飞行员静息态脑功能度中心度特征研究

度中心度的实质是计算单个体素与全脑所有体素之间的脑功能网络连接强度,使用度中心度分析方法对飞行员与地面职业者进行分析,探讨飞行员与地面职业者大脑功能差异的脑区。选取26名飞行员作为飞行组和24名地面职业者作为对照组,采集RS-fMRI数据,计算出相对应的DC值,然后在组间差异区间内对两组DC值做双样本t检验,最后定位差异脑区,并进一步分析差异脑区与飞行时长之间的相关性。通过数据处理发现飞行组左侧辅助运动区的DC值（P<0.001）相较于地面组有明显的增高,且该值与飞行时长呈显著正相关（双尾检验,r=0.450, P=0.027）。飞行员在静息态下左侧辅助运动区的功能活动与普通职业者之间存在明显差异。该区域与运动前准备阶段中的信息筛选、运动起始等功能有关,因此,结果可能意味着经过系统化的飞行训练,飞行员在信息筛选、运动起始等方面的能力有所提高。     

高原机场飞行条件飞行员数学模型分析

飞机在高原机场飞行条件下,由于缺氧的原因会对飞行员的生理和心理特性产生影响,这种影响可能会导致人机闭环稳定性出现问题,从而影响飞机的飞行安全.因此,研究高原飞行条件对飞行员数学模型的影响,并进行适当的修正是很有必要的.对飞行员数学模型修正研究的重点应放在对人机闭环稳定性影响较大的时间延迟上.     

基于Apriori算法的飞机冲偏出跑道诱因挖掘

为加强民航客机飞行运行全过程的安全管理,减少飞机起降阶段冲偏出跑道事件发生的概率,对冲偏出跑道事件中的诱发因素进行定性和定量分析,根据事故事件特点,建立起降阶段飞机冲偏出跑道事件诱因分析体系,对不同类型的事件进行布尔离散化,采用Apriori算法对飞机冲偏出跑道数据集开展关联分析,挖掘出不同诱发因素之间的关联规则。以国内某航空公司波音737机队在2001-2021年间冲偏出跑道数据进行分类和识别;运用Apriori算法建立数据挖掘仿真模型;使用MATLAB编程迭代计算,找到飞机冲偏出跑道诱因中有强关联的因素,并保留其数据。结果表明,当飞机故障时,有28.77%的概率会出现飞行员操作有误;当道面积雪时,有23.64%的概率会出现违反标准操作程序;当飞行程序设计不合理时,有22.84%的概率会出现飞行员判断有误;当飞机故障时,有20.65%的概率会出现飞行员控制有误;当跑道道面湿滑时,有20.12%的概率会出现飞行员控制有误。     

基于DEMATEL-图论法分析民航飞行员核心胜任力的影响因素

本文在现有研究的基础上结合实际飞行运行情况,构建了民航飞行员核心胜任力的影响因素体系,分析了民航飞行员核心胜任力影响因素之间的关系和层次,并使用决策实验与评价实验室方法（DEMATEL）量化分析,探讨了各项行为指标的重要程度、中心程度等。研究结果显示,该方法可以有效区分各因素的层次,优化飞行评估中的评价体系和凸显各项行为指标的评价侧重点,为核心胜任力体系的建设提供重要的理论参考。     

空中交通管制探析

2012年,民航空管系统以建设民航强国战略为指导,落实持续安全理念,推进“五个体系”建设,全面提升运行保障能力,着力改进管制服务质量,实现空管系统安全、平稳、快速发展。全年保障各类飞行起降605万架次,比上年增长10％,组织保障专机和重要飞行1804架次。全年总体安全形势平稳,发生管制原因造成的不安全事件17起,其中严重事故征候1起,事故征候万架次率0．003,低于0．12的安全目标,未发生重大安全责任事故。为了空中交通管制工作取得进一步的发展,就此笔者对相关内容进行探析,仅抛装引玉。     

