n-Al2O3/Ni复合镀层的组织与滑动磨损性能研究

用电刷镀技术制得了镍基n-Al2O3复合镀层，并对镀层的滑动磨损性能进行了试验研究。纳米复合镀层的表面形貌比较细腻，镀层中纳米粒子分布均匀，与基质金属结合紧密。镀层显微硬度达到HV700，比快速镍镀层提高约40％。滑动磨损试验结果表明，随着纳米粒子含量的增大，镀层的耐磨性提高，摩擦系数也呈增大趋势；但当镀层中n-Al2O3粒子的超过2.56%(质量分数）时，镀层的耐磨性显著下降。纳米复合镀层的磨损机制以疲劳磨损为主，而快速镍底层以粘着磨损为主。     

铝表面Ni-SiC-WS2复合镀层的制备及其性能研究

为了探究SiC和WS₂微粒的共沉积对Ni镀层的组织结构、耐磨性与耐蚀性的影响，在1060铝表面制备纯Ni镀层、Ni-SiC和Ni-SiC-WS₂复合镀层，利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、能谱仪(EDS)、显微硬度计、球盘磨损机以及电化学工作站对镀层的表面、截面形貌、相组成、元素含量、显微硬度进行检测与分析，对比了纯Ni镀层、Ni-SiC和Ni-SiC-WS₂复合镀层的耐磨与耐蚀性能。结果表明：Ni-SiC-WS₂复合镀层平整致密，镀层中SiC和WS₂的质量分数分别为7.05%和2.53%,这导致其镍晶粒尺寸比纯Ni镀层和Ni-SiC复合镀层分别减小63.39%和21.63%。Ni-SiC-WS₂复合镀层的显微硬度最高可达424.73 HV_{0.5 N},比纯Ni镀层和Ni-SiC复合镀层分别提高57.70%和20.46%;镀层中的WS₂微粒有良好的减摩作用，使得Ni-SiC-WS₂     

Ni中间层对QBe2.5/钢激光点焊接头力学性能的影响

流量阀的执行机构常应用铍青铜/钢复合元件,本文采用0.05 mm纯Ni作为中间层对QBe2.5铍青铜薄片与20#钢异种金属激光点焊搭接接头力学性能进行优化.通过光学显微镜、拉剪试验、显微硬度计和能谱测试仪对比分析添加Ni与不添加Ni层时焊接接头的成形、力学性能以及元素分布.研究表明:与未加镍层接头相比,加镍中间层的焊缝熔深较小,且基本不出现下塌现象,加镍中间层比未加中间层的接头抗拉剪力提高了61.5%;加入镍中间层后的焊缝中Fe元素含量增加,而Cu元素含量降低,接头韧性提高;加镍中间层的接头焊缝硬度值沿焊点深度方向逐渐增大,而未加镍层的基本不变,且加镍层比未加镍层的接头界面显微硬度值低.镍中间层材料可以显著改善铍青铜/钢异种金属接头焊缝熔合比,提高接头的抗拉剪强度、塑性和韧性     

渗剂中铝粉含量对Cu基Ni镀层表面Cr-Al渗层组织和性能的影响

为了提高铜金属表面硬度和耐磨性,在铜表面预先镀镍,然后对镍镀层进行渗cr,Al,制备Cr-Al渗层.研究了渗剂中铝粉含量对其微观组织、显微硬度和耐磨性的影响.结果表明:当渗剂中铝粉含量在5%～20%(质量分数,下同)范围,渗层组织为Ni(Cr,Al)固溶体,晶面(200)出现明显的择优生长,显微硬度从HV170增加到H...     

α-Al2O3含量对Ni-P复合化学镀层结构及性能的影响

为改善镍磷复合化学镀层的性能,利用X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射等分析方法研究了α-Al2O3在镀层中的含量对镀层硬度、耐磨性、孔隙率及镀层结构的影响.结果表明:镀液中α-Al2O3加入量小于1 g/L时,随镀液中α-Al2O3浓度的增大,镀层中α-Al2O3的含量提高,镀层硬度与耐磨性增大,孔隙率略有增加;当镀液中α-Al2O3含量为1 g/L时,镀层中α-Al2O3的含量达到最大值4.8%,镀态硬度达到750 HV,约为Ni-P镀层的1.5倍,耐磨性约是Ni-P镀层的5.0倍;镀态镀层为Ni-P非晶与α-Al2O3晶体组成的复合镀层,经400℃热处理1 h后,镀层晶化为Ni3P晶体、Ni基固溶体,表面生成NiO晶体,镀层中α-Al2O3的结构不变.     

