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1.
Surface modification of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) surfaces by plasma polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) (the pp‐GMA‐HDPE surfaces), in the absence and presence of Ar plasma pre‐activation of the HDPE substrates, was carried out to enhance the adhesion of the polymer with evaporated copper. THe FTIR and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results suggested that the epoxide functional groups on the pp‐GMA‐HDPE surfaces had been preserved to various extents, depending on the RF power used during plasma polymerization. Ar plasma pre‐activation of the HDPE surface led to the strong interaction of the pp‐GMA layer with the HDPE substrate. GMA plasma polymerization at low RF powers and in the presence of Ar plasma pre‐activation was shown to be an effective method for enhancing the adhesion of HDPE with the evaporated Cu. An optimum adhesion strength of about 16 N/cm was achieved between the evaporated Cu and the pp‐GMA‐HDPE surface prepared by plasma polymerization of GMA at 5 W, 100 Pa, 20 sccm for 5 s on the HDPE surface pre‐activated by Ar plasma at 35 W, 100 Pa 20 sccm for 20 s. The adhesion enhancement of the Cu/pp‐GMA‐HDPE assemblies in the presence of Ar plasma pre‐activation of the HDPE substrate was attributed to the covalent bonding of the plasma‐polymerized GMA (pp‐GMA) layer with the HDPE surface, the preservation of the epoxide functional groups in the pp‐GMA layer, and the spatial interactions of pp‐GMA chains with the evaporated Cu matrix.  相似文献   

2.
In this investigation an all‐olefin thermoplastic sandwich system was developed and characterized. Commingled glass fiber polypropylene (PP) composite was used as skin and HDPE (PE) foam with closed cells as core. Infra‐red heating was used for melting the surfaces of the substrates for surface fusion bonding with a cold press. Two tie layer films, viz. ethylene‐propylene copolymer (EPC) and HDPE/elastomer blend, were used as hot melt adhesives for bonding the substrates. Single lap shear joints were prepared from PP composite and PE foam adherends with a bonding area of 25.4 mm × 25.4 mm to determine the interface strength. EPC tie layer provided higher bond strength (27.4 kg/cm2) to the all‐olefin sandwich system than HDPE/elastomer blend based one (19.7 kg/cm2). For EPC tie layer based sandwiches, a mixed mode a failure was observed in the failed lap shear samples; about 40% is cohesive failure through tie layer, and the rest of failure was adhesive either at PP composite or PE surfaces. Environmental scanning electron micrographs (ESEM) reveal that in the process of surface fusion bonding, PE foam cells in the vicinity of 0.80 mm interphase area were coalesced with high temperature and pressure. No macro level penetration of tie layer melt front into foam cells was observed. As the surface morphology of foam was altered on account of IR surface heating and the PP composite bonding side had a resin‐rich layer, the bonding situation was closer to that between two polymer film surface.  相似文献   

3.
The protonation of solution-coated emeraldine (EM) base by sulfonic and carboxylic acid groups on surface-functionalized low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and conductivity measurements. Surface functionalizations were achieved by sulfonation (for LDPE, HDPE, PP, and PET), by hydrolysis (for PET), and by near-UV-light-induced surface graft copolymerization with the Na salt of styrene sulfonic acid and acrylic acid (for all substrates). The efficiency of surface functionalization by graft copolymerization is substantially enhanced for substrates pretreated with O3 or Ar plasma. Protonation levels of 50% can be readily achieved for EM coated on sulfonic acid, but not carboxylic acid, functionalized surfaces. The extent of protonation, however, is also dependent on the microstructures of the modified substrate surfaces. In all cases, charge transfer interactions between the EM layer and the functionalized substrates readily result in good adhesion of the electroactive polymer on the polymer substrates to give rise to conductive surface structures. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  相似文献   

4.
In this investigation an all-olefin thermoplastic laminate was developed and characterized. Commingled glass-fiber polypropylene (PP) composite was used as skin and HDPE (PE) foam with closed cells as core. Infra-red heating was used for melting the surfaces of the substrates for surface fusion bonding with a cold press. Two tie-layer films, viz., ethylene-propylene copolymer (EPC) and HDPE/elastomer blend were used as hot-melt adhesives for bonding the substrates. Singlelap shear joints were prepared from PP composite and PE foam adherends with a bonding area of 25.4 mm × 25.4 mm to determine the bond strength. EPC tie-layer adhesive provided higher bond strength (2.68 × 106 N/m2) to the all-olefin laminate than that based on HDPE/elastomer blend (1.93 × 106 N/m2). For EPC tie-layer-based laminates, a mixed mode of failure was observed in the failed lap shear samples: about 40% was cohesive failure through the tie-layer, and the rest of failure was interfacial, either at PP composite or PE foam surfaces. Environmental scanning electron micrographs (ESEM) revealed that in the process of surface fusion bonding, PE foam cells in the vicinity of interphase (800-μm-thick) were coalesced with high temperature and pressure. No macro-level penetration of the tie-layer melt front into the foam cells was observed. As the surface morphology of foam was altered due to IR surface heating and the PP composite bonding side had a resin-rich layer, the bonding situation was closer to that between two polymer film surfaces.  相似文献   