民航飞行员胜任力指标实证研究

为研究民航飞行员胜任能力特征，在飞行技术和安全运行的前提下，结合已有的研究文献，通过开放式问卷调查和专家访谈，确定民航飞行员胜任能力特征，建立民航飞行员胜任能力模型。根据确定的胜任力特征及影响因素设计调查问卷；在问卷调查的基础上，运用因子分析法建立民航飞行员胜任能力评价指标体系。上述体系包括理论知识、飞行技术、性格特点、行为作风和职业素养4个一级指标，法律法规、应急处置能力、冷静、责任感强等17个二级指标。利用结构方程模型(SEM)验证民航飞行员胜任能力模型的有效性。研究表明，能力对民航飞行员胜任能力的影响最大，其次是飞行技术、性格特点，影响最小的为社会价值观。     

基于负荷均衡的飞机驾驶舱动态功能分配

为了提高动态复杂环境下飞机驾驶舱人机系统的安全性,提出一种基于负荷均衡的动态功能分配方法。结合飞行任务和飞行员生理特征预测飞行员的工作负荷,将预测结果作为动态功能分配的触发条件,基于模糊推理调整驾驶舱自动化等级,实现飞行任务在飞行员和自动化系统之间的协调分配。基于Simulink建立飞行任务需求、飞行员生理特征、飞行员工作负荷预测、模糊推理、任务分析与再分配模块,通过仿真测试对提出的方法进行分析和验证,结果表明该方法能够及时有效地调整任务分配,避免飞行员工作负荷过高或过低。     

飞行员着舰纵向控制研究

为了对飞行员准确着舰操控特性进行深入研究,在F/A-18A纵向着舰飞机模型的基础上,运用经典飞行员建模理论建立了跟踪飞行状态下的飞行员着舰纵向控制模型,对操纵系统的跟踪能力进行了验证.运用MATLAB/Simulink仿真程序研究了飞行员的着舰纵向控制规律,着重研究了在舰尾流干扰和航母运动情况下的飞行员操控特性,总结了在扰动下的控制规律.仿真结果显示设计的控制系统有良好的跟踪控制能力,可以有效的抑制舰尾气流影响,抗干扰能力强,满足安全着舰要求.     

重大灾害条件下的航空应急救援效率研究

分析了当前航空应急救援效率低下的原因,提出了建立以民航管理体系为背景的三层应急救援体系,研究了该体系下的救援指挥点与灾区的救援航空器分配算法,以及实施航空救援的航线设计算法和航空器飞行算法,为重大灾害条件下的应急救援预案的建立奠定了核心基础.同时,提出并实现了基于高精度等高线地图的航空救援指挥辅助系统.该系统可为飞行员提供灾区的地理和气象信息,并结合Google Earth的飞行演示功能在预定的航线上进行模拟飞行;让飞行员熟悉整个航空救援过程,极大地提高了航空救援的效率和安全性.     

恶劣气象条件下机场跑道侵入的预警研究

飞行安全是民航发展的基础,经统计,有40%~50%的飞行事故发生在起飞降落的“黑色十分钟”;为保证恶劣气象条件下飞机的安全率,文章使用Retinex方法和形态学的权重自适应算法对机场恶劣天气下的监视视频进行去雾降噪处理,之后采用光流法与混合高斯-卡尔曼滤波等机器视觉算法实现同时对多目标的检测、跟踪和预测;最后建立摄像机标定算法完成摄像机视角与机场视角坐标的转换,构建一套完整的机场跑道侵入的预警系统。     

Eye tracking as a debriefing tool in upset prevention and recovery training (UPRT) for general aviation pilots

Abstract

Upset prevention and recovery training (UPRT) is intended to improve the ability of pilots to recognize and avoid situations that can lead to airplane upsets and to improve their ability to recover control of an airplane that has exceeded the normal flight envelope. To this end, a set of different training contents – from theoretical knowledge of aerodynamics and human factors to practice-based flight training – is necessary. In order to support the debriefing with an objective feedback, and because visual scanning is a core competence, two studies on subjective evaluation of aviation pilots – one conducted in a flight simulator and the other one in-flight – focussed on the practical application of eye tracking as a debriefing tool in UPRT. From a practitioner’s perspective, eye tracking appeared to be a useful method in terms of visualising instrument scanning techniques, supporting the instructor with objective debriefing material and fostering self-awareness in human processes. The discussion recommends adjusted UPRT instructor training and further improvements to eye tracking hardware and software.

