遮阳板和内缩窗对建筑外窗太阳辐射的影响研究

遮阳板和内缩窗是我国南方建筑较常采用的一种遮阳形式,为研究这两种遮阳结构对建筑外窗太阳辐射的影响,计算了建筑东、南、西、北外墙上,采用遮阳板的内缩窗的太阳辐射能量。对太阳直射辐射采用投影相加法计算遮阳板和内缩墙面对建筑外窗的遮挡。计算表明:遮阳板和内缩窗可以明显减弱东、南、西侧外墙上窗户的太阳辐射,对北侧外墙窗户的遮阳作用较小。     

Irradiation mapping of complex urban environments: an image-based approach

This paper describes a novel approach for evaluating the total annual/monthly irradiation incident on building facades in urban settings. The analysis is founded on a physically-based rendering approach and uses data-visualisation techniques to generate ‘maps’ (i.e. false-colour images) of annual/monthly irradiation. The irradiation ‘maps’ are derived from hourly time-series data for 1 year and take accurate account of shading by, and inter-reflection from, other buildings and surfaces. The sun and sky irradiation images are evaluated separately. The sky contribution is calculated using realistic, non-isotropic models for the sky radiance distribution. The ‘maps’ can be used to confidently identify facade-locations where there is high irradiation, for example to aid the siting of photovoltaic (PV) panels. The technique can be applied to scenes of arbitrary complexity from a single building to fully ‘worked-up’ city models. The results of the analysis have been linked to a geographical information system (GIS)-based solar energy planning system. The system is targeted at city planners and one of its aims is to encourage the consideration of solar energy in the urban planning process.     

农村太阳房节能优化

从建筑规划节能设计、建筑平面节能设计和建筑围护结构优化设计方面对农村附加阳光间太阳房进行了优化,以提高附加阳光间太阳房的整体节能效果,为农村地区建设附加阳光间太阳房提供了重要的理论依据。     

建筑负荷预测中太阳辐射透过窗户引起的冷负荷

通过对建筑物玻璃窗所受太阳辐射得热的性能分析,建立了太阳辐射得热模型;根据《民用建筑热工设计规范》中划分的5个建筑热工分区,建立了典型玻璃窗的太阳辐射得热系数（SHGC）数据库,由此构建了透过玻璃窗的瞬时太阳辐射得热模型。参考DeST中的家具平板模型,建立了玻璃窗的室内蓄热平板模型,通过模型将太阳辐射得热量转化为瞬时冷负荷,并与相同条件下冷负荷系数法中的透过玻璃窗的日射得热形成冷的负荷进行对比,其相对误差不超过20％,满足城市规划阶段负荷预测的要求。从而为解决太阳辐射透过玻璃窗形成的冷负荷提供了一个新的思路,为修正用于区域能源规划中建筑负荷预测用的负荷因子模型提供了一个实用方法。     

太阳辐射两级区化方法及其应用

完整准确的太阳辐射数据是利用太阳能的前提,但实测数据严重匮乏,建立太阳辐射区域估算模型可以有效解决数据缺失的问题。提出太阳辐射两级区划方法,以晴空指数为一级区划指标,日照时数和平均温度为二级区划指标,对中国太阳辐射气候进行区域划分,共得到17个太阳辐射区,通过建立区域模型计算该区域内无辐射实测数据台站的日总辐射量。以陕西省为例,计算全省范围内33个台站的日总辐射量,结果显示,累年平均日总辐射量由陕北北部、陕北中部至关中、陕南逐渐递减,分布状况与纬度、气候和地形对太阳辐射强度的影响机理相符,表明太阳辐射两级区化方法可以用于日总辐射量计算中。     

Modelling and simulation of single- and triple-junction solar cells using MATLAB/SIMULINK

