Genesis of the high gamma sandstone of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin, China

Recently, more attention has been paid on the high gamma sandstone reservoirs of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin, China. These high gamma sandstones have logging characteristics different from conventional sandstones, which influences the identification of sandstone reservoirs. Zhang et al (2010) proposed that the high gamma sandstones of the Yanchang Formation might be the result of re-deposition of homochronous sedimentary tuffs or previous tuffs as a part of the sandstone. However, we present a different viewpoint: 1) few tuffs or tuff debris have been found in the high gamma sandstones of the Yanchang Formation; 2) high gamma (or high Th content) sandstones of Yanchang Formation are not related to either clay minerals or feldspar; 3) the heavy minerals in the sandstone reservoirs of the Yanchang Formation are dominated by zircon, which is characterized by abnormally high Th and U contents, up to 2,163 ppm and 1,362 ppm, respectively. This is sufficient to explain the high gamma anomaly. The conclusion is that the high gamma value of the Yanchang Formation sandstones might be caused by zircon with high Th and U contents in sandstones rather than from the tuff components.     

Research on deepwater synthetic drilling fluid and its low temperature rheological properties

With the rapid development of deepwater drilling operations,more and more complex technical challenges have to be faced due to the rigorous conditions encountered.One of these challenges is that the drilling fluid used must had good rheological properties at low temperatures and high ability to inhibit hydrate formation.Synthetic drilling fluid has been widely applied to deepwater drilling operations due to its high penetration rate,excellent rheological properties,good ability to prevent hydrate formation,and high biodegradability.A synthetic drilling fluid formulation was developed in our laboratory.The rheological properties of this drilling fluid at low temperatures (0-20 °C) were tested with a 6-speed viscometer and its ability to inhibit hydrate formation was evaluated at 20 MPa CH 4 gas and 0 °C by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).Several factors influencing the low temperature rheological properties of this synthetic drilling fluid were studied in this paper.These included the viscosity of the base fluid,the amount of CEMU and organic clay,and the water volume fraction.     

Tailor-Made PAMA VII to Optimize Automatic Transmission Fluid Rheological Requirements

There are three predominant aspects of the rheological requirements： maximum possible high temperature thickening, minimum possible low - temperature thickening, and high shear stability for automatic transmission fluids. High temperature thickening by Ⅵ improvers is largely a function of molecular size and high solubility to give extendeel polymer coil size. On the other hand, the desirable characteristic of minimum low- temperature thickening is a function of somewhat the opposite characteristic; namely relatively poor solubility leading to minimal polymer coil size and thus low viscosity contribution. In addition to not thickening fluids at cold temperatures Ⅵ improvers should also provide control of wax - gelation which, if unfettered, can lead to congealed fluids. Finally the third property of high shear stability is in direct conflict with the desirable characteristic of large molecular size for effective high temperature thickening. In this paper we shall attempt to sort out these conflicting properties and provide some insight into how we approach design of Ⅵ improvers for the highly demanding world of automatic transmission fluid rheology.     

New High Viscosity Ester Base Stocks for Superior Lubricant Formulations

BASF presents a new high viscosity ester base stock technology.Viscosity profiles of these new candidates are comparable to market-known high viscosity PAO types such as PAO 40 and PAO 100.Due to the more polar nature of the new ester base stocks additional benefits can be achieved in terms of friction reduction,energy efficiency or facilitated additive solubilisation against high viscosity PAOs.The superior performance of the new high viscosity ester base stock technology is demonstrated in direct comparison against high viscosity PAO counterparts in industrial gear applications.The basic advantages found herein in industrial gear applications are also of relevance for other lubricant applications such as automotive driveline oil or engine oil applications.As one exemplary area industrial gear applications play a dominant role in modern wind turbines.The latest generation of lubricants used in these turbine gear boxes are required to provide a greater performance in terms of wear protection,durability,foam resistance,shear stability,and oxidation resistance.Common formulations are based on a PAO base stock thickened with high molecular weight PAO polymers to achieve a viscosity of ISO 320 combined with additives to provide wear protection,foam resistance etc.A recent plant outage coupled with high demand for high molecular weight PAO polymers has led to the market becoming aware of potential availability issues.In response to this important challenge BASF has developed a new formulation strategy-based on the new high viscosity ester technology and upon a widely available low molecular weight PAO base stock employing a new concept in a thickening system that avoids the use of high molecular weight PAO polymers.The novel ester base stock can be manufactured at multiple locations and is based on sustainable raw materials that can be sourced from a wide supplier base.     

