Effects of manganese nitrate concentration on the performance of an aluminum substrate β-PbO2–MnO2–WC–ZrO2 composite electrode material

An Al/conductive coating/α-PbO₂–CeO₂–TiO₂/β-PbO₂–MnO₂–WC–ZrO₂ composite electrode material was prepared through electrochemical oxidation co-deposition on an Al/conductive coating/α-PbO₂–CeO₂–TiO₂ substrate. The effects of manganese nitrate concentration on the chemical composition, electrocatalytic activity, and stability of the composite anode material were investigated using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, anode polarization curves, quasi-stationary polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Results revealed that the WC and nano-ZrO₂ content in the β-PbO₂–MnO₂–WC–ZrO₂ composite coatings increased with increasing manganese nitrate concentration. Moreover, the highest values of 6.61 wt% and 3.51 wt%, respectively, were achieved at 80 g L⁻¹ manganese nitrate. PbO₂ content decreased and MnO₂ content increased with the increasing manganese nitrate concentration; both the descending and ascending trends were nonlinear. The Al/conductive coating/α-PbO₂–CeO₂–TiO₂/β-PbO₂–MnO₂–WC–ZrO₂ composite electrode obtained at 80 g L⁻¹ manganese nitrate concentration in plating solution exhibited reduced overpotential for oxygen evolution (0.610 V at 500 A m⁻²), highest electrocatalytic activity, longest service life (360 h at 40 °C in 150 g L⁻¹ H₂SO₄ solution at 2 A cm⁻²), and lowest cell voltage (2.75 V at 500 A m⁻²). Furthermore, the composite coating obtained with 80 g L⁻¹ manganese nitrate had uniform crystal grains. The deposit formed was flat, dense, and crackless.     

PdCu membrane integration and lifetime in the production of hydrogen from methane

PdCu membranes prepared by sequential electroless plating were integrated into a hydrogen production and purification process. Hydrogen was produced from methane through catalytic partial oxidation and wet catalytic partial oxidation with Ni-based catalysts. Membrane permeance was measured with thermal cycles in an inert and hydrogen atmosphere at 673 and 773 K. Permeability was 1.98·10⁻³ mol/(smPa^0.5) at 673 K and 2.62·10⁻³ mol/(smPa^0.5) at 773 K. The optimum sweep gas flow required in the membrane module when operating with hydrogen-containing mixtures was selected. Peak hydrogen recovery was obtained using 15–20% of the feed to the module as sweep gas flow. Membranes were then placed downstream of the hydrogen production reactor. The CO and H₂O percentages fed to the membrane module did not have a major impact on membrane behavior. Around 60–67% of the hydrogen fed to the membrane module was separated, regardless of its composition.     

Ternary Sn–Sb–Co alloy film as new negative electrode for lithium-ion cells

Ternary Sn–Sb–Co alloy film was successfully prepared by the co-electroplating method using an aqueous solution bath containing SnCl₂·2H₂O, CoCl₂, SbCl₃, Na₂C₄H₄O₆·2H₂O, K₃C₆H₅O₇·H₂O, and gelatine. The alloy composition was found to be mainly controllable by the amount of Na₂C₄H₄O₆·2H₂O and SbCl₃ in the plating bath. The Sn–Sb–Co film electrode with a composition of 75.4% Sn, 6.5% Sb, and 18.1% Co gave an initial discharge capacity of 380 mAh g⁻¹. The capacity gradually increased from the 1st to the 10th cycle and was then stabilized at a larger value of 580 mAh g⁻¹. Furthermore, the electrode was found to give better cycle performance compared to binary Sn–Co and Sn–Sb alloys.     

Hydrogen generation from catalytic hydrolysis of sodium borohydride solution using supported amorphous alloy catalysts (Ni–Co–P/γ-Al2O3)

The supported amorphous alloy catalysts Ni–Co–P/γ-Al₂O₃ were synthesized by electroless plating for hydrogen generation from catalytic hydrolysis of sodium borohydride solution. The influences of deposition time, pH, NaBH₄ concentration and the Co/Ni atomic ratio on the hydrogen generation rate were investigated in this paper. The reported work also includes the full experimental details for the collection of a wealth of kinetic data to determine the activation energy (E_a = 52.05 kJ mol⁻¹). Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), field emission scanning electron Microscope (SEM), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm were used to characterize surface element composition, morphology and structure of the amorphous alloy.     