The main objective of this paper is to determine the single- and triple-junction solar cells’ I–V and P–V curves, define maximum voltage, current, and power. The paper demonstrates and analyses different environmental conditions that affect the solar cells, such as temperature and irradiance. The performance of single- and triple-junction solar cells is evaluated by analysing the fill factor. In this work, the analysis of single- and triple-junction solar cells is carried out through software simulation. Different conditions demonstrated to observe the results of this variation in both single- and triple-junction cells, such as observing the solar cell behaviour under variation of temperature between 15°C (288.315?K) and 45°C (318.15?K) for the single-junction cell and between 268.15?K (?5°C) and 348.15?K (75°C) for the triple-junction cell to observe the effect of temperature on open circuit voltage, the variation of different levels of irradiance to observe its effect on open circuit voltage and current density on both cell types, and cell performance evaluation using the fill factor concept. Practical results used in this paper are obtained from Clyde Space’s laboratories. Tests of Clyde Space were done using halide lamps to simulate the irradiation conditions with irradiance of half sun which is equivalent to 0.05?W?cm^?2. The operation was done under temperature of 40°C which is equivalent to 313.15?K.     

运用Trombe墙改善室内热环境的数值模拟分析

本文针对Trombe墙式太阳能强化自然通风方式在冬季工况下白天的运行模式,建立相应的数学及物理模型。运用FLUENT软件对其在不同太阳辐射强度下的温度、流速、流线等分布进行模拟计算,并将模拟结果与K．S．Ong的理论结果进行了对比,得出该运行模式适用于冬季采暖,可有效改善室内的空气品质,且在太阳辐射较弱时仍存在改善室内热环境的潜力这一结论。     

Solar energy performance analysis of basin-type solar still under the effect of vacuum pressure

ABSTRACT

This paper deals with a solar still for distilled water, using the heat of the sun to evaporate, cool and then collect the water. They are used in areas where drinking water is unavailable, so that clean water is obtained from dirty water or from plants by exposing them to sunlight; vacuum pressure is delivered to still-type solar. The reason for selecting vacuum pressure is that during the monsoon and cloudy days, solar intensity will not be high as it leads to evaporation at lower temperature saline water under the soar still. The basin area for the production of 5 litres per day of fresh water is determined as 1.44?m²and the solar still basin area of 1.44?m² and 21.5° tilt angle are designed. Solar energy be may used full to alternate in electrical power and to purify water in future. Finally, the performance was analysed for the solar still with a vacuum pressure at 0.6 bar. The outcome of the theoretical analysis shows that adoption of 0.6 bar pressure inside the solar still improves the average performance by 30%. In order to overcome this problem, vacuum could be applied for the better performance of the solar still during the low solar intensity periods.     

Quantification of model form uncertainty in the calculation of solar diffuse irradiation on inclined surfaces for building energy simulation

Traditional uncertainty quantification (UQ) in the prediction of building energy consumption has been limited to the propagation of uncertainties in model input parameters. Models by definition ignore, at least to some degree, and, in almost all cases, simplify the physical processes that govern the reality of interest, thereby introducing additional uncertainty in model predictions that cannot be captured as input parameter uncertainty. Quantification of this type of uncertainty (which we will refer to as model form uncertainty) is a necessary step towards the complete UQ of model predictions. This paper introduces a general framework for model form UQ and shows its application to the widely used sky irradiation model developed by Perez et al. [1990. “Modeling Daylight Availability and Irradiance Components from Direct and Global Irradiance.” Solar Energy 44 (5): 271–289], which computes solar diffuse irradiation on inclined surfaces. We collected a data set of one-year measurements of solar irradiation at one location in the USA. The measurements were done at surfaces with different tilt angles and orientations, for a wide spectrum of sky conditions. A statistical analysis using both this data set and published studies worldwide suggests that the Perez model performs non-uniformly across different locations and produces a certain bias in its predictions. Based on the same data, we then use a two-phase regression model to express model form uncertainty in the use of the Perez model at this particular location. Using a holdout validation test, we demonstrate that the two-phase regression model considerably reduces the model bias errors and root mean square errors for every tilted surface. Lastly, we discuss the significance of including model form uncertainty in the energy consumption predictions obtained with whole building simulation.     