5.
The present investigation aims to optimise the process parameters of DC glow discharge treatment through air in terms of discharge power and time of exposure for attaining best adhesive joint of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) to mild steel. The as- received and DC glow discharge exposed HDPE surfaces have been characterised by energy dispersive spectra (EDS). It is observed that with increasing power level up to 13 W, tensile lap shear strength of adhesive (Araldite AY 105) joint of HDPE to mild steel increases and then decreases. At 13 W power level, joint strength increases up to 120 s of exposure and then decreases. At the optimised condition for the surface modification, the effect of two different adhesives Araldite AY 105 and Araldite 2011 on the strength of polymer to mild steel, polymer to polymer and mild steel to mild steel joints have been examined. It is observed that tensile lap shear strength of HDPE–HDPE joint and HDPE–mild steel joint does not change with the change of adhesive and this could be possible as initiation of fracture takes place from subsurface layer of the polymer. This is confirmed by studies under optical microscopy and EDS, which shows when the polymer has been modified by exposure under glow discharge the failure is observed to initiate from subsurface layer of the HDPE, then within the adhesive cohesively and thereafter in the mild steel to adhesive interface.  相似文献   

6.
The adhesion of Alcaligenes denitrificans to several polymeric materials was investigated. As the nature of the surfaces of the micro-organisms and the substrate materials is an important factor in the adhesion process, characteristics such as the electrokinetic potential and hydrophobicity were also determined and correlated with the capacity of bacterial cells to adhere to solid surfaces. The substrates used were high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The electrokinetic potential of the cells and the substrates was determined by measurements of electrophoretic mobility and the hydrophobicity was determined by contact angle measurements. All the substrates studied as well as the bacterial strain have a negative zeta potential, which means that adhesion is not mediated by electrostatic interactions. As far as hydrophobicity is concerned, PP is the most hydrophobic material, PMMA is the least hydrophobic, whereas HDPE and PVC present an intermediate behavior. As bacteria cells are hydrophilic, adhesion is favored to PP; therefore, this substrate material seems to be the one that promotes a stronger adhesion and the development of the most stable biofilm for use as a biomass carrier in denitrifying inverse fluidized bed reactors. This was confirmed by the results of adhesion tests. In this way, adhesion seems to be dominated by hydrophobic interactions.  相似文献   

7.
Carbon nano-structures find their application in bio-medicine. In this work we functionalized carbon nano-particles (CNPs) with nitrogen (amine) groups. The CNPs were then chemically grafted onto the surface of polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) previously treated (activated) in argon plasma. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used for investigation of the size and form of reactivated CNPs. Chemical composition of the modified polymer surfaces was determined by Raman and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopies and by an electrokinetic analysis (zeta potential) as well. Surface contact angle was measured by goniometry. Surface roughness and morphology of polymers grafted with CNPs was studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Adhesion and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) on CNPs grafted HDPE and PET surfaces were studied in vitro. TEM results show that CNPs aggregate in water solution. Successful grafting of CNPs on the HDPE and PET surfaces was proved by XPS and Raman spectroscopies (amorphous carbon in the form of sp2 hybridization) and by AFM. CNPs grafting of polymer surfaces leads to a decrease of contact angle and also to a change in surface zeta potential. Grafting with CNPs has a positive effect on adhesion and proliferation of VSMC on polymers’ surface.  相似文献   