H2 production via water gas shift in a composite Pd membrane reactor prepared by the pore-plating method

In this work, H₂ production via catalytic water gas shift reaction in a composite Pd membrane reactor prepared by the ELP “pore-plating” method has been carried out. A completely dense membrane with a Pd thickness of about 10.2 μm over oxidized porous stainless steel support has been prepared. Firstly, permeation measurements with pure gases (H₂ and N₂) and mixtures (H₂ with N_2, CO or CO₂) at four different temperatures (ranging from 350 to 450 °C) and trans-membrane pressure differences up to 2.5 bar have been carried out. The hydrogen permeance when feeding pure hydrogen is within the range 2.68–3.96·10⁻⁴ mol m⁻² s⁻¹ Pa^−0.5, while it decreases until 0.66–1.35·10⁻⁴ mol m⁻² s⁻¹ Pa^−0.5 for gas mixtures. Furthermore, the membrane has been also tested in a WGS membrane reactor packed with a commercial oxide Fe–Cr catalyst by using a typical methane reformer outlet (dry basis: 70%H₂–18%CO–12%CO₂) and a stoichiometric H₂O/CO ratio. The performance of the reactor was evaluated in terms of CO conversion at different temperatures (ranging from 350 °C to 400 °C) and trans-membrane pressures (from 2.0 to 3.0 bar), at fixed gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 5000 h⁻¹. At these conditions, the membrane maintained its integrity and the membrane reactor was able to achieve up to the 59% of CO conversion as compared with 32% of CO conversion reached with conventional packed-bed reactor at the same operating conditions.     

Hydrogen production from sulfate- and ferrous-enriched wastewater

The quantitative relationship between sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and hydrogen (H₂) production from sulfate (SO₄²⁻) and ferrous [Fe(II)] enriched wastewater was investigated. Both Fe(II) (0–11,600 mg/L) and SO₄²⁻ (0–20,000 mg/L) improved the H₂ production efficiency from wastewater. The H₂ yields were increased up to 1.9 mol H₂/mol glucose in 580–1750 mg Fe(II)/L and 1000–3000 mg SO₄²⁻/L enriched wastewater at pH 5.8–6.2. Quantitative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) analyses revealed that the specific sulfate reducing activities (SSRA) were increased from 0.08 and 0.06 to 0.16 and 0.21 g TS/g SRB h in response to variations in sulfate concentration from 300–20,000 mg/L at pH 5.8 and 6.2, respectively. H₂ production was not influenced by low SSRA (≤0.1 g TS/g SRB h), which was independent of pH variation. The results demonstrated that the SSRA and Fe(II) concentration can significantly influence on the biological H₂ production from SO₄²⁻ and Fe(II) containing wastewater.     

Preparation and performance of thin-layered PdAu/ceramic composite membranes

Preparation of 3–5 μm thick, hydrogen-selective PdAu layers via sequential electroless plating of Pd and Au onto ceramic microfiltration membranes was investigated employing a cyanide-free Au plating bath. The Au deposition rate was strongly dependent on bath temperature and alkalinity reaching an optimum at 333 K and pH 10. Homogenous alloying of the separate metal layers under atmospheric H₂ proved to be a protracted process and required approximately a week at 873 K for a PdAu layer as thin as 3 μm. After 300 h annealing at 823 K the 5 μm thick PdAu layer of a composite membrane still exhibited a Au gradient declining from 7.4 at.% at the top surface to 5.5 at.% at the support interface despite that the H₂ permeation rate had become stable. Nonetheless, the membrane exhibited a very high H₂ permeability of e.g. 1.3 × 10⁻⁸ mol m m⁻² s⁻¹ Pa^−0.5 at 673 K, but it decreased much faster with temperature below 573 K than above, likely due to a change from bulk H diffusion-controlled to H₂ adsorption or desorption-limited transport. The composite membrane withstood cycling between 523 and 723 K in H₂ well showing that differing thermal expansion of the joined metallic and ceramic materials stayed within the tolerance range up to 723 K.     