太阳光照时间计算

本文介绍了太阳位置获取的方法及将其转换至地固系和当地切平面坐标系的方法,还介绍了太阳视位置计算的原理和方法,同时考虑了遮挡物对太阳遮挡的计算,结合实例计算获得了太阳在地固系内的直角坐标以及太阳的视位置和遮挡情况,并绘制了直观的太阳与遮挡墙的视位置图,从而计算出测站处太阳光照的时间,其在研究及实际应用需要中具有一定的现实意义。     

重庆地区太阳能热水应用适宜性分析

通过典型年太阳辐照量、太阳能实测对重庆地区太阳能资源进行分析评价;根据典型年太阳能资源数据对重庆地区太阳能热水应用效果进行理论分析,并采用实验测试的方式,从集热效率、得热量、太阳能保证率等方面对重庆地区太阳能热水适宜性进行实测研究。研究表明,重庆地区太阳能资源全年太阳能资源分布极不均匀,具有明显的阶段性分布特征,水平面上太阳辐照量最大;重庆地区太阳能热水系统集热效率、得热量、太阳能保证率等均具有阶段性特征,重庆地区太阳能热水宜阶段性使用。     

High-resolution lidar-based landslide hazard mapping and modeling,UCSF Parnassus Campus,San Francisco,USA

Airborne lidar (light detection and ranging) was used to create a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) and produce landslide hazard maps of the University of California, San Francisco Parnassus Campus. The lidar DEM consisted of nearly 2.8 million interpolated elevation values covering approximately100 ha and posted on an 0.6 m horizontal grid, from which a set of 16 maps was produced. The first subset of maps showed aspects of the topography useful for landslide mapping, an engineering geological map and a qualitative slope hazard map. The second subset consisted of physics-based probabilistic landslide hazard maps for wet static, wet seismic, and dry seismic conditions. This case history illustrates the utility of lidar-based products, supplemented by field-based geological observations and physics-based probabilistic slope stability modeling, for the evaluation of existing and potential slope stability hazards on a steep and heavily forested site.      

茌平体育馆弦支穹顶叠合拱结构的温度场研究

太阳辐射作用下,茌平体育馆弦支穹顶叠合拱结构的温度场分布极为复杂和不均匀.为精确确定其温度场分布,为结构分析提供数据支持,本文基于APDL语言对ANSYS软件进行了二次开发,采用ASHRAE晴空模型编制了温度场数值模拟程序,对夏季太阳辐射、对流换热和热传导等作用下茌平体育馆弦支穹顶叠合拱结构的温度场进行了数值模拟,得到了整个结构的温度场分布规律,并由数值模拟结果分析得到室外钢拱构件的平均温度要比空气温度高很多、构件沿截面的温度梯度很高等重要结论,为随后的结构设计和分析提供了有力支持.     

A method for modelling photovoltaic modules under non-standard conditions of solar radiation and ambient temperature in Quibdó, Colombia

This work describes a mathematical model developed to estimate the I–V and P–V curves of photovoltaic modules operating under non-standard conditions of irradiance and temperature in Quibdó, Colombia.

The model was implemented using the Matlab? software using an equivalent circuit of a diode for a photovoltaic panel. The input parameters of solar radiation and ambient temperature were obtained from a monitoring station installed in the city of Quibdó. The average annual solar radiation was 256.96?W/m² while the annual average temperature was 27.59°C in 2015. The model resulted in curves for I–V and P–V. These were compared with simulated results from the information reported by the manufacturer of a polycrystalline 250?W silicon solar panel (reference AS-6P30), which is part of a photovoltaic system 2?kW interconnected with the grid. This resulted in an average error of 0.5% for the I–V curve and 0.3% for the P–V curve.     

Optimisation of building form for solar energy utilisation using constrained evolutionary algorithms

In this paper we describe a new methodology for optimising building and urban geometric forms for the utilisation of solar irradiation, whether by passive or active means. For this we use a new evolutionary algorithm (a hybrid CMA-ES/HDE algorithm) to search the user-defined parameter space, within defined constraints. The fitness function, solar irradiation, is predicted using the backwards ray tracing program RADIANCE in conjunction with a cumulative sky model for fast computation.Application of this technique to three very different scenarios suggest that the new method consistently converges towards an optimal solution. Furthermore, with respect to configurations subjectively chosen to be intuitively well performing, annual irradiation is increased by up to 20%; sometimes yielding highly non-intuitive but architecturally interesting forms.     