A Simple Method for Preparing CuCl/Activated Carbon for Selective CO Adsorption from Hydrogen

Carbon monoxide(CO) is an impurity gas that can poison the precious metal catalysts of hydrogen fuel cells,so it is necessary to separate CO from hydrogen. In this paper, an isovolumetric impregnation method was developed to prepare Cu(I)-supported activated carbon(AC), which is simple and easy to industrialize. The prepared cuprous chloride CuCl/AC adsorbent displayed a high CO adsorption capacity of 82.1 cm³/g and a high CO/H₂ separation factor of 20 at 20bar and 298 K. T...     

China’s Oil & Gas Imports and Exports in 2011

Average oil price in international market exceeded 110 US dollars and hit historic high in 2011,but China’s crude oil imports still rose to 273.78 million tons.Net imports of crude oil,refined oil,liquefied petroleum gas(LPG)and other oil products created another historic high.Oil dependency,i.e.the proportion of net oil imports to domestic consumption went on rising and rose to about 59.8% in 2011. Net imports of refined oil rose by 46% remarkably, indicating that the growth of processing capacity of domestic refineries lagged behind consumption of oil products.     

Development of Light Cycle Oil(LCO) Hydrocracking Technology over a Commercial W-Ni Based Catalyst

Because of its high density and low cetane number, the light cycle oil(LCO) containing heavy aromatics(60%—80%) can hardly be transformed through the conventional hydro-upgrading technology. In this report, a novel LCO hydrocracking technology(FD2G) was proposed for the utilization of LCO to manufacture high value-added products. Through the ingenious combination of hydroprocessing catalyst and the hydrocracking process, the high octane gasoline and the ultra-low sulfur diesel(ULSD) blendstocks were produced simultaneously. The influence of catalyst type, reaction temperature, pressure, respectively, on the research octane number(RON) of produced gasoline was studied in a fixed bed hydrogenation reactor. It indicated that high reaction temperature and medium pressure would favor the production of highoctane gasoline through the conversion of bi-aromatic and tri-aromatic hydrocarbons. The typical results of FD2 G technology on commercial units showed that it could produce clean diesel with a sulfur content of less than 10 μg/g and clean gasoline with a research octane number(RON) of up to 92. It would be contributed to the achievement of the maximum profit of a refinery, the FD2 G technology could provide a higher economic efficiency than the other diesel quality upgrading technology under the current gasoline and diesel price system.     

Coal Tar Derived Metallocene Catalyst for Polymerization of 1-Decene into Low-viscosity Poly-α-Olefin Lubricating Base Oil

The production of poly-α-olefins(PAOs) has attracted attention due to their excellent viscosity-temperature dependence,wear characteristics,oxidative properties,and high thermal stability.In this study,indene extracted during coal tar refining was used as a raw material to synthesize a bis(indenyl)zirconium dichloride metallocene catalyst.A PAO with low viscosity and a high viscosity index was produced via the oligomerization of 1-decene in the presence of both the prepared metallocene and a met...     

ABSTRACT

As the exploration targets are getting more and more corn plicated and the development of hydrocarbon reservoir goes into depth,it is urgent to implement high precision 3-D seismic to improve the precision of 3-D seismic exploration. High precision 3-D seismic can be understood as accomplishing high precision 3-D migration based on high resolution 3-D seismic explora tion. It differs from fine 3 D seismic to some extent. Fine 3-D seismic emphasizes on paying attention to the smallest details to ensure the stability of 3-D seismic exploration results. Great exploration benefits can be achieved by delicate work. As far as the improvement of exploration is concerned, besides delicate work,it needs new and sophisticated technologies.     

Investigation of structural parameters and self-aggregation of Algerian asphaltenes in organic solvents

Elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H-NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy, and surface tension methods have been used to characterize the molecular structure and the aggregation behaviors of two asphaltenic fractions derived, respectively, from an Algerian petroleum well and a corresponding storage tank deposit. Elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H-NMR, and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to investigate the chemical composition and structural parameters of asphaltenes, while the surface tension method was used to measure the critical micelle concentration (CMC) in organic solvents with different solubility parameters and polarities in order to characterize the asphaltenes’ aggregation behaviors. Results show that the unstable asphaltenes fraction extracted from the storage tank deposit possesses a higher polarity (higher heteroatoms content) and a lower aromaticity than stable asphaltenes from the petroleum well. The CMC results indicate that asphaltenes with high polarity and low aromaticity have a high solubility in polar solvents such as nitrobenzene, whereas asphaltenes with low polarity and high aromaticity are more soluble in solvents with weak polarity, like toluene. It is concluded that the difference of structure of asphaltene samples and polarity of solvents can lead to difference of aggregation behaviors.     

