基于新版《有机化合物命名原则》的链状烷烃命名方法分析

链状烷烃的命名是有机化合物命名的基础。文章基于新版《有机化合物命名原则》,结合有机化学 课程教学,详细介绍了链状烷烃的系统命名方法,通过具体案例剖析了主链的选取、基团的编号和名称的 书写等关键环节,并深入阐述了链状烷烃的命名方法、步骤与原则,旨在为教师授课和学生自学提供参考。     

二环桥环化合物和螺环化合物的命名

对有机化学中命名二环桥环化合物和螺环化合物考点进行具体分析,在命名过程中,要牢记母体,然后对主链编号以确定官能团和取代基的位次,最后按取代基位次、取代基名称、母体名称顺次来命名。桥环化合物无论[]中的数字还是编号都是从大到小,螺环化合物无论[]中的数字还是编号都是从小到大。以北京化工大学期末试卷中2道命名题为例,分析了每个题的具体命名过程,使考有机化学科目的考生能理解和掌握此考点。     

《农药通用名称命名原则和程序》简介

《农药通用名称命名原则和程序》行业标准,是为了解决我国农药名称中存在的一药多名或多种农药名称类似的问题,以免给农药生产、使用,及学术交流造成不必要的混乱而制订的。它适用于我国农药品种名称,农药制剂名称和国外农药品种译名等命名。     

中华人民共和国行业标准农药通用名称命名原则和程序

本标准适用于我国农药通用名称的命名。原药、制剂、混合制剂均须按本标准规定的原则和程序命名。凡农药产品和涉及农药的出版物均须使用通用名称。1.命名原则农药通用名称要反映农药有效成份和用途,体现名称的科学性和系统性,要简单、易懂和便于记忆。1.1 新品种通用名称的命名1.1.1 化学结构简单的品种,可采用中文化学系统名。1.1.2 化学结构复杂的品种,可依所含元素、官能团和用途定名,亦可采用特定代词定     

在标准中给产品以正确名称——兼介《无机化学命名原则》

“国际标准化组织技术工作导则国际标准的编写格式”中规定:“应避免使用特别产品的商品名称(既使它们是在日常生活中经常使用的)”因此,要求在标准中给产品以正确名称。我们在标准中,应按照《无机化学命名原则》和《有机化学命名原则》给产品以正确名称。     

生物制品药品通用名称命名的研究进展

生物制品的药品通用名称管理是一项有意义的工作,规范药品的名称对加强药品的监督管理及维护公共健康利益至关重要。我国生物制品虽有其命名原则,但是较为复杂,有待规范化。本文对我国目前生物制品药品通用名称的命名原则、进展及存在的问题作一综述。     

涂料产品分类、命名和型号GB2705-81

本标准规定了涂料产品的分类方法。适用于生产和使用部门划分或判断涂料产品类别及其差异,达到产品管理系列化之目的。 1分类 涂料产品分类是以涂料基料中主要成膜物质为基础。若成膜物质为混合树脂,则按在漆膜中起主要作用的一种树脂为基础,成膜物质分为17类,如表1所示。 2命名 2.1命名原则 涂料全名=颜色或颜料名称十成膜物质名称+基本名称。 涂料的颜色位于名称的最前面。若颜料对漆膜性能起显著作用,则可用颜料的名称代替颜色的名称,仍置于涂料名称的最前面。国家标准总局发布中华人民共和国化学工业部提出1982年5月1日实施化学工业部涂…     

了解农药药理药性 安全高效施用农药

一、农药的名称农药名称是农药的生物活性即有效成分的称谓。一般来说,一种农药的名称包括化学名称、通用名称和商品名称。1、化学名称按有效成分的化学结构,根据化学命名原则定出的化合物名称。农药的化学名称专业性强、文字长、符号繁琐、记忆使用不方便,除了专业文章外,一般不采用。     