Improvement of hydrogen production by newly isolated Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum IIT BT-ST1

Efficient H₂ producing bacterial strain Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum IIT BT-ST1 was isolated from the anaerobic digester. Taguchi design of experiment was applied to evaluate the influence of the temperature, pH, glucose, FeSO₄ and yeast extract on H₂ production with three levels of orthogonal array in the experimental design. Temperature showed most significant influence on the H₂ production process. Investigation of mutual interaction between the process parameters was studied employing Box–Behnken design. Experimentally optimized process parameters (60 °C, pH 6.5, 20 mM FeSO₄, 4 g L⁻¹ yeast extract and 12 g L⁻¹ glucose) gave the maximum H₂ production of 3930 mL L⁻¹ in 24 h, which have close resemblance with the theoretical values. Continuous H₂ production using packed bed reactor was studied. Maximum H₂ production rate of 1691 mL L⁻¹ h⁻¹ at a dilution rate of 0.6 h⁻¹ was observed which is about 10 times higher than the batch process.     

High-flux H2 separation membranes from (Pd/Au)n nanolayers

A novel strategy for the preparation of supported PdAu alloy layers allows the facile and fast fabrication of highly permeable and selective H₂ separation membranes from refractory metals via electroless plating and low-temperature alloying. Homogenous alloying of multiple, separately deposited Pd and Au layers with thickness in the nm range required less than one week at 773 K under atmospheric H₂ as evidenced by X-ray diffraction and H₂ permeation measurements. The H₂ permeation rate JH₂ became stable within a day even, reaching 0.62 mol m⁻² s⁻¹ at 773 K and ΔPH₂ = 100 kPa. The corresponding N₂ leak rate remained constant during a 350 h experiment, resulting in an ideal H₂/N₂ selectivity of 1400 and demonstrating that such membranes tolerate extended operation at that temperature well.     

Optimization of thermophilic fermentative hydrogen production by the newly isolated Caloranaerobacter azorensis H53214 from deep-sea hydrothermal vent environment

A unique thermophilic fermentative hydrogen-producing strain H53214 was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent environment, and identified as Caloranaerobacter azorensis based on bacterial 16S rRNA gene analysis. The optimum culture condition for hydrogen production by the bacterium, designated C. azorensis H53214, was investigated by the response surface methodology (RSM). Eight variables including the concentration of NaCl, glucose, yeast, tryptone, FeSO₄ and MgSO₄, initial pH and incubation temperature were screened based on the Plackett–Burman design. The results showed that initial pH, tryptone and yeast were significant variables, which were further optimized using the steepest ascent method and Box–Behnken design. The optimal culture conditions for hydrogen production were an initial pH of 7.7, 8.3 g L⁻¹ tryptone and 7.9 g L⁻¹ yeast. Under these conditions, the maximum cumulative hydrogen volume, hydrogen yield and maximum H₂ production rate were 1.58 L H₂ L⁻¹ medium, 1.46 mol H₂ mol⁻¹ glucose and 25.7 mmol H₂ g⁻¹ cell dry weight (CDW) h⁻¹, respectively. By comparison analysis, strain H53214 was superior to the most thermophilic hydrogen producers because of the high hydrogen production rate. In addition, the isolation of C. azorensis H53214 indicated the deep-sea hydrothermal environment might be a potential source for fermentative hydrogen-producing thermophiles.     

Influence of the type of siliceous material used as intermediate layer in the preparation of hydrogen selective palladium composite membranes over a porous stainless steel support

In this work, several composite membranes were prepared by Pd electroless plating over modified porous stainless steel tubes (PSS). The influence of different siliceous materials used as intermediate layers was analyzed in their hydrogen permeation properties. The addition of three intermediate siliceous layers over the external surface of PSS (amorphous silica, silicalite-1 and HMS) was employed to reduce both roughness and pore size of the commercial PSS supports. These modifications allow the deposition of a thinner and continuous layer of palladium by electroless plating deposition. The technique used to prepare these silica layers on the porous stainless steel tubes is based on a controlled dip-coating process starting from the precursor gel of each silica material. The composite membranes were characterized by SEM, AFM, XRD and FT-IR. Moreover they were tested in a gas permeation set-up to determine the hydrogen and nitrogen permeability and selectivity. Roughness and porosity of original PSS supports were reduced after the incorporation of all types of silica layers, mainly for silicalite-1. As a consequence, the palladium deposition by electroless plating was clearly influenced by the feature of the intermediate layer incorporated. A defect free thin palladium layer with a thickness of ca. 5 μm over the support modified with silicalite-1 was obtained, showing a permeance of 1.423·10⁻⁴ mol m⁻² s⁻¹ Pa^−0.5 and a complete ideal permselectivity of hydrogen.     

