Maternal tactual contact of the newborn after various postpartum conditions of mother–infant contact.

The effect of early and/or extended mother-infant contact in the postpartum period on 54 German middle-class mothers (mean age 25 yrs) was examined with respect to their tactual contact of their newborns. The control group had neither early nor extended contact, a 2nd group had early contact starting with the 1st hr after birth, a 3rd group had extended contact (i.e., 5 hrs of rooming-in each day), and a 4th group had early and extended contact with their infants. All Ss stayed for 8-20 days in the hospital, as is customary in Germany. Each S-infant pair was videotaped on 3 different days for a 20-min feeding period. For the 1st 5 days of hospitalization, early but not extended contact had a significant positive effect on the Ss' caressing behavior but not on their caretaking skin touches. Also, as determined by interview, whether this was a planned pregnancy or not had a significant effect on the S's tender touch behavior. The main effect of early contact was associated only with the amount of tender touch of Ss with planned pregnancies, who showed significantly more tender touch behavior. Ss with early contact also cuddled more than Ss without early contact. Ss without early contact, however, touched their children as often as Ss with early contact after 8-20 days. This may indicate a remedial effect after mild S-child separation. (25 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Disposable contact lenses and their complications

Disposable soft contact lenses (DSCLs) have been marketed as a safer alternative to conventional soft lenses. Extended-wear DSCLs are designed for one or two weeks of continuous use before disposal. Those for daily wear are designed for use as conventional daily wear soft lenses, with daily removal and storage for 2 to 4 weeks before disposal. Beside minor complications, such as corneal abrasion, giant papillary conjunctivitis and toxic epithelial reactions to contact lens solutions, the most serious complication occurring in contact lens users is ulcerative keratitis. Several case-control studies performed over the last years, demonstrated that disposable contact lenses were associated with a 14-fold excess risk of ulcerative keratitis compared with that for patients wearing conventional daily-wear soft contact lenses and a 13-fold excess risk compared with that for wearers of rigid gas permeable contact lenses. However, the major risk factor for corneal ulceration in contact lens wearers is overnight lens wear of 1 to 3 nights. It was estimated that 49 to 74% of cases of contact lens associated ulcerative keratitis could be prevented by eliminating overnight wear.     

A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory.

The present article presents a meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. With 713 independent samples from 515 studies, the meta-analysis finds that intergroup contact typically reduces intergroup prejudice. Multiple tests indicate that this finding appears not to result from either participant selection or publication biases, and the more rigorous studies yield larger mean effects. These contact effects typically generalize to the entire outgroup, and they emerge across a broad range of outgroup targets and contact settings. Similar patterns also emerge for samples with racial or ethnic targets and samples with other targets. This result suggests that contact theory, devised originally for racial and ethnic encounters, can be extended to other groups. A global indicator of Allport's optimal contact conditions demonstrates that contact under these conditions typically leads to even greater reduction in prejudice. Closer examination demonstrates that these conditions are best conceptualized as an interrelated bundle rather than as independent factors. Further, the meta-analytic findings indicate that these conditions are not essential for prejudice reduction. Hence, future work should focus on negative factors that prevent intergroup contact from diminishing prejudice as well as the development of a more comprehensive theory of intergroup contact. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Simulation of Strip Rolling Using Elastoplastic Contact BEM With Friction

With rollers as elastic bodies and workpieces as elastoplastic bodies,the rolling problem can be viewed as a friction elastic-plastic contact problem.With fewer assumptions in the simulation of strip-rolling process,a boundary element method（BEM）for two-dimensional elastoplastic finite strain and finite deformation analysis of contact problems with friction was presented.All the equations for contact problems,which include multi-nonlinearities,were obtained.Incremental and iterative procedures were used to find contact pressure and friction stress.Moreover,initial strain rate algorithm and work-hardening material behavior can be assumed in the plastic analysis.Several examples were presented,and the results of contact pressure and friction stress were in excellent agreement with those of analysis.     

