静态电压稳定域边界的切平面分析

提出了基于全参数空间的静态电压稳定域的2种切平面计算方法:特征向量法和隐函数求导法。2种方法均可考虑各种因素对于电压稳定域的影响。其中隐函数求导法还能够计算状态变量对于独立参数变量的偏导数。在此基础上，建立了从功率注入空间到线路传输功率空间的映射关系，可以解析求出割集功率空间电压稳定域的超平面近似表达式，从而避免了现有数据拟合算法的局限性，提高了计算速度。此外，文中考虑电力系统运行限制对于电压稳定的影响，提出了实用电压稳定域的概念，并计算了相应的切平面。进一步在电压静态稳定域切平面分析的基础上，提出了3类电压稳定指标，有利于综合评估系统电压稳定水平。IEEE 9和IEEE 39节点系统的仿真分析表明，所提出的电压静态稳定域的切平面分析法可准确评估系统的电压稳定水平，为电力系统的安全运行提供了决策依据。     

基于静态等值的在线实时电压稳定性分析

在综合分析电压稳定及等值方法的基础上，结合电力系统自身的特点和要求，基于电压稳定 的基本概念提出了一种静态等值的新方法，利用这种方法可以迅速作出Q—V，P—V或P—Q曲 线，适合于在线实时分析电压的稳定性，并通过数字仿真证明了该方法的有效性。     

电压预测技术提高HVDC混合实时仿真器接口稳定性

介绍使用电压预测技术提高HVDC混合实时仿真系统接口的稳定性。接口稳定性是建立混合实时仿真系统的关键问题。利用电压预测技术，结合“虚”阻尼并联支路，可以有效地减小接口电流噪声，提高RTDS数值计算稳定性，保证数模接口在稳态和暂态仿真中的稳定。各AC/DC接口的电压预测步长需独立精心选择，典型值在1个～3个步长，取决于直流平波电抗值的大小和直流输电线的长度。文中给出了接口的技术实现和性能校验结果。     

基于同步相量测量的电压稳定评估算法

提出一种基于同步相量测量的电压稳定评估算法。算法中只需要利用局部同步相量测量，即被监测负荷节点的同步电压相量，及由与其相连接的同步电压相量所得到的等价电压相量，建立一等价两节点系统。最后，以被监测负荷节点的同步电压相量在等价电压相量的投影与等价电压相量幅值的一半之差，作为计算电压稳定与否的指标。将这个算法应用于一个5节点系统中，仿真结果验证了算法的正确性及合理性。     

一种静态电压稳定临界点的识别和计算方法

提出了一种用连续潮流技术识别和计算电压崩溃临界点的方法。电力系统静态电压稳定分析中，常见有鞍结型分岔点和约束诱导型分岔点。基于连续潮流的间接方法没有确定初值的困难，适合于负荷参数耦合的情形,易于识别约束型分岔点，从而适合于大型实际系统静态稳定临界点的计算。通过对中国一个实际地区系统的数值分析，表明文中所提方法是有效的。     

基于负荷模糊聚类的电压稳定概率评估

在对研究时段内多个负荷水平进行模糊C均值聚类的基础上，采用多维正态分布抽样技术，提出了一种同时计及节点负荷相关性和负荷预测不确定性的电压稳定概率评估方法。通过对负荷样本多次抽样后进行连续潮流计算及模态分析，可以获得系统功率极值、母线与支路参与因子的统计信息，以及系统在给定负荷水平下电压失稳的概率，从概率角度指出具有潜在电压稳定问题的区域，实现对系统电压稳定性的概率评估。通过对IEEE 57节点系统进行分析计算，验证了算法的可行性和有效性，并就模糊聚类数、负荷预测不确定性和节点负荷相关性对电压稳定评估结果的影响进行了比较和分析。     

电压崩溃判据的应用研究

有载调压变压器（OLTC）在变电站的使用越来越普及，但OLTC分接头的调整可能引起电压不稳定，甚至电压崩溃，针对这一情况，提出利用电压崩溃判据Zii/Zi=1和变电站的实时信息，对OLTC引起的这一“负调压”作用进行预测，并讨论了变电站各种接线情况下变量的求取方法。     

±500 kvar GTO-SVG中 GTO死区补偿的研究

分析了GTO死区存在严重恶化SVG输出电压的原因；提出了一种有效的 补偿死区的方法，该方法不需要实时判断系统电压和电流的方向来实时改变补偿死区的规律 ，而是根据SVG自身的运行特点，提出一种判断SVG输出无功的方向（可通过简单地判断SVG 输出电压与系统电压之间的角度δ的方向来实现），即可离线设置两个方向上的死区补 偿的 角度修正值Δδ，从而方便地实现死区补偿的方法。该方法不仅有效地减小了SVG输出 电压的失真度，还可节省大量的CPU运行时间；在±500 kvar SVG上进行试验，其结果验证了该补偿方法的有效性和必要性。     

计及静态电压稳定约束的无功优化规划

选择无功补偿设备投资和系统有功网损的综合费用作为目标函数，同时考虑满足电压水平和电压稳定性两个约束条件来探讨无功规划问题。选取用电压稳定裕度不低于某一个允许的最小稳定裕度来表示电压稳定约束。分别对正常运行工作点和电压崩溃点引入2组变量和潮流方程，从而使得电压稳定裕度可以用临界运行状态下负荷的总视在功率与正常运行状态下负荷的总视在功率之差来显式表达。该模型相对于传统无功规划模型的优势表现在能够根据稳定裕度的目标值直接求得在合理电压水平下的最佳无功补偿配置方案，但其优化模型的等式和不等式约束及变量的数目却大幅增加，使得计算量远大于传统的无功规划问题。在IEEE 14节点和118节点2个试验系统的计算表明，采用非线性原对偶内点法求解该模型时，其计算精度及收敛性都比较好。     

负荷节点电压稳定性就地安全指标研究

在讨论一种二次方程判别式指标即线路稳定因子的基础上，利用电压方程的有解判别式，提出了三种适用于 就地电压控制的节点电压稳定指标，即电压实部判别式指标AVRP，AVRQ和电压幅值判别式指标ＡVM。计算 机仿真结果表明，这三种指标的效果与利用全局量的灵敏度指标相仿，能够准确地反映负荷节点的电压稳定 性，并具有良好的线性性质。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.