Rare earth element（REE） geochemistry of phosphorites of the Sonrai area of Paleoproterozoic Bijawar basin,Uttar Pradesh,India

The rare earth element(REE) data from the Paleoproterozoic Bijawar basin,Sonrai phosphorites were used to interpret the depositional conditions of the phosphorites.The post archean Australian shales(PAAS) normalized REE patterns of the Sonrai phosphorites were characterized by negative Ce and positive Eu anomalies.Middle rare earth elements(MREE)-enrichment was a characteristic feature.Phosphorites showing the diagenetic effects on the REE patterns were limited.The observed Eu anomaly was indicative of an anoxic(or sulphate reducing) diagenetic environment of phosphate formation.Mixing of sea water and upwelling during the Paleoproterozoic was responsible for the recording of positive Eu and negative Ce anomalies in the Sonrai phosphorites.     

Rare earth element geochemistry of groundwaters from coal bearing aquifer in Renlou coal mine, northern Anhui Province, China

Rare earth element (REE) concentrations of two different types of groundwaters (high SO42–water-SW and high alkaline waterCW) from coal bearing aquifer (–400~–280 m) in Renlou coal mine,northern Anhui Province,China were measured.The results indicated that they had different REE characteristics: the total concentrations of REEs (ΣREE) of SW were lower than those of CW in general although they all had heavy REEs enriched relative to light REEs.The dissolved REE inorganic species of SW included Ln3+,LnCO3+,LnSO4+,Ln(CO3)2– and Ln(SO4)2–,whereas the CW are Ln(CO3)2– and LnCO3+ dominant,and the proportions of Ln(CO3)2– increased while other species decreased with pH increasing.Combined with correlation analysis,the enrichment and fractionation of SW (low alkaline water) were considered to be affected by alkaline concentrations via affecting the types and proportions of REE inorganic species.However,the effect of alkaline concentrations to the enrichment and fractionation of REEs of CW (high alkaline water) was less important than total dissolved solids and pH,which reflected the contribution from different rocks they flowed over,different degrees of water-rock interactions and/or REE solid-liquid partition coefficients.     

Rare earth element geochemistry in the inner shelf of the East China Sea and its implication to sediment provenances

Gravity core EC2005, located in the mud wedge off the Zhejiang-Fujian coast in the inner shelf of the East China Sea (ECS), was analyzed for its lithology, grain size, rare earth elements (REE) and AMS14C dating. Results revealed high-resolution paleoenvironmental evolution and multiple switches of sediment provenances in the inner shelf of ECS. The lithology, grain size and REE concentrations of sediments varied significantly down the core. Mean grain size ranged from 8 to 121 μm, and the values of ΣREE were 152.8-227.9 μg/g. The chondrite- and shale-normalized REE patterns indicated their similarity to the terrigenous sediments in the study area. Between 17.3-12.3 ka BP the sediments in the inner shelf of ECS were mainly originated from local drainage basins. The source then gradually switched to the Yangtze River between 12.3 and 9.8 ka BP. Since about 10-9.8 ka BP, the sediments in the study area were dominantly derived from the Yangtze River. The continuous rising of sea level and formation of coastal current along the inner shelf played a key role in the switches of sediment provenances.     

Rare earth element geochemical constrains on metallogeny of Jiapigou gold belt, Northeast China

Analyses of rare earth elements (REE) in gold-bearing quartz vein, granite and altered wall-rock (amphibolite) collected from Jiapigou gold belt in Southeast Jilin Province were conducted using inductively coupled plasma-mass-spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results in- dicated that the Jiapigou gold belt underwent two periods of gold mineralization: the earlier mineralization was related to the intrusion of Neoarchaean kaligranite, where the REE of earlier gold-bearing quartz veins and Neoarchaean kaligranites were typically featured by lower concentration and positive Eu anomaly; the later mineralization was related to the intrusion of the Yanshanian granite in Mesozoic, where the REE of later gold-bearing quartz veins and Yanshanian granites were typically featured by high concentration and negative Eu anomaly. However, the metallogenic mechanisms of the earlier and of the later gold mineralization periods were analogous, metallogenic materials were heterogenous with metallogenic fluids which mainly originated from magmatic hydrothermal fluids, mixed with metamorphic fluids; the metallogenic materials were mainly derived from the altered wall rock.     