Prostate cancer staging: correlation between ultrasound determined tumor contact length and pathologically confirmed extraprostatic extension

PURPOSE: We determine whether a new parameter, the amount of tumor in contact with the fibromuscular rim (capsule) of the prostate, correlates with extraprostatic extension, and ascertain whether estimating the new parameter using transrectal ultrasonography can predict extraprostatic extension. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed step sectioned prostatectomy specimens from 189 patients who had had positive peripheral zone biopsies. We measured the contact length, maximum length (mm.) of the portion of the peripheral zone cancer that was in contact with the fibromuscular rim, and determined the contact ratio from the quotient (%) of the contact length divided by the tumor circumference. We evaluated the correlation between the pathological and ultrasound measurements of these parameters, as well as the accuracy of these criteria for predicting microscopic extraprostatic extension. RESULTS: Among the 189 cancers there was a significant difference (p <0.0001) between organ confined tumors and tumors with extraprostatic extension in contact length and contact ratio. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.691) between the contact lengths measured ultrasonically and histologically among 95 patients who had hypoechoic lesions associated with positive biopsies. A receiver operating characteristics curve of the ability of ultrasound estimated contact length to predict extraprostatic extension revealed the best cutoff value to be 23 mm. with 77% accuracy. Logistic regression analysis revealed that pathological contact length correlated better with extraprostatic extension than tumor volume, Gleason score, prostate specific antigen (PSA) level and pathological contact ratio. The best preoperative predictor of extraprostatic extension was the ultrasound contact length, followed by the contact ratio, PSA value, percentage of the biopsy specimen that was cancer and presence of perineural invasion in the biopsy specimen. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the predictability of ultrasound contact length was improved by considering PSA value also. Probability plots for predicting extraprostatic extension were developed by combination of ultrasound contact length with PSA value. CONCLUSIONS: The length of tumor contact with the fibromuscular rim is more significantly related to extraprostatic extension than tumor volume, PSA level and tumor grade. For hypoechoic cancers a new ultrasound staging criterion, contact length, has been defined. For men who are clinically candidates for radical prostatectomy and have peripheral zone hypoechoic cancers the combination of ultrasound contact length and PSA value is the best predictor of extraprostatic extension.     

不同类型塑料螺旋轮啮合强度研究（英文）

This study investigates the strength of plastic helical wheels meshed with enveloping and cylindrical worms whose tooth profiles mesh in line contact with helical wheels.R unning fatigue tests of plastic helical wheels together with a conventional cylindrical involute worm,a line contact enveloping worm,and a line contact cylindrical worm were conducted.T he tooth bearings,tooth temperatures,and fatigue lives of plastic helical wheels meshed with the different worms were examined at various center distances.Main results obtained are as follows:T he lives of both line and point contact wheels depended upon backlash,but the lives of line contact wheels are more sensitive to backlash than those of point contact wheels.At the backlash that maximizes the wheel life,the line contact wheels last longer than point contact wheels at smaller applied torques,but the influence of worm type on wheel life reduced at higher applied torque.     

Infiltrative keratitis with contact lens wear--a review

BACKGROUND: "Infiltrates" of white blood cells aggregating in the superficial cornea are common with corneal inflammation. The etiologies of such inflammation vary widely and include an association with contact lens wear. METHODS: This paper reviews the literature regarding corneal infiltrative keratitis with contact lens wear. Basic mechanisms in the development of corneal infiltrates as well as etiologies are presented. Associations and causes, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, course, and treatment for corneal infiltrates in contact lens wearers are reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Corneal infiltrates associated with contact lens wear may stem from a variety of causes including factors related to the lens material, design, condition; the lens wearing schedule; environmental factors such as external environment; and lens care patterns, procedures, and products. Individuals who wear contact lenses are also subject to the many non-contact lens-related stimuli to corneal infiltration. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of corneal infiltrates with contact lens wear is important, especially due to the possibility of infectious etiology.     

Intergroup contact with independent manipulations on in-group and out-group interaction.

