Estimating energy savings from behaviours using building performance simulations

Occupants’ behaviours are a major determinant of energy use in buildings. The related savings potential has been insufficiently exploited. Although research has addressed behavioural savings through real-world interventions and quantitative modelling approaches, it has not yet explored the full variety of household activities. This work proposes an integrative modelling approach of energy behaviours in the residential setting as a tool to estimate the behavioural impact of households on energy consumption. It uses building energy performance simulation (BEPS) tools to exploit the behavioural savings potential associated with usage and investment energy behaviours when using different energy services in daily household activities. Simulations have estimated significant behavioural savings potential associated with energy behaviours, which may be materialized if some forms of behaviour are induced. Investment behaviours have higher savings potential than usage behaviours, and the behavioural savings potential per energy service is proportional to the energy consumption breakdown. BEPS tools enable a quantitative estimate of the behavioural impact on energy consumption, but further improvements to these tools are needed to incorporate the complexity of behavioural dimensions. Estimating the behavioural savings potential is important for a more effective design of behaviour change interventions, which in turn will support more effective energy efficiency policies.     

Evaluation of energy performance indicators and financial aspects of energy saving techniques in residential real estate

The energy consumption in the existing residential building stock accounts for about 40% of the total energy consumption in the built environment. Different types of energy performance indicators to assess the energy consumption of buildings were and still are internationally under development. In this paper we compare the methodologies and accuracies of three Dutch energy performance indicators by applying them to eight houses. This application shows that the actual domestic energy use is linearly correlated with the estimated energy consumption given by the energy performance indicators, but 7-25% lower.Based on the energy performance indicators and actual energy use, we offer a methodology to incorporate additional revenues within the financial analysis of energy saving techniques. These revenues are related to the value of the dwelling in which the techniques are installed. We use the same houses to analyse the financial returns on energy saving investments. By assigning the value increase of real estate to two popular specific energy saving techniques, namely wall and roof insulation, it is found that the payback period could be 40-50% shorter than when it is solely based on investment costs and energy prices.     

Envelope thermal design for energy savings in mosques in hot-humid climate

Mosques, places of worship for Muslims, are used for five intermittent prayer periods a day with a duration of between 45 and 60 min each. Their unique function and pattern of operation result in unique energy consumption and demand. Although mosques can be characterized as high-occupancy buildings, the thermal design of the exterior envelope can play a major role in their thermal and energy performance particularly in hot-humid climates. The objective of this study is to investigate energy performance and potential energy savings associated with influencing envelope design parameters under hot-humid climatic conditions. The results revealed that envelope parameters such as wall and roof thermal resistance, and air leakage rate are major determinants of mosque energy performance and subsequently, considerable savings can be achieved when properly considered. Recommendations for envelope thermal design are presented to provide architects, engineers, planners, community developers and mosque operators with necessary guidelines for improving mosque energy performance.     

A Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture for contextual visualisation of task-based multi-dimensional energy KPIs in a manufacturing process

Existing energy-monitoring tools do not offer to monitor the basic 3 C’s of energy, that is, cost, carbon emission and more importantly direct energy consumption with its associated value-added and auxiliary components in a single envelope during the entire hierarchy of a manufacturing process. The visualisation of these hierarchical Key process indicators (KPIs), however, poses a multi-dimensional and hierarchal data visualisation problem. We in this paper introduce through Focus-plus-Context and treemap visualisation techniques, a platform-independent pervasive software solution, providing task-based contextual visualisation of hierarchical, multi-dimensional and relevant energy KPIs such as Total Production Units with total production energy consumed, Energy Intensity, Energy cost per production unit and Carbon emission through the entire manufacturing hierarchy of a product drilling down from the factory level to specific production lines, machines or processes. A comparison of existing energy management software along with multi-dimensional visualisation techniques is also presented in this paper.     