Introducing a multi-criteria indicator to better evaluate impacts of rare earth materials production and consumption in life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment （LCA） is based on the basic principles of sustainable development. LCA method demonstrated its efficiency in providing a systematic environmental assessment approach of a product or a process. The effectiveness and efficiency of these methods lies in the fact that they take into account all life cycle stages of a product, from the extraction of raw materials to end of life treatment （recycling, ...） through an assessment covering different impact categories such as climate change, human health, ecosystems and resources. Existing LCA indicators reflect different issues surrounding resource depletion, creating inconsistency and moreover confusion among LCA practitioners. The evaluation of different life cycle impacts assessment （LCIA） methods done by EC JRC showed that available models did not address the same parameters： short- vs long-term, stock vs backup technology, etc. It also showed that if the correlation between the methods was sufficient for some resources, others such as rare earth elements showed a high level of inconsistency between methods. It was therefore necessary to develop a relevant indicator and harmonized assessment of impacts on resources in LCA. Furthermore, a resource strategy indicator based on the three pillars of sustainable development （eco- nomic, environmental and social） would better address wider challenges and making it a more powerful decision making tool. This study aimed to introduce an indicator for evaluating the strategy implications of metal resources for products and to compare different ways of production resulting from extraction of raw materials or recycling, with a special focus on rare earth materials. The indicator would assess the impacts based on a reserve-resource vision [BGS NERC] and the evolution over time and founded over three pa- rameters： technical feasibility, economic viability and political stability （including social and environmental aspects） in representing countries.     

盐酸浸出中低品位胶磷矿中稀土的研究

采用盐酸对贵州织金磷矿进行酸解,研究了盐酸浓度、反应时间、酸料比和温度等对磷矿中稀土浸出率的影响。结果表明,在下述最佳工艺条件下稀土浸出率可达98%以上:浓盐酸(11mol/L)、反应时间120min、酸料比2∶1、温度50℃。     

Rare earth element content in the SPM of Daliao river system and its comparison with that in the sediments, loess and soils in China

Content and distribution patterns of rare earth dements （REEs） in the suspended particulate material （SPM） of Daliao River system were investigated and compared with those in the fiver and sea sediments, loess, and soils of China. Twenty-seven samples of SPM were taken in Daliao River system and digested with various acids followed by ICP-MS analysis for REEs and ICP-OES analysis for Al, Fe, Mn, Ti, Mg, Ca, Na, and K, to measure the total concentrations of these elements. Results indicated that the spatial change in the content of REEs was great, with the coefficient of variance （CV） from 84% to 105%, while the contents of REEs were significantly correlated with each other. Chondrite-normalized patterns of REEs were characterized by higher enrichment of light REEs than heavy REEs, and a depletion of Eu in the SPM was generally found. The positive anomaly of Eu in the SPM of Xi River was due to anthropogenic source in Shenyang City. Furthermore, chondfite- and upper continent crust-normalized patterns of REEs in the SPM of Daliao River system, sediments of Yangtze River and Yellow River, sediments of Yellow Sea, East Sea, South Sea of China, and loess and soil of China, were very similar to one another. These demonstrated that the weathering and sedimentary processes resulted in constant REE distribution not only in the typical sedimentary rocks, but also in the modem riverine particle, sea sediments, loess, and soils.     

磷矿资源及从磷矿中提取稀土的研究现状

从国内外磷矿资源状况及其特点出发,介绍了伴生稀土的磷矿资源和我国织金新华磷矿的特点。从资源保护和优化利用角度出发,阐述了国内外从磷矿中提取稀土的研究现状。指出在中低品位磷矿开采过程中,综合利用稀土资源是当前科学合理地提取和保护自然资源的重要课题。     

Global rare earth resources and scenarios of future rare earth industry

It is known to all that China is abundant in rare earth resources.But rare earth deposits are really not that rare in the earth crust.In the five continents,i.e.Asia,Europe,Australia,North and South America,and Africa,there are about thirty four countries found to have rare earth deposits;Brazil might surpass China and rank the first in rare earth deposits.At present,investment in rare earth production was surged,there have been about 200 projects,and the total production for 25 of them would be more than 170 thousand tons after 2015,a multi-supply system on rare earths is being established worldwide.Cautions on the investment of rare earth production are involved.     