Tested the hypotheses that (a) Repeated contact with an out-group under favorable conditions would be more effective in decreasing intergroup bias than a single contact session; (b) Independent of out-group contact, increasing in-group contact would accentuate intergroup bias; (c) beneficial effects of contact with a subset of an out-group would generalize to the larger category from which the experimental out-group was drawn. 160 female undergraduates were divided into 2 groups based on their college affiliation. They then interacted for either 1 or 2 sessions with their in-group and with the out-group. Results support the 2 contact hypotheses. Intergroup bias decreased as out-group contact increased and in-group contact decreased, but there was little evidence that changes in evaluation of the experimental in-group and out-group generalized to the larger college populations. (41 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Differences in psychological and physical health among layoff survivors: The effect of layoff contact.

This study examined health and well-being among workers who have experienced varying types of contact with layoffs in an organization undergoing downsizing. Using survey data from a large organization employing both white- and blue-collar workers (N?=?2,279), the authors argued that there are important differences among surviving workers as a function of their layoff experiences. Having any kind of personal contact with layoffs is found to be associated with less job security, more symptoms of poor health, depression, and eating changes as compared with having no layoff contact. Being laid off and rehired is associated with more work-related injuries and illnesses and missed work days due to such events than is receiving a "warn" notice, indirect contact (i.e., friends. or coworkers laid off), or no contact with layoffs. Job security partially mediates the relationship between type of layoff contact experiences and health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

载荷对接触热导影响的实验研究

接触界面热导是工程热设计中的一个重要参数，目前国内外普遍采用稳态法进行测量，但该法不能测试大塑性变形下的接触热导．在许多工程应用如双辊连续铸轧中，材料发生大应变塑性变形，其变形率达到50％以上．本文利用瞬态法对大变形条件下的接触热导进行了测试，测试结果表明当接触压力远远超过接触试样中硬度较小的试样的屈服极限以后接触热导变化趋于平缓，接触热导值相对于小压力条件有显著提高。     

Sexual intimacy in psychology training: Results and implications of a national survey.

In a nationwide survey of members of American Psychological Association Division 29 (Psychotherapy), which had a 48% return rate (N=481), 10% of the respondents reported sexual contact as students with their educators; 13% reported entering sexual relationships as educators with their students. However, only 2% believed that such relationships could be beneficial to trainees and educators. Gender differences were significant: 16.5% of the women, compared with 3% of the men, reported sexual contact as students; however, 19% of the men, compared with 8% of the women, reported such contact as psychology educators; and 12% of the males, compared with 3% of the females, reported sexual contact as psychotherapists with their clients. Sexual contact in psychology training programs seems to be increasing: 25% of the recent female graduates had had sexual contact, compared with only 5% of those with degrees for more than 21 yrs. The literature on ethics, standards, research, theory, and practice leaves both psychology graduate students and those psychologists responsible for their education without clear expectations, information, or guidelines concerning sexual intimacy in psychology training. This article represents an attempt to raise the issue and to present some initial information. (29 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Discrete Element Modeling of Contact Creep and Aging in Sand

In this study, aging in dry, clean sand induced by contact creep is investigated through numerical simulations using the discrete element method. Simulation results demonstrate that contact creep initiates the redistribution of contact forces. Although contact creep produces a very small decrease in porosity (approximately 1.7%), a significant change in the contact force distribution is produced in the aged sample. The contact forces ultimately become more uniform in both magnitude and spatial distribution. This homogenization of contact forces leads to more stable force chains and therefore produces an increase in the small-strain stiffness, early strength, and dilatancy in the aged sample. Such increases are not found in the sample prepared to the same porosity as the aged sample but without aging. This is because, in generating this sample, the contact creep is not allowed and therefore its associated contact force distribution is less homogenized compared with that in the aged sample.     

A study of 42 episodes of overwhelming post-splenectomy infection: is current guidance for asplenic individuals being followed?