我国反渗透海水淡化能量回收装置研究与应用现状

能量回收装置可以大幅降低反渗透海水淡化的产水能耗和制水成本,是反渗透海水淡化系统的标准配置。简述了水力透平式和功交换式能量回收装置的发展历程与其特点,综述了我国能量回收装置研究现状,比较了典型能量回收装置的性能,列举了2005年以来能量回收装置在我国万吨级以上反渗透海水淡化工程中的应用情况。功交换式能量回收装置的能量回收效率高达90%以上,已经成为海水淡化行业研究和应用的热点,其中国产功交换式能量回收装置已在国内大型反渗透海水淡化工程中开始应用。     

基于BIM的小型节能建筑生命周期环境影响和成本分析

被动式超低能耗建筑通过被动式设计策略、高性能的围护结构和高效的设备体系降低其使用阶段能耗。零能耗建筑在此基础上,采用太阳能光伏发电等可再生能源系统,进一步降低不可再生能源消耗。这两类节能建筑的材料和设备系统的隐含能耗、环境影响和成本通常高于一般建筑,同时对构件的后期维护和替换提出了更高的要求。因此,有必要从生命周期的范畴分析其环境和经济效益。建筑信息模型（BIM）能够为建筑项目的建造、运行和拆解等阶段提供多专业共享的数据平台。本文基于BIM,通过LCA和LCC方法对一座小型住宅建筑在不同节能目标情景下的生命周期全球变暖潜势值（GWP）、一次能耗（PE）和成本（LCC）进行分析和比较。结果表明,零能耗乃至正能源建筑在降低一次能耗和GWP方面具有明显优势,被动式超低能耗建筑也具有良好的环境效益。在经济效益方面,由于住宅建筑能源价格较低,如果按近年的价格指数计算,零能耗建筑和被动式超低能耗建筑的初建成本和后期构件替换成本增量将抵消其使用阶段节约的能耗成本,因此生命周期成本高于普通节能建筑。如果未来50年能源价格涨幅超过建筑安装价格涨幅,那么零能耗建筑在生命周期成本方面将具有优势。     

建筑节能领域合同能源管理组织构架及其培育机制的建立

由于建筑节能的用能特点和建筑项目的实施流程具有一定的特殊性,使得建筑节能领域合同能源管理发展的速度和规模远落后于工业领域.本文估算了建筑节能领域合同能源管理节能量和交易量的潜力,分析了建筑节能项目对合同能源管理机制而言所具有的特点和存在的主要问题,提出了在促进建筑节能领域合同能源管理发展方面应重点需要关注的关键环节、主要研究方向和实施路径.在此基础上,针对建筑节能领域合同能源管理机制的发展正处于初期阶段的现状,提出了支持和培育其在建筑节能领域发展的有效机制.     

Beyond the ‘iron triangle’: Stakeholder perception of key performance indicators (KPIs) for large-scale public sector development projects

Performance measurement criteria vary from project to project. Despite much work on the subject, there is no commonly agreed framework of performance measurement on mega projects. To bridge this gap, this research targets to investigate the perception of the key performance indicators (KPIs) in the context of a large construction project in Thailand. The study explores the significance of key performance indicators in perspective of various construction stakeholders (client, consultants, and contractors). Findings indicate that the traditional measures of the iron triangle (on-time, under-budget and according to specifications) are no more applicable to measuring performance on large public sector development projects. Other performance indicators such as safety, efficient use of resources, effectiveness, satisfaction of stakeholders, and reduced conflicts and disputes are increasingly becoming important. This implies that the Thai construction industry is slowly departing from the traditional quantitative performance measurement to a rather mix of both quantitative and qualitative performance measurement on large-scale public sector development projects.     

