可用于包装的纤维素基电磁屏蔽材料研究进展

目的 为推动可用于包装的纤维素基电磁干扰(Electromagnetic Interference,EMI)屏蔽材料更深入的研究,综述一些具有包装材料潜质和EMI屏蔽功能的纤维素基薄膜、织物和气凝胶的最新研究进展。方法 主要介绍纤维素基薄膜、织物和气凝胶等3类EMI屏蔽材料的制备方法、EMI屏蔽性能、多功能性和在包装上应用的潜力。结果 当下纤维素基EMI屏蔽材料表现出令人满意的EMI屏蔽效能(EMI Shielding Effectiveness, EMI SE)和力学性能,有望作为包装材料。同时一些材料还显示出抗菌、隔热、抗冲击等特性,使得这些材料能在复杂的场景下应用。结论 通过合理的设计,纤维素基EMI屏蔽材料可拥有优异的EMI屏蔽性能、出色的力学性能和良好的耐用性。归因于上述优势和绿色可降解的特性,这类材料有望在未来取代传统的EMI屏蔽包装材料,然而这些材料通常需要精细的制备工艺,材料的量产和实际应用依然是亟待解决的问题。     

Highly Stretchable Polymer Composite with Strain-Enhanced Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Effectiveness

Polymer composites with electrically conductive fillers have been developed as mechanically flexible, easily processable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials. Although there are a few elastomeric composites with nanostructured silvers and carbon nanotubes showing moderate stretchability, their EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) deteriorates consistently with stretching. Here, a highly stretchable polymer composite embedded with a three-dimensional (3D) liquid-metal (LM) network exhibiting substantial increases of EMI SE when stretched is reported, which matches the EMI SE of metallic plates over an exceptionally broad frequency range of 2.65–40 GHz. The electrical conductivities achieved in the 3D LM composite are among the state-of-the-art in stretchable conductors under large mechanical deformations. With skin-like elastic compliance and toughness, the material provides a route to meet the demands for emerging soft and human-friendly electronics.     

Electromagnetic Shielding of Monolayer MXene Assemblies

Miniaturization of electronics demands electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding of nanoscale dimension. The authors report a systematic exploration of EMI shielding behavior of 2D Ti₃C₂T_x MXene assembled films over a broad range of film thicknesses, monolayer by monolayer. Theoretical models are used to explain the shielding mechanism below skin depth, where multiple reflection becomes significant, along with the surface reflection and bulk absorption of electromagnetic radiation. While a monolayer assembled film offers ≈20% shielding of electromagnetic waves, a 24-layer film of ≈55 nm thickness demonstrates 99% shielding (20 dB), revealing an extraordinarily large absolute shielding effectiveness (3.89 × 10⁶ dB cm² g⁻¹). This remarkable performance of nanometer-thin solution processable MXene proposes a paradigm shift in shielding of lightweight, portable, and compact next-generation electronic devices.     

木基导电电磁屏蔽材料的研究进展

电子产品的广泛应用带来了严重的电磁效应,产生的累积热效应及振动效应会对人体造成严重影响,并且,在非介质条件下自由传播的电磁波易引起信息泄露及干扰其他电子设备正常运行。电磁屏蔽材料可以减轻或消除电磁效应带来的不良影响,但传统的电磁屏蔽材料存在生产过程繁琐、二次污染严重、屏蔽机理单一等弊端。宏观上,木材是重要的生态环境材料,天然可再生,能够固定碳元素,易加工成型,在使用过程中具有隔热保温、吸音隔声之功能。同时,木材还具有可降解、可循环利用、环境协调性良好、强重比较高等独特的应用优势。微观上,木材具有微米-纳米级多尺度孔隙结构,其天然的骨架形态可作为其他材料的基质模板,多孔通道表面富含大量的活性位点(碳自由基、游离性羟基、羰基、羧基等基团),可进行一系列的物理、化学改性。但是作为材料,木材是一种易于干缩、湿胀、变形、腐朽的各向异性绝缘材料,这些性质致使其有效利用率大大降低、应用领域局限性强。众多学者将木材作为一种模板基质以各种形式与导电材料结合,赋予其电磁屏蔽能力并弱化其缺陷,获得功能性的复合型结构材料——木基导电复合材料。木基导电复合材料的制备方法有涂层法、填充法、炭化结晶法及纳米材料复合法。涂层法是采用化学气相沉积、离子溅射等手段将不同金属及非金属元素与木材表面紧密结合的处理方法,制得的复合材料具有表面电阻率高、结合机理较为简单、操作容易的优点,但进行涂层前需预先对木材表面进行敏化、除油、活化等工艺处理,且复合材料的镀层易脱落,表面反射易引起二次污染。填充法是将金属网、金属纤维、导电胶、金属络合物、导电聚合物与木质单元叠层、混合的方法,存在导电成分分布不均、电导率较低、屏带窄等缺点。炭化结晶法是在无氧(氮气保护)的状态下将木材烧制成多孔性材料,并灌注金属类导电材料的方法,此种方法的生产成本较高、工艺复杂且复合材料的屏蔽效能也较低。纳米材料复合法是将木质单元中的纤维素、半纤维素、木质素纳米化后与导电材料通过原位聚合、掺杂等方法进行复合,存在导电成分易凝聚、涉及频带窄且屏蔽效能值较低等问题。木基导电复合材料下一步的研究方向为高吸收、屏带宽、附有其他活性功能基团的绿色可再生新型复合材料。基于以上内容,本文以木质材料天然的三维立体、多孔通道,富含活性官能团羟基、羧基的特性为基础,结合不同导电成分的导电性能,分析了复合材料导电性的形成机制、现有制备方法、电磁屏蔽机理及导电性的性能评价与表征技术,并阐述了复合材料在防静电、电磁屏蔽、光电及医学等领域的功能化应用。     