Practitioner Summary: The article focuses on pilot evaluations of eye tracking as a debriefing tool in UPRT and the identification of critical elements in its use. Eye tracking is a promising debriefing tool for UPRT. The discussion points to desirable improvements of eye tracking hardware and software as well as adjustments to instructor training that are pertinent.     

A Method for Classification and Evaluation of Pilot’s Mental States Based on CNN

How to accurately recognize the mental state of pilots is a focus in civil aviation safety. The mental state of pilots is closely related to their cognitive ability in piloting. Whether the cognitive ability meets the standard is related to flight safety. However, the pilot's working state is unique, which increases the difficulty of analyzing the pilot's mental state. In this work, we proposed a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) that merges attention to classify the mental state of pilots through electroencephalography (EEG). Considering the individual differences in EEG, semi-supervised learning based on improved K-Means is used in the model training to improve the generalization ability of the model. We collected the EEG data of 12 pilot trainees during the simulated flight and compared the method in this paper with other methods on this data. The method in this paper achieved an accuracy of 86.29%, which is better than 4D-aNN and HCNN etc. Negative emotion will increase the probability of fatigue appearing, and emotion recognition is also meaningful during the flight. Then we conducted experiments on the public dataset SEED, and our method achieved an accuracy of 93.68%. In addition, we combine multiple parameters to evaluate the results of the classification network on a more detailed level and propose a corresponding scoring mechanism to display the mental state of the pilots directly.     

ADAPT: A Predictive Cognitive Model of User Visual Attention and Action Planning

We present a computational cognitive model of novice and expert aviation pilot action planning called ADAPT that models performance in a dynamically changing simulated flight environment. We perform rigorous tests of ADAPT's predictive validity by comparing the performance of individual human pilots to that of their respective models. Individual pilots were asked to execute a series of flight maneuvers using a flight simulator, and their eye fixations and control movements were recorded in a time-synched database. Computational models of each of the 25 individual pilots were constructed, and the individual models simulated execution of the same flight maneuvers performed by the human pilots. The time-synched eye fixations and control movements of individual pilots and their respective models were compared, and rigorous tests of ADAPT's predictive validity were performed. The model explains and predicts a significant portion of pilot visual attention and control movements during flight as a function of piloting expertise. Implications for adaptive training systems are discussed.     

飞行模拟机远程鉴定系统研究

为保证用于民航飞行人员培训的飞行模拟机持续满足训练要求,民航管理部门需定期安排飞行模拟机鉴定组专家至相关的训练中心进行模拟机的状态鉴定.随着飞行模拟机数量的不断增加以及全球化发展模式的不断推进,导致鉴定组专家常年在外奔波,异常疲劳.以5G、虚拟现实、数字孪生等新一代高新技术发展为基础,结合民航规章要求对飞行模拟机的鉴定测试项目进行分类,并针对飞行模拟机鉴定的每类测试项目开展远程鉴定的可行性分析以及鉴定手段的分析研究,尤其针对需鉴定组专家亲身感受的检查项目以协同使用多种技术手段,以客观数据为基础,探索实现飞行模拟机远程鉴定的新思路和新方法.通过分析研究,首次提出采用技术手段满足飞行模拟机远程鉴定的技术基础,未来将在改变飞行模拟机鉴定模式、解放人力资源、保证设备可靠性及经济性等方面具有重要的指导意义.     