8.
The present investigation studys the effects of different electrodes such as copper, nickel, and stainless steel under low-pressure plasma on physicochemical and adhesion characteristics of high-density polyethylene (HDPE). To estimate the extent of surface modification, the surface energies of the polymer surfaces exposed to low-pressure plasmas have been determined by measuring contact angles using two standard test liquids of known surface energies. It is observed that the surface energy and its polar component increase with increasing exposure time, attain a maximum, and then decrease. The increase in surface energy and its polar component is relatively more important when the polymer is exposed under a stainless-steel electrode followed by a nickel and then a copper electrode. The dispersion component of surface energy remains almost unaffected. The surfaces have also been studied by optical microscopy and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). It is observed that when the HDPE is exposed under these electrodes, single crystals of shish kebab structure form, and the extent of formation of crystals is higher under a stainless-steel electrode followed by nickel and then copper electrodes. Exposure of the polymer under low-pressure plasma has essentially incorporated oxygen functionalities on the polymer surface as detected by ESCA. Furthermore the ESCA studies strongly emphasize that higher incorporation of oxygen functionalities are obtained when the polymer is exposed to low-pressure plasma under a stainless-steel electrode followed by nickel and then copper electrodes. These oxygen functionalities have been transformed into various polar functional groups, which have been attributed to increases in the polar component of surface energy as well as the total surface energy of the polymer. Therefore, the maximum increase in surface energy results in stronger adhesion of the polymer when the polymer is exposed under a stainless-steel electrode rather than nickel and copper electrodes.  相似文献   

9.
Summary The surface of high density polyethylene (HDPE) was modified using a two-step chemical process. HDPE panels were initially immersed in a heated, aqueous hypochlorite solution containing a carboxylic acid promoter and quenched with deionized water at room temperature following a heterogeneous chemical reaction process patented by Beholz (U.S. Patents 6,077,913 and 6,100,343). 1-5 mole percent chlorine heteroatoms were identified on the resulting HDPE surface using ESCA techniques. The surface chlorine concentration was optimized as a function of reaction time, reaction stoichiometry and number of repeated chemical treatments. The chlorinated HDPE surface was subsequently exposed to ultra-violet (UV) light and surface alkene moieties were noted using ATR FT-IR methods along with a concomitant reduction in surface chlorine from ESCA measurements. The photochemically induced free radical surface dehydrochlorination mechanism was observed to follow first-order kinetics and potentially produce a focussed pattern for information storage. Facile subsequent reactivity of the isolated surface alkene groups was demonstrated using electrophilic addition of Br2. Furthermore, poly(4-hydroxy styrene) architectures were covalently tethered to either the chlorinated or unsaturated HDPE surface in an effort to ultimately tailor surface polarity and adhesiveness as well as create laminate poly(-olefin) containing structures. This economical and benign surface chlorination/photochemical two-step treatment process produced relatively small disposal risks as well as no apparent polymer degradation.  相似文献   

10.
In order to clarify the effect of high molecular weight component on the crystallization of bimodal high density polyethylene (HDPE), a commercial PE-100 pipe resin was blended with small loading of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). The isothermal crystallization kinetics and crystal morphology of HDPE/UHMWPE composites were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized optical microscopy (POM), respectively. The presence of UHMWPE results in elevated initial crystallization temperature of HDPE and an accelerating effect on isothermal crystallization. Analysis of growth rate using Lauritzen-Hoffman model shows that the fold surface free energy (σe) of polymer chains in HDPE/UHMWPE composites was lower than that in neat HDPE. Morphological development during isothermal crystallization shows that UHMWPE can obviously promote the nucleation rate of HDPE. It should be reasonable to conclude that UHMWPE appeared as an effective nucleating agent in HDPE matrix. Rheological measurements were also performed and it is shown that HDPE/UHMWPE composites are easy to process and own higher melt viscosity at low shear rate. Combining with their faster solidification, gravity-induced sag in practical pipe production is expected to be effectively avoided.  相似文献   

11.
Polystyrene cell‐culture substrates were treated with argon glow discharge to make their surfaces hydrophilic. The process was novel in that it used a microwave electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) source for polymer surface modification. The substrates were processed at different microwave powers and time periods, and the surface modification was assessed with by measurement of the water contact angle. A decrease in contact angle was observed with increasing microwave power and processing time. Beyond a certain limit of power and duration of exposure, however, surface deterioration occurred. The optimum conditions for making the surfaces hydrophilic without deterioration of the samples were identified. The plasma parameters were assessed by Langmuir probe measurement. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance showed evidence for the induction of hydrophilicity on the surface. The surface micromorphology was examined with scanning electron microscopy. The results prove that the ECR glow discharge was an efficient method for enhancing the wettability of the polymer surfaces. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1618–1623, 2003  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