Statistical optimization of conditions for minimum H2 consumption in mixed anaerobic cultures: Effect on homoacetogenesis and methanogenesis

Hydrogen (H₂) production using mixed anaerobic cultures often suffers severe yield reduction due to the syntrophic association between H₂ consumers (methanogens and homoacetogens) and H₂ producers (acidogens). The objective of this study was to uncouple the syntrophic association between H₂ producers and consumers by optimizing conditions for minimum H₂ consumption using a Box–Behnken design approach. The factors investigated in this study include temperature, pH and linoleic acid (LA) concentration. A quadratic response surface model was developed to predict the H₂ consumed by mixed anaerobic cultures and the optimum conditions for minimum H₂ consumption were 38 °C, pH 5.5 and 2 g L⁻¹ LA. Methanogenesis was inhibited in cultures fed 2 g L⁻¹ LA and maintained at pH 6.0 and 53 °C. In comparison, both methanogenesis and homoacetogenesis were inhibited in cultures fed 1–2 g L⁻¹ LA and maintained at a pH of 4.5 (Fig. 2B and 2E and Table 2 Expt. # 1, 2 and 11). Microbial diversity analysis revealed that LA fed cultures was dominated by spore forming Clostridium sp. in addition to Syntrophus aciditrophus. In comparison, control cultures were dominated by Eubacterium sp., Methanocalculus halotolerans and Methanococcoides alaskense. This study described an approach for regulating H₂ consumption in mixed cultures by optimizing process and environmental factors. Understanding the effects of these individual factors and their interaction is important in the full-scale operation of H₂ production facilities.     

Hydrogen gas production from vinegar fermentation wastewater by electro-hydrolysis: Effects of initial COD content

Vinegar fermentation wastewater with different initial COD contents (9.66–48.6 g L⁻¹) were used for hydrogen gas production with simultaneous COD removal by electro-hydrolysis. The applied DC voltage was constant at 4 V. The highest cumulative hydrogen production (3197 ml), hydrogen yield (2766 ml H₂ g⁻¹ COD), hydrogen formation rate (799 ml d⁻¹), and percent hydrogen (99.5%) in the gas phase were obtained with the highest initial COD of 48.6 g COD L⁻¹. The highest energy efficiency (48%) was obtained with the lowest COD content of 9.66 g L⁻¹. Hydrogen gas production by water electrolysis was less than 250 ml and wastewater control resulted in less than 25 ml H₂ in 96 h. The highest (12%) percent COD removal was obtained with the lowest COD content. Hydrogen gas was produced by reaction of (H⁺) ions present in raw WW ( pH = 3.0) and protons released from acetic acid with electrons provided by electrical current. Electro-hydrolysis of vinegar wastewater was proven to be an effective method of H₂ gas production with some COD removal.     

Hydrogen production from C1 compounds by a novel marine hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus onnurineus NA1

A novel marine hyperthermophile, Thermococcus onnurineus NA1, was found to grow on C1 carbon compounds, such as formate and carbon monoxide (CO), and produce hydrogen (H₂). In the present study, the growth and H₂ production of NA1 were examined to determine its potential as H₂ producer. NA1 showed relatively high specific growth rates, 0.48 h⁻¹ and 0.40 h⁻¹ with CO (20%, v/v) and formate (100 mM), respectively, when cultivated in batch mode in a minimal salt medium fortified with 1.0 g L⁻¹ yeast extract. On the other hand, cell growth in both cases stopped at approximately 6 h and the final cell densities were extremely low at 18.2 and 12.1 mg protein L⁻¹ with CO and formate, respectively. The maximum final cell density could be improved greatly to 36.0 mg protein L⁻¹ by optimizing CO content (50%, v/v) and yeast extract concentration (4.0 g L⁻¹), but it was still very low. During the cell growth, formate and CO were used as energy source rather than carbon source. In the resting cell experiments, NA1 exhibited remarkably high H₂ production activities as 385.0 and 207.5 μmol mg protein⁻¹ h⁻¹ for CO and formate, respectively. When formate (100 mM) or CO (100%, v/v) was added repeatedly at 30–35 h intervals, NA1 showed consistent H₂ production for 3 cycles with a yield of approximately 1.0 mol H₂ mol⁻¹ for both CO and formate. This study suggests that T. onnurineus NA1 has a high H₂ production potential from formate or CO but a method for achieving a high cell density culture is needed.     