Rare earth elements distribution in marine sediments of Malaysia coasts

In the east coast Peninsular Malaysia region,sediments are transported by several rivers from the east Malaysia into the South China Sea estuary.In the vicinity of the five river estuaries core sediments were collected in order to investigate rare earth elements(REEs) profile.Core sediments were divided into strata of between 2 to 4 cm intervals and prepared for analyzing by ICP-AES.REE concentrations of 54.3 μg/gr at 24-26 cm in EC4 increased to 114.1 μg/gr at 20-22 cm in EC5.The measured concentration of ...     

黑龙江省逊克县高松山金矿区岩石地球化学特征

通过对高松山金矿床特征、地球化学特征的分析研究,认为高松山金矿床为浅成低温热液型金矿床,成矿地层是甘河期火山岩,以亚碱性系列之钙碱性高钾火山岩为特征。火山岩稀土元素分析结果表明,该火山岩属轻稀土富集型,铕无明显异常,稀土配分曲线为平缓的右倾。岩石微量元素曲线形态基本相似,表明岩浆具有同源特点。火山岩成因类型为壳-壳幔活动大陆边缘的产物。岩浆演化以分异作用为主,并受一定陆壳混染。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定砂金中稀土元素

建立了砂金中15种稀土元素的电感耦合等离子体质谱测定方法。考察了基体Au的谱线干扰及基体效应,采用In内标补偿基体对待测信号的抑制作用。仪器检测限为0.000 9～0.002 9μg/L,加入标准物质的回收率为98%～106.7%,分析结果的相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.33%～1.79%。该方法简单、快速、灵敏、准确。     

Content of rare earth elements in Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge from different areas

Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge(SMB) has been widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine for a long time,and today more and more attention has been paid to the effective components in Chinese traditional medicine,especially to rare earth elements(REEs).14 kinds of REEs in SMB from different areas were analyzed by the methods of ICP-MS.The results showed that the total concentration of REEs(as REO,the same below) ranged from 8.43(as dry weight,the same below) to 37.30 mg/kg,and the concentrations of La,Ce and Nd were higher than 2 mg/kg except Nd in SMB from Beijing.So the total concentration of REEs in SMB was much higher than that in rice,corn and barley,which could be the mechanism of curative effect of SMB on cardiovascular cerebrovascular system,digestive system,respiratory system,countershock and antibiotic.The character of other elements and the content of REEs in soil from different areas should be responsible for the difference,but the allocation mechanism of REEs in SMB should be further studied.     

Rare earth elements in tropical surface water,soil and sediments of the Terengganu River Basin,Malaysia

The 14 stable rare earth element(REE) concentrations and distribution patterns were investigated for surface waters(n=51),soils(n=52) and sediments(n=42) from the tropical Terengganu River basin,Malaysia.The chondrite normalized REE patterns of soils developed on four geological units showed enrichment of LREE,a pronounced negative Eu,and depletion of HREE with an enrichment order granite>>metasedimentary>alluvium>volcanic.The REE patterns in sediments reflected the soil REE patterns with an overall order o...     

赤泥矿中的稀土元素测定方法的研究

对目前较常用的稀土元素的测定方法进行了综述,分别探讨了各方法的优缺点.并着重研究了采用ICP-AES（电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪）来测定赤泥矿中的15种稀土元素的方法,进行了一系列实验,结果表明,该方法用来检测稀土元素可行有效、方便快捷、精密度高.     

EGTA滴定法测定稀土合金中稀土总量

通过对稀土中干扰元素的掩蔽 ,用EGTA对稀土总量进行快速测定     

Effects of the accumulation of the rare earth elements on soil macrofauna community