太阳能光导采光技术在建筑中的应用

太阳能光孚采光技术能够直接采集太阳光,利用太阳光的可见光部分并过滤掉大部分的红外线和紫外线,实现了太阳光的利用。光导管作为一种自然采光装置,将太阳光传输到地下或者无窗建筑中,能够创造与自然和谐的建筑光环境,体现了节能减排的理念,是一种值得发展的新技术。     

百叶外遮阳太阳散射辐射计算模型及程序实现

窗户外部的遮阳系统可以减少进入室内的太阳辐射得热量。目前,在计算遮阳系统对太阳辐射的遮挡作用时,仅仅从几何角度上考虑遮阳构件对直射辐射的减少作用,没有考虑对散射辐射的影响,但在实际中,遮阳构件的存在,对散射辐射的影响不能忽略,特别是对于百叶类型的遮阳构造,由于其布置较为紧密,对直射辐射遮挡较多,进入室内的太阳辐射主要为散射辐射,因此建立详细的散射辐射计算模型,可以正确反映和评估其遮阳效果,并为计算遮阳构件对建筑能耗的影响提供基础。通过分析散射辐射入射到百叶遮阳板上的光学特性,建立用于计算太阳散射辐射透过和反射的数学模型,并根据该模型得到用于计算机编程的算法。该模型和算法可以应用于不同的百叶遮阳系统,为建筑能耗模拟中考虑百叶遮阳板对空调能耗的影响提供理论基础。     

MATLAB modelling and examination of the effect of heat capacity of basin and glass cover on performance of solar still by thermal models

There are numerous researcher-developed mathematical models for single slope passive solar stills which considered the effect of heat capacities of basin and glass cover as negligible. The negligence parameter also plays a vital role in the prediction of the thermal performance of the system. In this paper, an effort has been made to evaluate the cumulative yield, energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of a single slope passive solar still with and without considering the heat capacities of basin and glass cover by using various thermal models such as Dunkle’s model, Zheng Hongfei et al.’s model and Tsilingiris model. These models were studied and compared with and without considering the heat capacity of solar components such as basin and glass cover. The thermodynamic model of this system is developed, and executed in a MATLAB code. By comparing the theoretical values of the cumulative yield, energy efficiency and exergy efficiency, it was found that consideration of the heat capacities of glass cover and basin gives a higher output in all the thermal models.     

Sonnenschutz: Eine generelle Bewertungsmethode – auch für zwischenliegende Systeme – und zwei neue Behänge

Sun control: General evaluation method (also suitable for integrated systems) and two new blind types. A general method for realistic performance evaluation of solar control properties of facades with sun‐shading or other solar control systems has been developed. It is particularly designed to be used for venetian blinds. It can be used ‘stand‐alone’ or within building simulation programs. The new method has proven to be of great practical value to planning teams of huge office buildings in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The method is presented in detail in [4]. It can be used either ‘stand‐alone’ (without building simulation) for comparisons of different facade variants or within building simulation programs. In this publication the extension of the methodology for the case of facades with solar control systems between the panes of an insulating glazing unit (IGU) is presented. Some parts of the proposed methodology could be used in standards (e.g. EN 13363) or to improve the accuracy of building simulation programs which are currently on the market. Practical experience with the new methodology led to insights which are the basis for the design of two new products. These new products are compared with state of the art products in [5] on the basis of the new methodology. We are currently linking the new method with the building simulation program ESP‐r in a project which is funded by the Veluxstiftung.     

用太阳辐射转化法计算室外照度值

针对中国光气候数据资料不足、太阳辐射数据丰富以及资金有限的现状,在分析多种光气候数据采集方法的基础上,选用太阳辐射转化法获得光气候数据.引入发光功效的概念作为室外照度值和太阳辐射量转化的基本关系,并分析对比了已有的发光功效模型,运用天空晴朗指数,以重庆1991-1992年的实测数据为基础进行拟合,建立了总发光功效模型和...