Revision of the NaBO2–H2O phase diagram for optimized yield in the H2 generation through NaBH4 hydrolysis

The binary phase diagram NaBO₂–H₂O at ambient pressure, which defines the different phase equilibria that could be formed between borates, end-products of NaBH₄ hydrolysis, has been reviewed. Five different solid borates phases have been identified: NaBO₂·4H₂O (Na[B(OH)₄]·2H₂O), NaBO₂·2H₂O (Na[B(OH)₄]), NaBO₂·2/3H₂O (Na₃[B₃O₄(OH)₄]), NaBO₂·1/3H₂O (Na₃[B₃O₅(OH)₂]) and NaBO₂ (Na₃[B₃O₆]), and their thermal stabilities have been studied. The boundaries of the different Liquid + Solid equilibria for the temperature range from −10 to 80 °C have been determined, confirming literature data at low temperature (20–50 °C). Moreover the following eutectic transformation, Liq. → Ice + NaBO₂·4H₂O, occurring at −7 °C, has been determined by DSC. The Liquid–Vapour domain has been studied by ebullioscopy. The invariant transformation Liq. → Vap. + NaBO₂·2/3H₂O has been estimated at 131.6 °C. This knowledge is paramount in the field of hydrogen storage through NaBH₄ hydrolysis, in which borate compounds were obtained as hydrolysis reaction products. As a consequence, the authors propose a comparison with previous NaBO₂–H₂O binary phase diagrams and its consequence related to hydrogen storage through NaBH₄ hydrolysis.     

Hydrogen gas production from cheese whey powder (CWP) solution by thermophilic dark fermentation

Hydrogen gas production from cheese whey powder (CWP) solution by thermophilic dark fermentation was investigated at 55 °C. Experiments were performed at different initial total sugar concentrations varying between 5.2 and 28.5 g L⁻¹ with a constant initial bacteria concentration of 1 g L⁻¹. The highest cumulative hydrogen evolution (257 mL) was obtained with 20 g L⁻¹ total sugar (substrate) concentration within 360 h while the highest H₂ formation rate (2.55 mL h⁻¹) and yield (1.03 mol H₂ mol⁻¹ glucose) were obtained at 5.2 and 9.5 g L⁻¹ substrate concentrations, respectively. The specific H₂ production rate (SHPR = 4.5 mL h⁻¹ g⁻¹cells) reached the highest level at 20 g L⁻¹ total sugar concentration. Total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration increased with increasing initial total sugar content and reached the highest level (14.15 g L⁻¹) at 28.5 g L⁻¹ initial substrate concentration. The experimental data was correlated with the Gompertz equation and the constants were determined. The optimum initial total sugar concentration was 20 g L⁻¹ above which substrate and product (VFA) inhibitions were observed.     

Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis of ammonia borane with a nanoporous cobalt-tungsten-boron-phosphorus catalyst supported on Ni foam

In this study, quaternary cobalt-tungsten-boron-phosphorus porous particles supported on Ni foam (Co-W-B-P/Ni), which are prepared through ultrasonification-assisted electroless deposition route, have been investigated as the catalyst for hydrogen generation (HG) from hydrolysis of ammonia borane (NH₃BH₃, AB). Compared with Ni-supported binary Co-B and ternary Co-W-B catalysts, the as-synthesized Co-W-B-P/Ni shows a higher HG rate. To optimize the preparation parameters, the molar ratio of NaBH₄/NaH₂PO₂·H₂O (B/P) and the concentration of Na₂WO₄·2H₂O (W) have been investigated and the catalyst prepared with B/P value of 1.5 and W concentration of 5 g L⁻¹ shows the highest activity. The results of kinetic studies show that the catalytic hydrolysis of AB is first order with respect to the catalyst and AB concentrations. By using the quaternary catalyst with a concentration of 0.5 wt % AB, a HG rate of 4.0 L min⁻¹ g⁻¹ is achieved at 30 °C. Moreover, the apparent activation energy for the quaternary catalyst is determined to be 29.0 kJ mol⁻¹, which is comparable to that of noble metal-based catalysts. These results indicate that the Co-W-B-P/Ni is a promising low-cost catalyst for on-board hydrogen generation from hydrolysis of borohydride.     