N iW/SAPO-11催化剂的异构化性能

以SAPO-11分子筛为载体,采用共浸渍法制备了一系列N i和W含量不同的N iW/SAPO-11催化剂,并对催化剂进行了表征。以正辛烷为模型化合物,在连续微反装置上对催化剂的异构化性能进行了评价,考察了n(W)∶n(N i)和反应条件对催化剂的异构化性能的影响。实验结果表明,当催化剂中n(W)∶n(N i)=2.0时,正辛烷的转化率最高,并且异构化性能好,在温度400℃、压力2.0M Pa、LHSV1.0h-1、V(H2)∶V(正辛烷)=400∶1的条件下,正辛烷的转化率约为70%、异构化产物选择性约为80%、芳构化产物选择性约为1.5%,并且催化剂的稳定性好。     

NiP/ZSM-5催化异构化及芳构化

以正辛烷作为探针分子 ,在连续微反装置上考察了不同浸渍法改性NiP/ZSM -5催化剂的异构化和芳构化的反应性能 ,探讨了工艺条件对择形催化反应的影响。结果表明 ,改性后的NiP/ZSM -5催化剂表现出较高的转化活性。在压力 1 2MPa、温度 3 2 0℃、氢 /烃体积比为 40 0 /1、液态空速 4h- 1 的最佳反应条件下 ,正辛烷反应的转化率、液体产物收率、异构化和芳构化产物的选择性分别为 79 80 %、41 83 %、10 83 %和 17 79%。与分步浸渍法相比 ,采用共浸渍法制备的催化剂上B酸和L酸分布更为均衡 ,因而表现出更好的反应性能。     

正庚烷在Ni2P/SAPO-11催化剂上的加氢异构化反应性能

采用次磷酸镍过量浸渍-分解法制备了Ni2P/SAPO-11催化剂,通过低温N2吸附-脱附、XRD、HRTEM等分析手段对催化剂进行了表征。以正庚烷为原料,在固定床微反装置上考察了反应条件、Ni2P负载量对正庚烷异构化反应性能的影响,并与Pt/SAPO-11催化剂进行了对比。结果表明：Ni2P/SAPO-11催化剂具有与Pt基催化剂相当的异构化选择性,但异构化活性和芳构化选择性较低;Ni最佳负载量（w）为4%,优化的反应条件为：反应温度400 ℃、压力0.5 MPa、氢烃体积比500、体积空速1 h-1,在此条件下正庚烷的转化率为73.0%,异构化选择性为90%。     

不同分子筛负载镍催化剂的正辛烷异构化和芳构化性能

选用SAPO-11,USY,ZSP-3三种分子筛为载体,浸渍镍制备催化剂;采用BET、XRD、程序升温氨脱附（NH3-TPD）以及吡啶吸附-脱附红外光谱法对催化剂进行表征。以正辛烷为模型化合物,在临氢的条件下,考察催化剂的异构化及芳构化性能。结果表明：Ni/SAPO-11具有最好的异构化选择性和较好的芳构化选择性,但转化率最低; Ni/ZSP-3虽然具有最高的转化率和芳构化选择性,但其异构化选择性最低;Ni/USY的选择性和转化率均介于两者之间,但芳构化选择性最差。稀土改性可以调节ZSP-3分子筛为载体的催化剂表面酸中心分布,提高异构化和芳构化选择性。     

Zn改性KL分子筛的正戊烷探针反应研究

通过浸渍法制备一系列负载Zn的Zn/KL分子筛,采用XRD、FT-IR等方法对Zn/KL分子筛进行表征。在微反固定床上以正戊烷的异构化和芳构化为探针反应,分别考察Zn负载量（w,下同）为0.5%,1.0%,3.0%的Zn/KL分子筛的催化性能。结果表明,在反应温度为460 ℃、常压、体积空速1.5 h-1的条件下,Zn负载量为0.5%的Zn/KL分子筛的催化性能最好,异构化率为86.72%,芳构化率为12.19%。Zn负载量为0.5%的KL分子筛（0.5%Zn/KL）与Pt/KL及Pt/Al2O3的比较结果表明,0.5%Zn/KL的异构化性能最好,但芳构化性能弱于其它二者。     