PURPOSE: Evaluation of contact lens-induced cytologic changes on the conjunctival surface. METHODS: Fifty eyes of 25 patients wearing soft or rigid gas-permeable contact lenses, and 50 healthy eyes of 25 control subjects were examined with conjunctival impression cytology. Of the patients wearing contact lenses, 40% did not have any contact lens-related complaints, whereas 60% had some minor complaints related to contact lens intolerance. The material obtained by impression cytology was examined with regard to epithelial cell morphology, goblet cell density, and snake-like nuclear chromatin changes. RESULTS: When epithelial cell morphology was graded according to the system described by Nelson, specimens from the control group revealed 90% of the eyes to be grade 0 and 10% to be grade 1, whereas of the eyes wearing contact lenses, 8% were grade 0, 36% grade 1, 32% grade 2, and 24% grade 3. Thus statistically significant differences were observed between the control group and the contact lens group with regard to each grade (p < 0.05) as well as to the goblet cell densities (p < 0.05). Snake-like chromatin changes, on the other hand, were observed in 30 and 27% of the eyes wearing soft and rigid gas-permeable contact lenses, respectively, whereas these were not encountered in any eye in the control group. CONCLUSION: Epithelial changes were noted to be more frequent and more severe in symptomatic patients than in those without any complaints. No correlation was found between average duration of contact lens wear and the risk of contact lens intolerance or development of squamous metaplasia.     

Discrimination against contact lens wearers

Employers' attitudes toward the use of contact lenses at work have become less discriminatory as lenses have improved and numerous studies have demonstrated their safety, provided that additional personal protective equipment is used when necessary. In 1994, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration published its relevant Standard (29 CFR 1910), stating that "contact lenses do not pose additional hazards to the wearer...". Accommodations required by wearers of contact lenses must comply with Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act. However, many companies still oppose their use. The recently published policy of the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine and the American Academy of Ophthalmology on the use of contact lenses should lead to their wider acceptance. Elements of a corporate contact lens policy are outlined. International aspects are summarized as well.     

Renal damage in rheumatoid arthritis

Finger skin temperature change during contact with a cold aluminium surface was studied in 20 subjects (10 men and 10 women). Contact pressure (0.1 N, 5.9 N and 9.8 N), contact material mass (large one, mass 3559 g, small one, mass 108 g), surface temperatures (-7 degrees C, 0 degree C, +7 degrees C) and whole body thermal balance were controlled as independent factors. The contact experiments were performed in a small chamber and only the first section of the index finger of the left hand was in contact with the aluminium surface. The results indicated that all the factors studied had significant effects on the contact skin temperature change with time. The study confirmed that a modified Newtonian model with two components can accurately describe the contact skin temperature change with time. The study resulted in three predictive models for critical skin temperature when in contact with cold aluminium. The results indicated that metal surfaces in contact with bare hands should not be below 4 degrees C surface temperature. Lower temperatures require insulating material or the wearing of protective gloves.     

The study of human behavior and schistosomiasis transmission in an irrigated area in Morocco

This paper presents a research strategy for studying water contact, water use and schistosomiasis transmission in an irrigated area of Morocco. This setting, with many scattered water contact sites, many activities carried out at these sites, and the small number of people involved, was not appropriate for a conventional water contact study based on the observation of water contact sites, such as had been carried out in the Nile delta. The Moroccan study utilizes three related concepts: the household, time geography, and the gendered use of space. It seeks to understand processes and interrelationships underlying the daily mobility pattern of individual households, and seen as part of a larger system of organization and structure in time and space. The preliminary results of the study indicated the complexity and dynamism of water use and water contact, which need to be considered in planning disease control strategies especially in changing settings, such as those associated with environmental interventions in the study area.     

Enhanced hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen in the alcoholic patient. Two case reports and a review of the literature