Optimization of molecular hydrogen production by Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001 in the annular photobioreactor using response surface methodology

Photofermentative H₂ production at higher rate is desired to make H₂ viable as cheap energy carrier. The process is influenced by C/N composition, pH levels, temperature, light intensity etc. In this study, Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain O.U 001 was used in the annular photobioreactor with working volume 1 L, initial pH of 6.7 ± 0.2, inoculum age 36 h, inoculum volume 10% (v/v), 250 rpm stirring and light intensity of 15 ± 1.1 W m⁻². The effect of parameters, i.e. variation in concentration of DL malic acid, L glutamic acid and temperature on the H₂ production was noted using three factor three level full factorial designs. Surface and contour plots of the regression models revealed optimum H₂ production rate of 7.97 mL H₂ L⁻¹ h⁻¹ at 32 °C with 2.012 g L⁻¹ DL malic acid and 0.297 g L⁻¹ L glutamic acid, which showed an excellent correlation (99.36%) with experimental H₂ production rate of 7.92 mL H₂ L⁻¹ h⁻¹.     

Thermal stability and effect of typical water gas shift reactant composition on H2 permeability through a Pd-YSZ-PSS composite membrane

This work comprises a study of hydrogen separation with a composite Pd-YSZ-PSS membrane from mixtures of H₂, N₂, CO and CO₂, typical of a water gas shift reactor. The Pd layer is extended over a tubular porous stainless steel support (PSS) with an intermediate layer of yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ). YSZ and Pd layers were incorporated over the PSS using Atmospheric Plasma Spraying and Electroless Plating techniques, respectively. The Pd and YSZ thickness values are 13.8 and 100 μm, respectively, and the Pd layer is fully dense. Permeation measurements with pure, binary and ternary gases at different temperatures (350–450 °C), trans-membrane pressures (0–2.5 bar) and gas composition have been carried out. Moreover, thermal stability of the membrane was also checked by repeating permeation measurements after several cycles of heating and cooling the system. Membrane hydrogen permeances were calculated using Sieverts' law, obtaining values in the range of 4·10⁻⁵–4·10⁻⁴ mol m⁻² s⁻¹ Pa^−0.5. The activation energy of the permeance was also calculated using Arrhenius' equation, obtaining a value of 16.4 kJ/mol. In spite of hydrogen selectivity being 100% for all experiments, the hydrogen permeability was affected by the composition of feed gas. Thus, a significant depletion in H₂ permeate flux was observed when other gases were in the mixture, especially CO, being also more or less significant depending on gas composition.     

Hydrogen generation from the hydrolysis of ammonia borane using cobalt-nickel-phosphorus (Co-Ni-P) catalyst supported on Pd-activated TiO2 by electroless deposition

Catalytically active, low-cost, and reusable transition metal catalysts are desired to develop on-demand hydrogen generation system for practical onboard applications. By using electroless deposition method, we have prepared the Pd-activated TiO₂-supported Co-Ni-P ternary alloy catalyst (Co-Ni-P/Pd-TiO₂) that can effectively promote the hydrogen release from ammonia-borane aqueous solution. Co-Ni-P/Pd-TiO₂ catalysts are stable enough to be isolated as solid materials and characterized by XRD, SEM, and EDX. They are isolable, redispersible and reusable as an active catalyst in the hydrolysis of AB. The reported work also includes the full experimental details for the collection of a wealth of kinetic data to determine the activation energy (E_a = 54.9 kJ mol⁻¹) and effects of the amount of catalyst, amount of substrate, and temperature on the rate for the catalytic hydrolysis of AB. Maximum H₂ generation rate of ∼60 mL H₂ min⁻¹ (g catalyst)⁻¹ and ∼400 mL H₂ min⁻¹ (g catalyst)⁻¹ was measured by the hydrolysis of AB at 25 °C and 55 °C, respectively.