环境造成了很大影响，指出了SMC／BMC回收再利用的紧迫性。通过对目前国际上SMC／BMC回收再利用的3种典型途径优缺点的对比，参照国外SMC／BMC回收再利用的先进方法，对我国SMC／BMC回收再利用提供了可行的建议．     

The Candela and Photometric and Radiometric Measurements

The national measurement system for photometric and radiometric quantities is presently based upon techniques that make these quantities traceable to a high-accuracy cryogenic radiometer. The redefinition of the candela in 1979 provided the opportunity for national measurement laboratories to base their photometric measurements on optical detector technology rather than on the emission from high-temperature blackbody optical sources. The ensuing technical developments of the past 20 years, including the significant improvements in cryogenic radiometer performance, have provided the opportunity to place the fundamental maintenance of photometric quantities upon absolute detector based technology as was allowed by the 1979 redefinition. Additionally, the development of improved photodetectors has had a significant impact on the methodology in most of the radiometric measurement areas. This paper will review the status of the NIST implementation of the technical changes mandated by the 1979 redefinition of the candela and its effect upon the maintenance and dissemination of optical radiation measurements.