The accumulation of rare earth elements(REEs)in soil has occurred due to the pollution caused by the exploitation of rare earth resources and the wide rare earth fertilizers in agriculture.The accumulation of REEs has a toxic effect on the soil macrofauna community.12study samples were collected near a mine tailings dam with a large amount of REEs by distance gradient sample method.The total concentration of REEs was analyzed and the results were compared with that of the sample from a control site.The effects of the amount of REEs in the soil on the soil macrofauna community were also analyzed.The results showed that the accumulation of REEs in soil was significant in the study area and its concentration was strongly correlated with the distance from the pollution source.One-way ANOVA analysis indicated the significant differences in soil macrofauna communities among the different sites.The ordination obtained through the redundancy analysis demonstrated that the concentration of REEs and the total nitrogen,total potassium and pH,had affected the soil macrofauna community.A small amount of REEs in the soil can promote the diversity of soil macrofauna,but a large amount of REEs can reduce its diversity.The insect groups of Carabidae and Dermaptera were comparatively sensitive to the concentration of REEs in soil,and could be used as an indicator of soil pollution of REEs.However,the Formicidae and Stibaropus formosanus exhibited a high tolerance to REEs in soil.We believe that it is very important for the soil environment protection to strictly control the application of the rare earth fertilizers in agriculture in China.     

Rare earth modified Ni-Si catalysts for hydrogen production from methane decomposition

Different rare earth(RE=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Y) and Cu modified nickel catalysts for hydrogen production from methane decomposition were synthesized by a sol-gel process and method. The catalysts were characterized or analyzed through Brumauer-Emmett-Teller(BET), X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM) techniques. And the hydrogen production performance was also evaluated by a fixed-bed and micro-reaction technique with CH4→C+H2 as a probe reaction. The results showed that rare earth modification had played a great role for nickel catalysts, for example, smaller nickel particles, good thermal stability, high activity, etc. La was the best additive among rare earth modification. The SEM of rare earth modified catalysts showed ordered flower-like structure and rare earth modification made the nickel particles move to the surface of catalysts. In addition, the SEM of nano-carbons was also changed by rare earth modification with long, narrow nano-carbon fibers or tubes obtained. Solid carbon formation was prevented by rare earth modification.     

基于模糊层次分析的稀土资源储备矿种选择

选择离子吸附型稀土矿A 类（富镧少钇型离子矿）、矿种B 类（中钇富铕型离子矿）、矿种C 类（高钇型离子矿）、包头混合型矿种和氟碳铈矿5 类矿种,运用模糊层次分析方法,从稀土资源主要矿种的生产、消费趋势、主要矿种的功能性、前景性、稀缺性、开采的环境危害以及环境治理难度等方面分析了影响选择储备稀土矿种的因素,构建了储备矿种选择的定性和定量指标体系.将定性指标等级分为5 个级别,通过专家打分,进行定性和定量分析后,计算了资源地封存矿种的评价分值.根据评价分值由高到低的顺序,确定资源封存储备矿种的先后顺序为:矿种C 类（高钇型离子矿）、矿种B 类（中钇富铕型离子矿）、矿种A 类（富镧少钇型离子矿）、氟碳铈矿和包头混合型矿种.该模拟计算可为国家决策部门选择储备稀土矿种提供理论依据.      

新华戈仲伍组含稀土磷块岩矿石性质研究

对织金新华磷矿戈仲伍组磷块岩矿石特性及稀土赋存状态的研究表明:矿石P2O5品位最高为31.09%,平均为17.51%;随P2O5品位的逐渐降低,MgO和SiO2的品位有逐渐增加的趋势。矿石中稀土含量为REO 0.05%~0.13%,其中Y2O30.07%~0.045%;稀土主要以钇(Y2O3)、镧(La2O3)、钕(Nd2O3)、铈(CeO2)4种元素为主,占稀土总量平均为81.20%;其中稀土钇(Y2O3)占稀土总量平均为32.18%。稀土与磷成正相关关系,稀土总量与磷含量的相关系数为0.94177,钇含量与磷含量的相关系数为0.95874。胶磷矿单体矿物中存在稀土的独立矿物如方铈石和独居石,但稀土的独立矿物数量极微,没有发现稀土钇的独立矿物,稀土及稀土钇主要以类质同象形式赋存于胶磷矿中,这种结构导致稀土极不易从磷矿中单独选取。矿石中主要有价矿物是胶磷矿和磷灰石,脉石矿物主要是白云石,其次是方解石、石英等,且矿物之间呈细粒均匀嵌布,一般粒度为0.05~0.1 mm,矿石必须细磨,属于难选矿石。