Recording Manifestations of Cultural Ecosystem Services in the Landscape

Attempts at assessing the values people attach to ecosystems reveal profound methodological gaps regarding the non-material domains associated with aesthetic, spiritual or heritage values. This paper presents a new approach for trying to grasp these intangible benefits—conceptualised as cultural ecosystem services (CES)—based on the assumption that making use of CES leaves discernible marks on the physical landscape. We explore the potential for tracing visible manifestations of CES in a field walk-based landscape analysis. The results provide information on the character, significance, and spatial distribution of CES and allow for analysis in terms of correlations with landscape features or ecosystem services bundles. Based on our results, the method has two main strengths: 1) as an approach suitable for statistical analysis and integration with spatially explicit and quantitative data in comprehensive landscape assessment; and 2) as a simplified version which can generate valuable data for exploratory or complementary uses.     

省域湿地退化风险评价研究——基于地理 格网与景观特征单元的多尺度分析

地理格网与空间单元的划分是将基于多维指标的量化评价结果转化为地理空间信息的关键过程。快速城市化背景下,湿地生态系统的退化风险不仅取决于湿地类型,更取决于其外部环境,而景观特征评估为此提供了一种更加综合整体的空间单元划分方法。以广东省为例,探索基于景观特征评估方法来划分湿地景观特征单元,并采用简单风险指数模型构建基于网格与景观特征单元的多尺度湿地退化风险评价体系。地理格网评价结果有助于识别高退化风险湿地斑块,而湿地景观特征单元为整合高度分散的湿地斑块及其网络提供了多维度、可识别、面向管理的空间边界与框架,为区域生态系统评价与保护的空间划分提供了新思路。     

基于“植物功能性状-生态系统服务”评价 框架的园林树种选择方法——以上海为例

园林树木的服务功能直接影响着城市绿地系统和城市生态系统的健康与稳定。但是,多年以来,园林树种选择机制和方法却缺少理论支撑,常常具有主观性和随意性。通过上海50种园林树种"植物功能性状-生态系统服务"评价框架的构建和17个性状变量因子分析发现,树种功能性状与生态系统服务之间存在一定的关联性。在形态上,树高决定了树木形态和树冠大小,对小气候调节、径流调蓄、空气净化和消声减噪等调节服务具有不同程度的贡献。叶片性状影响固碳释氧,以及养分供给等生态系统过程,并最终反馈在树种种间服务差异上。树种的文化服务直接与人类偏好相关,具有复杂性和特殊性,需要根据实际需求做出权衡与取舍。"植物功能性状-生态系统服务"评价框架为园林树种的选择和树种规划提供了一种客观理性的方法,便于针对不同的生态系统服务提供相应的树种选择依据,以实现城市绿地综合效益的定量化与最优化。     

Cultural Landscape and Goldfield Heritage: Towards a Land Management Framework for the Historic South-West Pacific Gold Mining Landscapes

This article investigates how cultural landscapes (especially the potentially limiting organically evolved landscape) can be used as a research framework to evaluate historical mining heritage sites in Australia and New Zealand. We argue that when mining heritage sites are read as evolved organic landscapes and linked to the surrounding forested and hedged farmland, the disruptive aspects of mining are masked. Cultural landscape is now a separate listing for World Heritage sites and includes associative and designed landscape as well as those that have evolved organically. These usages have rarely been scrutinized with care. We analyse how mid-nineteenth century goldmining sites can be best thematically interpreted and understood for their heritage, indeed World Heritage, significance and, where appropriate, developed for their sustainable heritage tourism potential. Drawing on a number of research disciplines, a schematic framework is offered for interpreting and classifying these new world cultural landscapes based upon analysis of gold-rush heritage sites throughout the Trans-Tasman world. We evaluate and apply this framework to place-based case studies in Victoria, Australia and Otago, New Zealand.     

“碳汇-视觉-生态”协同视角下的社区 景观环境多元评价体系建构研究——以 武汉市高密度社区为例

高密度城区由于人口密集、建筑密布给社区生态空间带来了应对破碎化和提升服务效能的挑战。如何在高密度环境下考虑生态空间多功能协同的问题成为亟须研究的课题。旨在以“碳汇-视觉-生态”协同视角,提出了一种多元评价体系。选取武汉市高密度社区的800个样本点并建构15分钟生活圈,运用计算机视觉分析景观视觉,通过景观指数和生态系统服务方法评估生态功能,同时采用碳汇测定方法分析储碳能力。利用生态系统服务簇(SOM)的理论方法,有效识别了不同功能的组合情况协同效应。结果在空间中揭示了4类服务簇：植被丰茂簇、碳汇连通簇、生态耦合簇和生态脆弱簇,并据此给出了高密度社区景观环境的提升策略。提出的多元评价体系能为高密度社区环境的优化提供指导,助力居民生活质量提升。     