基于粗糙集的夏热冬暖地区建筑能耗关键指标识别研究

对建筑能耗关键指标识别是建筑节能的基础,是进行建筑能耗预测和正确决策的前提。采用文献研究法、专家调查法对住宅建筑能耗指标进行分类,即能源种类指标、能源驱动因素指标、能源用途(能源消耗终端种类)指标。基于粗糙集理论,采用Johnson算法,利用Rosetta软件对建筑能耗关键指标进行识别。结果显示,煤、电、石油液化气、可再生能源是目前建筑能耗中主要的4种能源。人均GDP、人口总量、建筑面积是建筑能耗的主要驱动因素,家用电器、空调、炊事、照明是建筑能耗的主要因素。     

Eco-efficiency evaluation of a smart window prototype

An eco-efficiency analysis was conducted using indicators suitably defined to evaluate the performance of an electrochromic window acting as an energy saving component in buildings. Combining the indicators for various parameters (control scenario, expected lifetime, climatic type, purchase cost) significant conclusions are drawn for the development and the potential applications of the device compared to other commercial fenestration products. The reduction of the purchase cost (to 200 euros/m2) and the increase of the lifetime (above 15 years) are the two main targets for achieving both cost and environmental efficiency. An electrochromic device, implemented in cooling dominated areas and operated with an optimum control strategy for the maximum expected lifetime (25 years), can reduce the building energy requirements by 52%. Furthermore, the total energy savings provided will be 33 times more than the energy required for its production while the emission of 615 kg CO2 equivalent per electrochromic glazing unit can be avoided.     

深圳特区内排水管网运营绩效评价研究与应用

城市排水管网的运营绩效评价涉及组织、经济、环境等方面,已有的排水管网综合评价主要针对经济方面,缺少从基础状况、日常管理、生产运营、环境等方面的评价,采用定性和定量相结合的方式筛选出17个指标进行运营绩效评价,采用层次分析法确定各个指标的权重,再采用线性加权综合得分的方法对城市排水管网运营绩效进行评价。经过综合测算发现,综合评价得分与实际情况相符,能够反映深圳市排水管网绩效现状,并且直接反映需要进一步改进的指标项。     

建筑能效测评方法研究

介绍了常用的两种能效测评方法：规定性指标法和性能性指标法。比较了规定性指标法与性能性指标法中的对比评定法,以广州市某大型建筑为例,借助建筑能耗模拟软件DOE,分别用规定性指标法和对比评定法对建筑实例进行节能评估,比较了评估结果,分析了建筑节能效果,提出了科学合理的能效测评方法,推广了建筑节能技术。     

合同能源管理在建筑节能领域的应用研究

近年来随着经济社会的迅速发展,能源消耗急剧增加,能源供需矛盾日益突出。其中建筑能耗达到社会总能耗的30%左右,并呈不断增长趋势,严重制约着我国经济的增长。如何有效降低能耗、促进社会可持续发展,成为目前相关领域研究的重点。运用合同能源管理这种市场商业模式,能有效推动我国节能服务产业的发展。     

Assessing the environmental performance of buildings: trends,lessons and tensions

ABSTRACT

Since the 1970s, intense discussions have occurred within the research and practitioner communities on how to assess and influence the environmental performance of buildings. Many different methods, criteria and tools were developed to raise awareness, enable goal formulation, support design and decision-making processes, and evaluate a building’s environmental performance. This development can be retraced through the example of the works of Raymond J. Cole, who made an important contribution to this scientific debate. The integration of environmental performance into a sustainability assessment, the ongoing development of life cycle assessment (LCA) methods, and clients’, financiers’ and assessors’ different demands for environmental performance assessment, raise additional questions and highlight the conflicting goals. Six topics are examined in relation to current developments: the further development of the classic ‘three pillars’ sustainability model; the suitability of assessment criteria and indicators; the handling of technological progress; the discounting of environmental impacts; the environmental assessment of existing buildings; and the further development of legal requirements. ‘Time’ is a key factor relating to LCA, weighing current versus future emissions, ecological value and recycling potential of existing buildings or ‘options’ for different ways to use the building in future. Recommended actions are provided for key stakeholders.     