PtSnZn/ZSM-5-ZSM-11-Al_2O_3催化剂上FCC汽油制苯、甲苯和二甲苯

以全馏分流化催化裂化(FCC)汽油为原料,在小型固定床反应装置上考察了添加ZSM-5-ZSM-11共晶分子筛(简称CDM分子筛)对PtSnZn/Al2O3催化剂催化FCC汽油芳构化制苯、甲苯和二甲苯(BTX)的性能、抗积碳和反复再生性能的影响,并与工业重整催化剂PS-Ⅵ进行了对比。实验结果表明,添加CDM分子筛可有效提高PtSnZn/Al2O3催化剂的芳构化活性和稳定性;在460～560℃、0.4MPa、重时空速0.3h-1、H2与原料油的体积比100的条件下连续运行72h,随运行时间的延长和反应温度的升高,PtSnZn/CDM-Al2O3催化剂上液体产物中BTX的质量分数从47.1%逐渐增至63.1%。NH3-TPD表征结果显示,CDM共晶分子筛为催化剂提供了较稳定的酸性中心。PtSnZn/CDM-Al2O3催化剂反复再生10次后,活性无明显下降,且再生过程中无需补氯。TG和程序升温氧化分析结果显示,PtSnZn/CDM-Al2O3催化剂上的积碳量明显低于PS-Ⅵ催化剂,且高温区积碳量很少,使催化剂具有良好的稳定性。     

钾修饰的MCM-22分子筛上1-己烯加氢异构和芳构化

考察了钾金属修饰的MCM-22分子筛上1-己烯加氢异构和芳构化反应。结果表明,MCM-22分子筛的强酸有利于芳构化而不利于异构化。通过负载钾金属可以降低MCM-22分子筛的强酸量,提高其异构化性能,并影响其1-己烯异构化和芳构化产物的碳数组成分布。通过改变MCM-22分子筛上钾金属负载量可以达到调节1-己烯异构化和芳构化反应比例及产物分布的目的,同时有效抑制裂解和提高催化剂的稳定性。     

Mo-P/HZSM-5催化剂临氢芳构化性能研究

将硅铝原子比为38的HZSM-5分子筛在不同浓度的氢氧化钠碱溶液中处理后,通过离子交换法脱除部分硅原子,改善孔结构。以HZSM-5分子筛为载体,钼酸铵和磷酸二氢铵做钼源和磷源,用共浸渍法制备了氧化态前体,采用程序升温还原法制备出了负载型磷化钼催化剂,采用XRD和N2-吸附进行表征。在小型连续固定床反应器上以全馏分FCC汽油为原料,考察碱溶液浓度和工艺条件对芳构化反应的影响。结果表明,最佳的碱溶液浓度为0.20 mol/L,在反应温度360℃、压力2.0 MPa、空速2 h-1、氢油比400∶1时,液相产品中芳烃质量分数为32.39%,烯烃质量分数为17.18%,液体收率为93.5%。     

有机酸对NiW/Al2O3加氢脱硫催化剂性能的影响

在NiW/Al2O3催化剂的制备过程中分别添加丁酸、丁二酸、柠檬酸有机助剂,采用程序升温还原（TPR）、X射线衍射（XRD）、高分辨透射电镜（HRTEM）、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)- EDS能谱等对催化剂进行表征,考察不同有机酸对催化剂性质和柴油加氢脱硫活性的影响。结果表明,催化剂制备过程中添加有机酸减弱了金属组分与载体间的相互作用,增加了活性金属的硫化度和WS2晶粒的堆垛层数,减少了金属组分的聚集。除丁酸外,添加丁二酸和柠檬酸催化剂的加氢脱硫活性均高于对比NiW/Al2O3催化剂。     

菲在不同加氢催化剂上的转化

 采用孔饱和共浸渍法制备了CoMo/Al₂O₃、NiMo/Al₂O₃和 NiW/Al₂O₃加氢催化剂。采用 H₂-TPR 表征了其还原性能,并与Co/Al₂O₃、Ni/Al₂O₃、Mo/Al₂O₃和 W/Al₂O₃进行对比。在连续流动固定床加氢微反装置上,考察了菲在不同催化剂上加氢反应的转化率和选择性。结果表明,CoMo/Al₂O₃、NiMo/Al₂O₃和NiW/Al₂O₃3个催化剂中,NiMo/Al₂O₃比 CoMo/Al₂O₃容易还原,NiW/Al₂O₃最难以还原。其原因主要是由于Mo与Al₂O₃相互作用比W弱,相对更容易还原;以及 Ni 比 Co 对促进 Mo(W)还原的效果更显著。在相同的加氢反应条件下,NiMo/Al₂O₃和 NiW/Al₂O₃均比 CoMo/Al₂O₃表现出更好的菲加氢饱和性能,NiMo/Al₂O₃比 NiW/Al₂O₃具有更高的低温加氢活性。在菲转化率相当时,NiMo/Al₂O₃和 NiW/Al₂O₃表现出更高的八氢菲和全氢菲选择性,而 CoMo/Al₂O₃则表现出较高的二氢菲选择性,这主要是由于Ni 和Co 助剂对Mo(W)作用效果不同。