The main objective of this study was to find out if there is any significant correlation between physical properties and interfacial bonding of interphases in wood–plastic composites. To this end, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), mixture of 3% maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE) and HDPE (coded as MHDPE) and polylactic acid (PLA) were separately interacted with veneers to identify factors underlying interfaces. Plastics were first melted at 180?°C and dispensed on wood surfaces so that the contact angle (CA) could be directly measured. Wood sanding moderately decreased the CAs of plastics in order of PLA, MHDPE, and HDPE. The treatment of veneers with MAPE comprehensively improved wetting, as the CA of HDPE was significantly reduced on the wood surface after the treatment. Thereafter, the interfacial shear strengths (IFSS) of the wood–polymer interface were determined using the automated bonding evaluation system. PLA had the highest IFSS both for unsanded and sanded veneers. Comparing both parts of this research finally revealed that applying sanding or/and MAPE treatments resulted in lower surface free energy and higher IFSS at the wood–polymer interface. However, our observations support the idea that, at higher temperatures, wetting of composites is mainly influenced by polymer properties rather than interfacial tension at the wood–polymer interface.  相似文献   

13.
Studies have proved that increasing polymer matrices by carbon nanotubes to form structural reinforcement and electrical conductivity have significantly improved mechanical and electrical properties at very low carbon nanotubes loading. In other words, increasing polymer matrices by carbon nanotubes to form structural reinforcement can reduce friction coefficient and enhance anti-wear property. However, producing traditional MWCNTs in polymeric materix is an extremely complicated process. Using melt-mixing process or in situ polymerization leads to better dispersion effect on composite materials. In this study, therefore, to simplify MWCNTs /HDPE composite process and increase dispersion, powder was used directly to replace pellet to mix and sinter with MWCNTs. The composite bulks with 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4% nanotube content by weight was analyzed under SEM to observe nanotubes dispersion. At this rate, a MWCNTs/HDPE composite bulk with uniformly dispersed MWCNTs was achieved, and through the wear bench (Pin-on-Disk), the wear experiment has accomplished. Accordingly, the result suggests the sintered MWCNTs/HDPE composites amplify the hardness and wear-resist property.  相似文献   

14.
The effect of interaction between carbon black and polymer on electrical behavior was studied using the ESR method. The polymer matrices used were HDPE, LDPE, and ethylene/vinyl acetate (EVA). Two kinds of carbon blacks (CB), high structure CSF-III and low structure FEF, were used as a conductive filler. Compared to that of the HDPE/FEF compound, the positive temperature coefficient (PTC) intensity is lower and electrical reproducibility is worse for the HDPE/CSF-III compound; however, it can be improved significantly by radiation cross-linking. On the other hand, the cross-linking has no practical effect on the PTC intensity of the LDPE/CSF-III compound while it can be achieved by mixing the compound for a longer time. The great PTC intensity was obtained in the HDPE/EVA/CSF-III compound, and it is greater than that of HDPE/CSF-III or EVA/CSF-III. We explain these results using the concept of interaction between the filler and matrix. The absorption of the polymer on the carbon black surface may be physical or chemical; the latter is caused by the free-radical reaction between the polymer and carbon black, and it can occur during the radiation or preparation process of the compound. These “bound polymers” are essentially important for materials to have a great PTC intensity and good reproducibility. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  相似文献   

15.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is an elastomeric polymer frequently used as implant material, for flexible tubing and in microfluidic devices. The pronounced hydrophobic surface of this unique material impedes many applications where a good wetting behavior is required. Consequentially, various ways of surface modifications have been used to introduce new properties. Plasma treatment is the most popular technique in this respect, but is not generally applicable, especially if hardly accessible surfaces are to be modified. A novel wet-chemistry-based modification scheme yielding an amino-functionalized PDMS surface using a combined alcoholysis/aminolysis reaction is presented. Biological applications are exemplified by the conjugation of the RGD peptide, or polyethylene glycol (PEG) and heparin, yielding surfaces with cell-adhesive or nonthrombogenic properties, respectively. The effect of subsequent conjugation with an adhesive peptide is tested in cell culture. Additionally, two antifouling surfaces generated by coupling heparin and polyethylene glycol respectively are shown to improve the materials resistance to platelet adhesion drastically while simultaneously preventing hydrophobic recovery of the PDMS surface. The findings provide a versatile means of surface functionalization of PDMS substrates and is suitable for many biomedical applications.  相似文献   

16.
The surface of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) films was modified by an enzyme, soybean peroxidase (SBP). The enzymatic surface modification was performed using a peroxidase as catalyst and hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agent. The chemical composition and morphology of HDPE surfaces were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that after enzymatic treatment, the O/C atomic ratio of HDPE surfaces increased, and new functional groups such as –CO– appeared. Moreover, the surface of treated HDPE films became rougher than untreated surfaces. The hydrophilicity of treated and untreated HDPE films was analyzed by UV–vis spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. The decreased contact angle of the HDPE with water and increased adsorption ability of the surface to a water‐soluble dye clearly indicated that enzymatic treatment can significantly increase the hydrophilicity of the surfaces of HDPE films. The catalytic mechanism of SBP was also discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3673–3678, 2004  相似文献   