The influence of training level on manual flight in connection to performance,scan pattern,and task load

This work focuses on the analysis of pilots’ performance during manual flight operations in different stages of training and their influence on gaze strategy. The secure and safe operation of air traffic is highly dependent on the individual performances of the pilots. Before becoming a pilot, he/she has to acquire a broad set of skills by training to pass all the necessary qualification and licensing standards. A basic skill for every pilot is manual control operations, which is a closed-loop control process with several cross-coupled variables. Even with increased automation in the cockpit, the manual control operations are essential for every pilot as a last resort in the event of automation failure. A key element in the analysis of manual flight operations is the development over time in relation to performance and visual perception. An experiment with 28 participants (including 11 certified pilots) was conducted in a Boeing 737 simulator. For defined flight phases, the dynamic time warping method was applied to evaluate the performance for selected criteria, and eye-tracking methodology was utilized to analyze the gaze-pattern development. The manipulation of workload and individual experience influences the performance and the gaze pattern at the same time. Findings suggest that the increase of workload has an increased influence on pilots depending on the flight phase. Gaze patterns from experienced pilots provide insights into the training requirements of both novices and experts. The connection between workload, performance and gaze pattern is complex and needs to be analyzed under as many differing conditions. The results imply the necessity to evaluate manual flight operations with respect to more flight phases and a detailed selection of performance indications.

     

飞行模拟器近程无线电导航系统建模与仿真

结合当前航空无线电导航技术发展和全任务飞行模拟器原理样机研制的实际需求,就民机上普遍装载的导航设备构建了基于区域导航法的无线电导航仿真模型,洋述了建模过程,并在MATLAB/SIMULINK软件平台上得以实现.采用VAPS6.3制作出主飞行仪表,作为无线电导航系统仿真的终端显示,通过共享内存方式完成导航参数的通讯.经实际调试证明了该模型具有一定实用性,实现了为飞行员提供模拟飞行中的位置及其航行参数并导引飞机沿既定航线飞行的功能.文章结尾还指出今后进一步研究的方向.     

基于WEB开发民航适航培训管理系统

随着民航地区管理局针对本地区的适航培训任务的逐年增大,相应的管理难度也在随之提高.适航培训系统的开发和使用将对适航培训的应用和管理水平有很大的提升作用.它不仅给学员的报名及了解相关的培训信息提供了一个信息平台同时还为民航局领导和国际民航组织及各地区管理局的管理人员提供准确、及时的有关适航培训班及学员的电子信息,为培训管...     

Development of a bespoke human factors taxonomy for gliding accident analysis and its revelations about highly inexperienced UK glider pilots

Low-hours solo glider pilots have a high risk of accidents compared to more experienced pilots. Numerous taxonomies for causal accident analysis have been produced for powered aviation but none of these is suitable for gliding, so a new taxonomy was required. A human factors taxonomy specifically for glider operations was developed and used to analyse all UK gliding accidents from 2002 to 2006 for their overall causes as well as factors specific to low hours pilots. Fifty-nine categories of pilot-related accident causation emerged, which were formed into progressively larger categories until four overall human factors groups were arrived at: ‘judgement’; ‘handling’; ‘strategy’; ‘attention’. ‘Handling’ accounted for a significantly higher proportion of injuries than other categories. Inexperienced pilots had considerably more accidents in all categories except ‘strategy’. Approach control (path judgement, airbrake and speed handling) as well as landing flare misjudgement were chiefly responsible for the high accident rate in early solo glider pilots.     

Weatherwise: evaluation of a cue-based training approach for the recognition of deteriorating weather conditions during flight

Inappropriate and ineffective weather-related decision making continues to account for a significant proportion of general aviation fatalities in the United States and elsewhere. This study details the evaluation of a computer-based training system that was developed to provide visual pilots with the skills necessary to recognize and respond to the cues associated with deteriorating weather conditions during flight. A total of 66 pilots were assigned to one of two groups, and the evaluation process was undertaken at both a self-report and performance level. At the self-report level, the results suggested that pilots were more likely to use the cues following exposure to the training program. From a performance perspective, there is evidence to suggest that cue-based training can improve the timeliness of weather-related decision making during visual flight rules flight. Actual or potential applications of this research include the development of computer-based training systems for fault diagnosis in complex industrial environments.