灰铁基Cr-n-Al_2O_3复合电刷镀层的性能

采用电刷镀在灰口铸铁表面制备了n-Al2O3掺杂的Cr基复合镀层。通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、扫描电子显微镜附带能谱仪(EDS)等技术对镀层的晶粒尺寸、截面与表面形貌及n-Al2O3在镀层中的分布进行了表征。此外,利用显微硬度计、磨损试验机、电化学工作站等仪器对镀层的硬度、耐磨性、抗腐蚀性等进行了测试。结果表明:Cr-n-Al2O3复合镀层组织致密无明显缺陷,n-Al2O3均匀地弥散分布于镀层表面;在纳米粒子的弥散强化及细晶强化作用下,复合镀层的硬度相对于纯Cr镀层提高了42.8%,耐磨性也有所提高;此外,n-Al2O3的加入也改善了镀层的耐腐蚀性能。     

超临界条件下脉冲占空比对石墨烯复合镀层微观结构和性能的影响

以氧化石墨烯(GO)为第二相添加物,采用超临界二氧化碳流体(SCF-CO_2)辅助脉冲复合电沉积技术制备超临界镍基石墨烯复合镀层。研究了脉冲占空比对镀层的微观结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明:超临界二氧化碳流体和氧化石墨烯共同作用可以显著细化复合镀层的显微组织;复合镀层镍衍射晶面(111)和(200)峰位的变化说明结晶过程中择优取向发生了改变;占空比参数的变化,对镀层力学性能影响较大。当占空比为50%时,超临界镍基石墨烯复合镀层的显微硬度值高达756.8HV_0.2,磨痕截面积为4385μm^2,与普通条件下制备出的镍基石墨烯复合镀层相比,其硬度和耐磨性分别提高了1.6倍和11倍。     

发动机叶片纳米颗粒复合电刷镀后的性能

针对某型发动机压气机整流叶片榫头磨损,应用纳米颗粒复合电刷镀技术进行修复.通过控制电刷镀工艺参数,获得了性能稳定的纳米颗粒复合镀层,并检测了镀层的结合强度、显微硬度、基体渗氢量、耐磨性能及接触疲劳寿命.结果表明:n-Al2O3/Ni镀层、n-SiO2/Ni镀层以及快镍镀层的结合强度均能满足使用要求;与快镍镀层相比,n-Al2O3/Ni镀层硬度提高了25%,对基体的渗氢量降低了47%,耐磨性能是快镍镀层的2.5倍,接触疲劳寿命增加,而n-SiO2/Ni镀层硬度提高了12%,对基体的渗氢量降低了41%,耐磨性能是快镍镀层的2.2倍,接触疲劳寿命增加;纳米颗粒复合电刷镀比普通电刷镀快镍的加工效率提高近1倍;采用纳米颗粒复合电刷镀修复的叶片通过了长试考核,能满足使用性能要求.     

工艺参数对Ni-SiC复合镀层组织和性能的影响

采用复合电镀技术在铸铁基体材料上制备了Ni-SiC复合镀层.研究了SiC粒度、浓度、阴极电流密度等工艺参数对复合镀层的微观组织和显微硬度的影响.研究结果表明:在相同浓度条件下,SiC粒度较小的镀层表面平整、细密、均匀;SiC粒度较大的镀层表面较粗糙,部分SiC颗粒没有被基质金属Ni完全包裹住.在相同粒度条件下,SiC浓度增加,镀层中的SiC颗粒含量随之增加.在一定浓度范围内,镀层硬度随着SiC粒度的增加而有所降低.且镀层硬度随着SiC浓度的增加而增加,也随着阴极电流密度的增加而增加.     

Ni-Al2O3复合镀工艺及镀层性能的研究

介绍了Ni-Al2O3耐磨复合镀的制备工艺,讨论了工艺参数对镀层质量的影响.研究表明,电流密度增大不利于提高镀层中纳米颗粒的含量,pH值增大会使复合含量降低,电镀时适当搅拌或适当改变搅拌方式可以使复合镀层中的纳米颗粒含量提高.Al2O3颗粒的加入能有效阻止镍晶粒的生长,且在颗粒附近复合镀层的硬度比镀纯镍成倍的提高,Al2O3颗粒越细小作用越明显.目的是提高不锈钢表面的耐磨性,制备的复合镀层耐磨性高于镀纯镍.确定了适宜的工艺范围:纳米粉体质量浓度为10～20 g/L,电镀时间10～15 min,电流密度1.5～2.0 A/dm2,pH值为4.0～5.0,机械搅拌速度120 r/min,超声波功率200 W,电镀温度45℃.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...