金属手性材料复合水泥砂浆的电磁屏蔽性能

电磁屏蔽建筑材料在当今信息化社会中具有重要的应用价值。在水泥砂浆中添加金属螺旋圈材料,在10kHz～1500MHz范围内进行电磁屏蔽性能测试。结果显示,随着频率的增加,屏蔽性能一般逐渐增强,在550MHz、1050MHz附近都有2个明显的拐点;在10kHz～550MHz范围,屏蔽效能都小于4dB;但在900～1050MHz频率范围内,最大屏蔽效能都能够超过10dB。     

电磁屏蔽材料及显示屏应用研究进展

介绍了电磁屏蔽材料及应用的概况.阐述了电磁屏蔽的原理,着重对电磁屏蔽材料的种类、特点、显示屏应用方面进行了较全面的综述,并对电磁屏蔽材料在显示屏上的研究和应用前景进行了展望.     

发泡金属的电磁屏蔽性能研究

本文对新型材料发泡金属的电磁屏蔽性能进行了研究，并对其屏蔽原理进行了探讨。实验结果表明：该材料具有优异的电磁屏蔽性能，可用作透气的电磁屏蔽材料使用。     

电磁屏蔽复合材料电磁屏蔽效能探讨

电磁屏蔽材料目前向着薄、轻、宽、高的方向发展,复合材料已逐渐取代单一材料成为电磁屏蔽研究的主要方向.以机械复合材料为基础,研究高导电材料+高导磁2层复合材料与高导电材料+高导电材料+高导磁材料3层复合材料电磁屏蔽效能的差别.研究结果表明,2层复合材料高导电材料一侧增加1层高导电材料对电磁屏蔽性能的提高非常有限.     

电磁屏蔽导电复合塑料的研究现状

在研究电磁屏蔽的原理和电磁屏蔽效能的基础上,论述了复合型电磁屏蔽塑料的特性,并重点讨论了复合型电磁屏蔽塑料的导电机理和影响因素,展望了其研究方向及发展趋势.     

Construction of 1D Heterogeneous Co/C@Ag Nws With Tunable Electromagnetic Wave Absorption And Shielding Performance

In this study, silver nanowires (Ag NWs) are synthesized at first, and then the 1D heterogeneous Co/C@Ag NWs with a kebab- and popsicle-like microstructures are constructed by in situ growth ZIF-67 on Ag NWs combined with calcination. Results show that the EM wave prevention performance of composites depends on the loading of Co/C particles threaded on the Ag NWs. The popsicle-like structure with high Co/C loading gives Co/C@Ag NWs excellent EM wave absorption performance, which achieved a minimum reflection loss (RL_min) of −44.5 dB with a low filling of 30 wt.% in paraffin; while the kebab-like structure with low Co/C loading shows good electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE_T) of 30.2 dB at the same filler ratio. The enhanced EM wave absorption performance is attributed to the synergy of multiple energy dissipation mechanisms including dielectric loss, magnetic loss, polarization loss, eddy-current loss, multiple reflection loss, as well as proper impedance matching; the good EMI shielding performance is mainly due to the conduction loss brought by the Ag NWs with ultrahigh conductivity. This work provides a reference for the design of electromagnetic wave prevention material with tuned absorption and shielding performance.     

仿生构筑超薄MXene/CNC电磁屏蔽复合薄膜

高强电磁屏蔽薄膜材料在柔性器件、汽车电子和航空航天等领域具有广泛应用前景, 受珍珠母微纳米结构及其优异机械性能的启发, 利用简单的溶液共混及真空抽滤方法, 将纤维素纳米晶(CNC)和MXene混合, 经层层组装制备了高性能MXene基复合薄膜。结果表明: 薄膜的机械性能有了显著提高, 拉伸强度从18 MPa提高到57 MPa, 韧性从70 kJ/m ³提高到313 kJ/m ³, 同时保留了复合薄膜的高电导率(10 ⁴ S/m)和优异的电磁屏蔽性能, 厚度8 μm时可达40 dB以上。     