Dynamics of integrating landscape values in landscape character assessment: the hidden dominance of the objective outsider

Abstract

While there has been extensive research undertaken on the values which insiders attribute to landscape there is a lack of literature which looks at how planning professionals handle landscape values. In this article, I develop a framework for questioning how landscape values are taken up in landscape planning, with the aim of conceptualising what landscape values mean in practice. This is undertaken through addressing landscape assessment, more specifically analysing how landscape character assessment (LCA) represents a critical point in the framing of landscape values. Through a synthesis of research on landscape values I examine the underlying logic of the LCA documents. I conclude that the values communicated in these assessments tend to be those of ‘objective’ outside experts, predominantly based on aesthetics and focusing on the physicality of landscape. This I argue leads to a questioning the legitimacy of the LCA approach.     

Key concepts in a framework for analysing visual landscape character

A transparent and theory-based scheme for analysing visual character is presented. Based on a literature review, nine key visual concepts are identified: stewardship, coherence, disturbance, historicity, visual scale, imageability, complexity, naturalness and ephemera. The nine visual concepts are presented in a framework of four levels of abstraction, described through the concepts' visual dimensions, landscape attributes contributing to the concepts and potential visual indicators suggested for mapping and quantifying the concepts. Each of these concepts focuses on different aspects of the landscape important for visual quality, where visual quality is an holistic experience of them all. The visual concepts presented are used to describe different characteristics of visual landscapes, rather than presenting a normative value for visual quality. It is believed that this framework can be important for landscape assessment and the compilation of landscape character.     

Key concepts in a framework for analysing visual landscape character

A transparent and theory-based scheme for analysing visual character is presented. Based on a literature review, nine key visual concepts are identified: stewardship, coherence, disturbance, historicity, visual scale, imageability, complexity, naturalness and ephemera. The nine visual concepts are presented in a framework of four levels of abstraction, described through the concepts' visual dimensions, landscape attributes contributing to the concepts and potential visual indicators suggested for mapping and quantifying the concepts. Each of these concepts focuses on different aspects of the landscape important for visual quality, where visual quality is an holistic experience of them all. The visual concepts presented are used to describe different characteristics of visual landscapes, rather than presenting a normative value for visual quality. It is believed that this framework can be important for landscape assessment and the compilation of landscape character.     

Assessing and mapping ecosystem services to support urban green infrastructure: The case of Barcelona,Spain

The ecosystem services approach provides an efficient way to support urban green infrastructure planning. Such an assessment, together with mapping, can effectively produce spatial analyses on a specific scale, helping to maintain multi-functional landscapes and plan urban green infrastructure. In turn, green infrastructure can offer a wide variety of ecosystem services, promoting landscape sustainability. This study develops a methodology for the planning of urban green infrastructure based on an ecosystem services approach that assesses the supply capacity of ecosystem services, and identifies possible spatial characteristic areas for interlinking urban green infrastructure within the study area. More specifically, from a landscape perspective, we use 32 ecosystem services (as X-axis) and different land use types (as Y-axis) to build an ecosystem service assessment matrix. We then take the municipality of Barcelona as an example, using the latter to assess and map ecosystem services within the city through ArcGIS, which shows the spatial distribution characteristics of ecosystem services provision. We identify possible spatial areas - which include ecosystem services provision, barren, and obstructed areas - by overlapping the ecosystem services assessment maps. Ultimately, the results provide a reference for urban green infrastructure planning by recognizing priority protected areas, new construction areas, potential areas, and renewal areas.     

Landscape’s physiognomic structure: conceptual development and practical applications

The past decade has seen an increased interest in approaches for the identification and assessment of landscapes, which has been, in part, a response to the European Landscape Convention (ELC). In this article, we review landscape physiognomy, an important component of the Polish approach to the assessment and identification of its landscape. We address the relevance of physiognomy both in relation to the ELC and to the landscape character assessments approach, and then explore the theoretical basis of landscape physiognomic structure. We also expand the existing classification of landscape interiors; this is followed by combining three approaches: (1) physical geography in the field of comprehensive classification of natural landscapes; (2) landscape ecology studies on the spatial structure of land cover patches against the ‘landscape matrix’ and (3) the theory of landscape interiors. Presented ideas create the outline of the concept of landscape’s physiognomic structure.     