PURPOSE: Bacterial adherence or binding to the target cell is a prerequisite for the initial stage of most infections and seems to be mediated by lectin-like ligands on the bacterial surface and specific receptors on the target cell membrane. The purpose of this study was to establish whether contact lens wear under closed eye conditions changes the glycocalyx layer, whether it exposes more lectin receptors than eye closure without a contact lens, and whether wear of low oxygen transmissibility (Dk/L) contact lenses exposes more receptors than high Dk/L contact lenses. METHODS: The eyes of six rabbits under general anesthesia were fit with either a high Dk/L soft contact lens (40 x 10(-9), boundary corrected) or a low Dk/L soft contact lens (2 x 10[-9]) or were left without a lens as controls. All eyes were kept closed by suturing for 24 hours. After removal of the contact lenses, all corneas were excised, put in glutaraldehydeforfixation, rinsed, incubated with plant-derived lectins (wheat-germ agglutinin [WGA]) conjugated with gold particles, and prepared for electron microscopy. Membrane associated gold particles were counted and the results were processed statistically. RESULTS: After 24 hours of lens wear under closed eye conditions, the glycocalyx layer showed physical changes in the form of thinning or compression and signs of biochemical changes reflected as an increase in number of WGA receptors. The average number of membrane associated gold particles per 750 micro length of corneal epithelium in control corneas was 1,287.5 +/- 92.5. Particles were significantly (P<0.001) more numerous after wear of high Dk/L contact lenses (3,230.0 +/- 294.5) and after wear of low Dk/L contact lenses (4,611.3 +/- 223.3). The figure after wear of low Dk/L contact lenses was significantly (P<0.01) higher than the figure after wear of high Dk/L contact lenses. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that lens wear under closed eye conditions seems to change the corneal glycocalyx layer physically as well as biochemically. Significantly larger numbers of WGA receptors were exposed after contact lens wear than without a contact lens. Significantly more receptors were exposed after wear of low Dk/L contact lenses than after wear of high Dk/L contact lenses. These changes may be of importance in relation to the risk of bacterial keratitis.     

Perceptual contact with reality in schizophrenia.

"It was hypothesized that under experimental conditions involving minimal distance cues, schizophrenics in poor contact would manifest less size constancy than either schizophrenics in good contact or normals. Three groups of subjects, schizophrenics in good contact with reality, schizophrenics in poor contact, and normals, were tested in a size-constancy experiment under three different distance cue conditions, maximal, minimal, and no cue. The results of the investigation supported the hypothesis. This was interpreted as suggesting that the schizophrenic's break with reality involves not only more complex psychological functions, but basic perceptual processes as well." 20 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Grandparents' psychological well-being after loss of contact with their grandchildren.

This study examined how loss of contact with grandchildren due to parental separation or divorce, family feud, or a sudden event, such as relocation, affected the emotional well-being of grandparents (N = 442). Using data from the Longitudinal Study of Generations, the depressive symptoms of grandparents were tracked over 15 years. Growth curve analysis was used to compare grandparents who had lost contact with their grandchildren with those who had not and to examine preloss to postloss change in depressive symptoms. Grandparents who lost contact with their grandchildren experienced a steeper increase in depressive symptoms as they aged compared with other grandparents. Depressive symptoms of grandparents who lost contact because of a sudden event increased up to 3 years following the loss but returned to equilibrium thereafter. The authors conclude that grandparents who lost contact with their grandchildren experienced a negative impact on their emotional health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effect of intersegmental knee moments on patellofemoral contact mechanics in cycling

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of bicycle pedal design on the mechanics of the patellofemoral joint. Previous research determined that for certain riders the non-driving varus and internal knee moments could be reduced by switching from fixed to free floating pedals (Ruby and Hull, 1993). It was postulated that the presence of varus and internal knee moments during fixed pedal cycling may adversely affect patellofemoral joint contact mechanics which could lead to the development of anterior knee pain. To investigate the effect of pedal design the hypothesis that varus and internal intersegmental knee moments significantly increase patellofemoral contact pressure, contact area and contact force was tested. To test this hypothesis cycling loads were simulated in vitro using a six-degree-of-freedom load application system (LAS). Using the LAS, varus moments ranging from 0-20 Nm and internal knee moments ranging from 0-10 Nm were applied simultaneously with quadriceps force at knee flexion angles of 60 and 90 degrees. Patellofemoral contact patterns were measured using pressure sensitive film. An applied 10 Nm internal moment significantly increased both contact area by 16% and contact force by 22% at 90 of flexion. The application of a 20 Nm varus moment modestly yet significantly increased contact area by 6% and contact force by 5%. When applied in combination, varus and internal knee moments increased contact area and force by as much as 29% and 28% respectively. The mean contact pressure was not significantly increased by either of the two moments. The results suggest that non-driving intersegmental knee moments subject the patellofemoral joint to loads and contact patterns which may accelerate the development of chondromalacia.