Preparation of Porous Silver Nanowires-Melamine Formaldehyde Hybrid Composite Materials and Their Electromagnetic Shielding and Flame-Retardant Properties

Along with the booming development of communication technology and electronic equipment, higher requirements of flame-retardant and EMI shielding performances for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials are put forward. Herein, the ultralight and porous silver nanowires (AgNWs)-melamine formaldehyde (MF) hybrid composite with unique micro-/nanostructure is developed by a facile dip-coating method, which uses the AgNWs as 1D conductive coating and MF foam (MF foam) as 3D skeleton template. Benefiting from the unique porous micro-/nanostructure, the resultant hybrid composite displays low density, excellent EMI shielding performances, and superior flame-retardant property. The EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) and specific EMI SE (SSEt) of the hybrid composite in X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) can be up to 77 dB and 26971.4 dB cm⁻² g⁻¹, respectively. At the same time, the hybrid composite also passes the vertical burning test and shows an increased LOI value of 40.6%. The combination of flame-retardant and EMI shielding performances for EMI shielding materials makes the AgNWs-MF hybrid composite great application potential in civil and military fields. This work provides a new guide for the design of multifunctional high-performance EMI shielding materials.     

Superhigh Electromagnetic Interference Shielding of Ultrathin Aligned Pristine Graphene Nanosheets Film

Ultrathin, lightweight, high-strength, and thermally conductive electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with high shielding effectiveness (SE) are highly desired for next-generation portable and wearable electronics. Pristine graphene (PG) has a great potential to meet all the above requirements, but the poor processability of PG nanosheets hinders its applications. Here, efficient synthesis of highly aligned laminated PG films and nacre-like PG/polymer composites with a superhigh PG loading up to 90 wt% by a scanning centrifugal casting method is reported. Due to the PG-nanosheets-alignment-induced high electrical conductivity and multiple internal reflections, such films show superhigh EMI SE comparable to the reported best synthetic material, MXene films, at an ultralow thickness. An EMI SE of 93 dB is obtained for the PG film at a thickness of ≈100 µm, and 63 dB is achieved for the PG/polyimide composite film at a thickness of ≈60 µm. Furthermore, such PG-nanosheets-based films show much higher mechanical strength (up to 145 MPa) and thermal conductivity (up to 190 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹) than those of their MXene counterparts. These excellent comprehensive properties, along with ease of mass production, pave the way for practical applications of PG nanosheets in EMI shielding.     

电磁屏蔽涂料镍填料的表面偶联处理研究

了自制钛酸酯联剂用量对镍基电磁屏涂料电性能和电磁屏蔽效能的影响,结果表明所使用的钛酸酯偶联剂比硅烷偶联剂更有效地提高了微米级镍填料在丙烯酸树脂中的分散性和导电稳定性,特别当偶联剂用量为镍粉量的１．２５％时,镍粉呈蠕虫状分布,涂料的综合性能最佳。     

银基填充复合材料电磁屏蔽效能研究

银基填充复合材料作为电磁屏蔽材料是电磁屏蔽领域研究热点之一。选用片状银粉、环氧树脂及固化剂制备导电银胶,使用涂抹棒将导电银胶均匀涂覆于聚酯基板上,固化后测试其各频率波段电磁屏蔽性能。研究了银基填充复合材料膜厚在不同波段电磁屏蔽性能的差别,测试其体积电阻率,通过扫描电镜观察横截面中片状银粉分散的均匀性,推导其电磁屏蔽机理。     

碳纤维对水泥基复合材料电磁屏蔽性能的影响

本文根据电磁屏蔽原理,对掺有短切碳纤维(CF)的水泥基复合材料的电磁屏蔽性能进行了实验研究.结果表明:碳纤维水泥基复合材料在频率为9KHz～1.5GHz范围内具有良好的屏蔽效果.同时分析了碳纤维对水泥基复合材料屏蔽性能的影响机制.     

三维碳化硅纳米线增强碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料的电磁屏蔽性能

碳化硅纳米线具有优异的电磁吸收性能, 三维网络结构可以更好地使电磁波在空间内被多次反射和吸收。通过抽滤的方法制备得到体积分数20%交错排列的碳化硅纳米线网络预制体。然后采用化学气相渗透工艺制备热解炭界面和碳化硅基体, 并通过化学气相渗透和前驱体浸渍热解工艺得到致密的SiCNWs/SiC陶瓷基复合材料。甲烷和三氯甲基硅烷分别是热解炭和碳化硅的前驱体, 随着热解碳质量分数从21.3%增加到29.5%, 多孔SiCNWs预制体电磁屏蔽效率均值在8~12 GHz (X)波段从9.2 dB增加到64.1 dB。质量增重13%的热解碳界面修饰的SiCNWs/SiC陶瓷基复合材料在X波段平均电磁屏蔽效率达到37.8 dB电磁屏蔽性能。结果显示, SiCNWs/SiC陶瓷基复合材料在新一代军事电磁屏蔽材料中具有潜在应用前景。