动力锂电池厂房能耗调研与分析

随着新能源汽车行业的迅速发展,动力锂电池的市场需求和产量不断增加,锂电池生产能耗受到关注。通过对某动力锂电池生产厂房的生产工艺、环境营造方法及生产能耗的实地调研,分析了重要生产工艺的用能特性及空调系统处理过程。调研发现,锂电池厂房总体能耗较高,生产过程中,涂布、合浆工艺能耗占工艺用能的50%以上;空调系统中,除湿空调机组能耗占空调系统用能的62%。给出了节能改造建议。     

BIM 应用价值视角下绿色建筑环境性能评价方法研究

以绿色建筑为研究对象,筛选出以资源消耗、能源利用、生态环境、室内环境等为核心的 4 个方面绿色建筑环境性能评价指标,利用 BIM 模型提取相关数据用于量化指标分析,进而采用模糊层次分析法对绿色建筑环境性能进行全面、综合的评价。并以沈阳建筑大学中德节能示范中心为例进行实证研究。结果表明该评价方法具有一定的实用性及科学性,为绿色建筑中 BIM 应用价值评价及其应用价值提升策略研究奠定工作基础。     

Assessing energy-saving measures in buildings through an intelligent decision support model

Indeed, in the recent years, important efforts in applying energy management processes have been focused on the building sector, which demonstrates the increasing energy intensity and energy consumption indexes. The role of the building energy management systems (BEMS) is known and significant in this respect, for the management of the daily energy operations of a typical building. Effective energy management however requires the use of tools and methodologies that support the strategic decision making process of selecting energy saving measures, which are viable and environmental friendly. The aim of this paper is the presentation of an innovative intelligent decision support model for the identification of the need for intervention and further evaluation of energy saving measures in a typical existing building, based on the systematic incorporation of BEMS data (loads, demands and user requirements). The operation of the model is supportive to the decision makers authorized with the energy-efficient performance of the building and responsible for its management (energy auditors and building administration). In addition, the corresponding computerized decision support system and the appraisal of its pilot application to a typical existing office building in Athens, Greece, are presented and discussed.     

建筑门窗绿色建材产品认证技术要点分析

在建筑领域碳排放中,建材生产和建筑运行中的碳排放占比较大。建筑门窗绿色建材产品鼓励采用先进技术工艺,降低生产过程的废料产出,加大包装材料可循环利用,提高产品使用周期及核心设计指标要求,保证品质的同时降低资源消耗。评价标准能源属性指标中气密性能、传热系数、太阳得热系数按照不同星级和区域进行划分,有利于降低建筑运行能耗。本文对建筑门窗产品认证评价过程中的技术要点进行分析,有助于指导企业自评价的准确性,保证门窗绿色建材产品评价指标落到实处,同时提出在评价过程增加产品碳足迹和单位产品综合能耗分析,有助于对绿色建材产品减碳效果进行评价。     

Integrated maintenance management of hospital buildings: a case study

Over the course of the past three decades, facilities management has become the subject of an increasing number of research and development efforts. The main objective of the present research was to examine the efficiency of maintenance under alternative maintenance policies and different sources of human resources. The research focused on the maintenance of public hospital buildings in Israel, with the objective of providing a model for multi‐system facilities operating in a dynamic environment. This paper describes the last three stages of the research: the establishment of key performance indicators, the implementation of these indicators in a case study in order to appraise them, and the validation of the indicators. Four key performance indicators were developed, as follows: the Building Performance Indicator (BPI), the Manpower Sources Diagram (MSD), the Maintenance Efficiency Indicator (MEI) and the Managerial Span of Control (MSC). This paper illustrates a case study in which the four developed indicators were implemented in practice. Characteristics of the case study hospital are presented and analysed. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations drawn from the analysis of the hospital case study are discussed, validated and deliberated upon. The approach presented in this paper integrates performance, financial, human resources and organizational aspects to facilitate an improved evaluation method of the parameters affecting the execution of maintenance activities.