17.
An investigation was carried out on estimation of hydrophilicity, wettability and water-absorptivity, and surface analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the low- and high-density polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE) plates photografted with methacrylic acid (MAA) and acrylic acid (AA) at different monomer concentrations or temperatures. Wettability of the MAA-grafted LDPE and HDPE plates increased with grafted amounts, and became constant when the substrate surfaces were fully covered with the grafted polymer chains. On the other hand, for the AA-grafted LDPE and HDPE plates, wettability had the maximum value, and then gradually decreased against the grafted amount probably due to aggregation of grafted PAA chains, although the surfaces were covered with grafted PAA chains at lower grafted amounts compared with grafted PMAA chains. Water-absorptivity sharply increased at lower grafted amounts due to formation of shorter grafted polymer chains for photografting at lower monomer concentrations or due to restriction of the location of grafting to the outer surface region for photografting at lower temperatures. Therefore, for photograftings of AA or onto the HDPE plates, the substrate surfaces were covered with grafted polymer chains and the grafted layers formed possessed higher water-absorptivity at lower grafted amounts. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012  相似文献   

18.
Patterned polymer surfaces with contrasting wettability are prepared by polydopamine (PD) modification. The fabrication process involves spraying dopamine solution droplets on hydrophobic polymer surfaces and PD deposition derived from the oxidative polymerization of dopamine. Each dopamine solution droplets functions as microreactor leading to the formation of patterned PD thin films on the solid/liquid interfaces. Multiple kinds of polymer substrates, including polypropylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyethylene and polytetrafluoroethylene, are endowed with PD patterns using this method. Two types of wetting behaviors are achieved in relation to the micro morphology of the substrates. If smooth or porous substrates are used, the as‐formed film exhibited hydrophilic‐hydrophobic pattern. When a hierarchical‐structured film is used, the uncoated and coated regions have similar static wettability but different dynamic wetting behavior. This PD modification method is also proved to be suitable for flexible and curved surfaces. The results along with the fact that PD could deposit on virtually any surfaces makes this method find wide practical applications in many fields. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 41057.  相似文献   

19.
The present work studies the morphology in poly(ethylene-terephthalate)/polyethylene (PET/HDPE) polymer blends and its impact on blend properties. Mixing process in blend preparation is the important parameter for the type of obtained blend morphology and final blend properties, so two different mixing processes were used. In the first one, all components are mixed together while another one includes two step mixing procedure using two different types of masterbatch as compatibilizers for PET/HDPE system. Such blends can be considered in terms of PET polymer recycling in the presence of HDPE impurities in order to find suitable compatibilizers, which will enhance the interactions between these two polymers and represents the possible solution in recycling of heterogeneous polymer waste. The morphology of the studied PET/HDPE blends was inspected by scanning electron microscopy to examine the influence of the mixing process and various compositions on blends morphology, and interactions between PET and HDPE. The surface properties were characterized by contact angle measurements. The effect of the extrusion on the samples thermal behaviour was followed by DSC measurements. FTIR spectroscopy was used for the determination of interactions between blend constituents. It can be concluded that the type of mixing process and the carefully chosen compatibilizer are the important factors for obtaining the improved compatibility in PET/HDPE blends.  相似文献   

20.
Adhesion towards glass and interfacial healing of partially supramolecular hybrid polymer networks featuring a range of H-bonds content were investigated through two dedicated adhesion test methods. In a first series of tests, adhesion strength was measured by separating two substrates containing a cured inner resin layer, and shown to decrease with increasing H-bonds content in the polymer network (from 0 to 50%) as the mechanical strength of the polymer also decreased while the failure mechanism shifted from adhesive to cohesive due to the possibility to form hydrogen bonds with glass substrates. In a second step, the test was used to evaluate interface restoration through healing of the polymer matrices and results showed an increased from none to a tensile strength recovery up to 70% after 1 h healing time for the 50% H-bond polymer. Then, self-adhesion of freshly cut polymer surfaces to glass substrates was investigated, showing increasing tack with increasing H-bonds content. The influence of glass surface treatments on adhesion and interfacial recovery properties was also explored: while aminosilanes did not influence the interfacial behavior of partially supramolecular self-healing polymers towards glass, trimethoxy (octadecyl)silane (ODS) modification strongly hindered their adhesion abilities, further highlighting the fundamental role of hydrogen bonds interaction with the substrates.  相似文献   

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