Applicability and benefits of the ecosystem concept in the construction industry

Inter-firm collaboration has increased significantly in the last decades. The concept of ecosystem has emerged to explain the nature and implications of businesses’ increasing reliance on networks. The ecosystem concept is intended to be generalizable across sectors, but research on ecosystems has focused on high-tech industries. Moreover, the construction industry has special features that differentiate it from other industries. In this paper, the concept of the ecosystem is introduced and developed in the context of the construction industry and the relationship between ecosystem characteristics and value creation in construction networks is examined. Based on a multiple-case study of six networks in the Finnish and Swedish construction industry, it is suggested that the ecosystem concept is applicable and offers a useful analytical lens for understanding value creation in the construction industry. The results suggest that operating according to ecosystem principles is positively connected to value creation in construction networks. Based on a cross-case analysis, a conceptual framework is presented on the main connections between ecosystem characteristics and value creation. The relevance of the ecosystem concept for the construction industry is predicted to grow in the future, as previous studies suggest that ecosystem-like features are being increasingly employed in construction networks.     

英国景观特征评估

景观特征的概念和景观特征评估的过程在广泛的景观和环境规划、管理活动中得到重视。本文将回顾英格兰(略及苏格兰)景观评估和绘制途径,并检验它的应用。本文介绍了从最初的景观评价、景观评估探索到目前对于景观特征的思考的演变,并检验了特征评估方法在很多实际情况中的发展和应用情况。     

基于区域生态系统健康评估的土地利用 规划研究——以北京市为例

健康的区域生态系统能持续提供生态系统服务,是实现城市可持续发展的基础。同时,城市土地利用直接影响区域生态系统的健康状态,因此如何在健康视角下合理规划与协调城市土地利用方式,成为风景园林与城市规划领域的重点研究课题。以北京市为例,基于2007和2017年的土地利用类型,采用CA-Markov模型对2027年自然发展、快速发展、多目标保护和森林建设4种土地利用情景进行预测,统筹生态系统的物理健康与功能健康评价,构建区域生态系统健康评估框架,探讨4种土地利用情景下更健康的城市土地利用规划新方法。结果表明,与2017年健康状态相比,北京市快速发展情景的区域生态系统健康评估结果呈现负值,其他情景下均呈现良好的增长趋势,森林建设情景下增长最为明显。坚持生态优先、绿色发展、集约化发展建设用地和加强森林建设,可大幅提升区域生态系统的健康状态。     

Optimising rural land health: From landscape policy to community land use decision-making

Implementation of sustainable landscape policy directions can be held back by various constraints. These limitations may include: an absence of reliable integrated landscape character predictions, unproductive tensions arising from poorly informed public and institutional debate, low levels of political resolve due to uncertainty, and limitations on program and project design due to either inadequate availability, or ineffective use of ecological and social data. The need for new methodologies to speed the attainment of sustainable land use is pressing when considered in the context of information indicating that the condition of the world's ecosystems remains in decline. This decline is measurable by the changes in ecosystem services. Taking an ecosystem services view offers an opportunity to address some of the limitations noted earlier. The ecosystem services concept links natural resource management more clearly to the broader functionality of natural systems. Ecosystem services like clean water, productive soils and distinct flora and fauna are generated or maintained by healthy functioning ecosystems. Dwelling on these services and the practices that alter them defines the reasons for natural resource management. Modelling these ecosystems and their services is the key way to understanding these relationships. The utilisation of land use modelling methods to inform, and be informed by community and stakeholder landscape preferences, represents a potential step forward in the evolution of approaches to deliver sustainable landscape policy objectives. This paper presents a summary of examples of a multi-criteria land use optimisation technique that has been used to envision land use combinations most likely to achieve sustainable landscapes in Germany. A number of the sustainable landscape principles arising from Victoria's rural land stewardship project, such as use of an ecosystem services framework to better inform long-term land use planning along with calls to better connect community input to landscape function and land use decisions, are also considered.     

基于ESs的城市自然健康效益研究： 服务功效、级联逻辑与评估框架

城市自然有益人体健康,并成为风景园林领域参与公共健康事务的一种有效干预途径。系统梳理MA《千禧年生态系统服务评价》和IPBES《生物多样性与生态系统服务全球评估报告》中有关城市自然、生态系统服务与健康的理论联系,并区分与归纳城市自然对人体健康的潜在服务功能和实际服务功能,从生态系统服务视角提出自然-健康效益实现的“自然属性-自然潜能-自然暴露-自然使用-健康效益”级联转化逻辑与关联过程。最后提出自然健康效益研究的集成评估框架、评估环节与模型方法,以期为自然健康效益研究提供系统性分析理论逻辑框架。     

基于文化与政治生态学的社会生态系统演进机制研究 ——以杭州与西湖为例

科学认识社会生态系统演进机制是对其进行有效管理的重要基础。以文化与政治生态学为理论基础,提出适合杭州-西湖社会生态系统的综合研究框架,识别了杭州-西湖社会生态系统的5个演进阶段,并分析出系统演进中的3种潜在状态。自然、政治、经济以及社会驱动力是影响杭州-西湖社会生态系统的主导因素,人类行为影响整个生态系统中扰动的频率、大小和形式并改变西湖生态系统的结构与功能,进而影响西湖为城市提供生态系统服务的潜能。在不同历史时期,基于自然、社会、经济、文化等多层面的需求,西湖在不同系统状态下为城市供给不同类别和质量的生态系统服务,总体而言供给与调节服务比例逐渐下降,文化服务逐渐上升,并且后者逐步成为最主要的生态系统服务类别。杭州与西湖在长期的互馈共生中建立了社会生态系统的自适应性调节机制,其背后的生态智慧可为现代风景园林规划提供重要启示。     

基于景观特征评估划定国土尺度景观 规划管理的空间单元

景观规划管理的视角需要从最优美、最有价值区域的保护,转向对国土全域“自然系统与人类行为”关系的协调。景观链接了“自然”与“空间”,生态系统服务功能的保护与强化必须从景观单元的尺度进行更为整体的思考。“通过景观(单元)规划”探讨了景观为更广泛的空间规划提供综合框架的潜力,景观特征评估则提供了将复杂连续的景观划分为多尺度、实体、可识别的整体空间单元的系统方法。通过对景观概念的系统梳理与阐释,论述了景观保护方法的转变、景观单元的空间意义,以及景观特征评估作为多尺度景观单元划分的先进方法在英格兰的全面实践与应用。     

生态系统服务治理框架对国土空间生态修复规划的启示

在空间治理现代化改革背景下,国土空间生态修复规划亟待构建对接国土空间系统科学规律与横纵调控机制的综合路径。国际上,生态系统服务治理研究聚焦于生态系统服务理论研究与治理政策的衔接,为生态系统调控领域提供了梳理复杂要素关系和制度优化的方法论框架。通过文献梳理,阐述了其概念内涵及框架内治理横纵路径构设的基础思路;应用法国景观生态网络规划案例补充展示了其具体实践策略;对照中国工作体系,提出统一调控视角、强化适地性人类福祉研究、引入景观管控单元等具体建议。     

Ecological conceptual models: a framework and case study on ecosystem management for South Florida sustainability.

The Everglades and South Florida ecosystems are the focus of national and international attention because of their current degraded and threatened state. Ecological risk assessment, sustainability, and ecosystem and adaptive management principles and processes are being used nationally as a decision and policy framework for a variety of types of ecological assessments. The intent of this study is to demonstrate the application of these paradigms and principles at a regional scale. The effects-directed assessment approach used in this study consists of a retrospective, eco-epidemiological phase to determine the causes for the current conditions and a prospective predictive risk-based assessment using scenario analysis to evaluate future options. Embedded in these assessment phases is a process that begins with the identification of goals and societal preferences which are used to develop an integrated suite of risk-based and policy relevant conceptual models. Conceptual models are used to illustrate the linkages among management (societal) actions, environmental stressors, and societal/ecological effects, and provide the basis for developing and testing causal hypotheses. These models, developed for a variety of landscape units and their drivers, stressors, and endpoints, are used to formulate hypotheses to explain the current conditions. They are also used as the basis for structuring management scenarios and analyses to project the temporal and spatial magnitude of risk reduction and system recovery. Within the context of recovery, the conceptual models are used in the initial development of performance criteria for those stressors that are determined to be most important in shaping the landscape, and to guide the use of numerical models used to develop quantitative performance criteria in the scenario analysis. The results will be discussed within an ecosystem and adaptive management framework that provides the foundation for decision making.     

面向区域自然保护地整合优化的风景特质评价——以青海省湟水谷地为例

全球城镇化背景下,区域生态环境逐渐破碎化.目前的自然保护地系统因行政边界限制等原因,难以确保区域生态系统的全面保护.面向区域自然保护地整合优化目标,构建包括风景特质识别和生态完整性评估2个阶段的风景特质评价方法,为实现区域生态系统的完整性保护提供基础依据.以青海省湟水谷地为例进行风景特质评价实践,获得风景特质类型、区域...