醇和酚的中英文命名法关系的讨论

本文对醇和酚等有机化合物的中英文命名法的关系进行了详细讨论。在IUPAC命名法的名称中通常带有词尾,将相应alkane（烷烃）的名称结尾的＂-e＂换成＂-ol＂,并且用数字表示羟基的位置。醇的常用名是由alkyl group（烷基）的常用名和alcohol（醇）构成。这种系统把一个醇描述成水的一个氢原子被alkyl group取代所产生的物质。     

氧化铝的命名

石油化工部1975年广州科研会议中曾提出氧化铝和氧化铝水合物命名的建议,会议推荐在石油化工系统内部试行,现将会议建议摘录如下,供各单位参考。一、命名原则 1.以中国科学院自然科学名词编订室已颁布的名称为基础。 2.要反映现代科学成就和对氧化铝及氧化铝水合物本质的认识。例如,氧化铝水合物的化学式的所谓“水”的表示方法,用OH-形式表示。 3.考虑到便于进行国际交流,例如表示氧化铝和氧化铝水合物不同晶相的希腊字母采用国际上应用比较广泛的美国命名方法。 4.适当照顾到国内已经使用的习惯,例如从名称上可以看出氧化铝水合物是三水还是一水。     

Synthesis and characterization of brominated polyester composites

Two unsaturated polyesters containing a halogen (bromine) in the backbone of the polymer chain were synthesized and compared with a halogen‐free polyester. The bromine content was measured by elemental analysis. The chemical structures of the polyesters were characterized by means of IR and ¹H‐NMR spectroscopies. Feldspar was used as the filler to form the polyester composites. The effects of the halogen substituents, filler concentration, and crosslinking monomers and comonomers on the electrical and mechanical properties of the polyester composites were studied. The flammability was also investigated. The styrenated polyesters and their composites achieved fire resistance and good mechanical and electrical properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1356–1365, 2006     

Oligomeric aliphatic/aromatic poly(amides) containing silicon in the main chain and phthalimide or tetrahalophthalimide moieties as side groups

Oligomeric aliphatic poly(amides) (PAs) with phthalimide or tetrahalophthalimide were obtained from aspartic and glutamic acids which reacted previously with phthalic or tetrahalophtalic anhydrides, and the diamine bis(4-aminophenyl)-diphenylsilane, by direct polycondensation according to the Yamazaki method. PAs were characterized by IR and ¹H, ¹³C and ²⁹Si NMR, inherent viscosity measurements and optical activity. The results showed low η _inh values due to the insolubility of the PAs in the reaction media. All PAs were soluble in aprotic polar solvents and partially soluble in other common solvents as CHCl₃ and THF. The T _g values for the PAs derived from aspartic acid showed an increase when the size of the halogen atom is increased due to the more rigidity of the imide group. For those PAs derived from glutamic acid the influence of the side groups was less important due probably to the higher influence of the longer aliphatic main chain. The thermal degradation analysis showed that PAs have good TDT values with the exception of PA-7. The temperature for 50 % of weight loss for both PAs series was dependent on the nature of the halogen, showing an increase when the halogen was more electronegative. PAs do not showed good optical properties, with the exception of PA-1 and PA-6 without halogen atoms in the side chain, due to the increase of the volume of the side group which affects their mobility increasing their packing. It is possible to see a low increase of the transmittance when the aliphatic chain is increased from aspartic to glutamic acid due to an increase of the flexibility of the main chain.     

Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationship Studies of Derivatives of the Dual Aromatase–Sulfatase Inhibitor 4‐{[(4‐Cyanophenyl)(4H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐4‐yl)amino]methyl}phenyl sulfamate

4‐{[(4‐Cyanophenyl)(4H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐4‐yl)amino]methyl}phenyl sulfamate and its ortho‐halogenated (F, Cl, Br) derivatives are first‐generation dual aromatase and sulfatase inhibitors (DASIs). Structure–activity relationship studies were performed on these compounds, and various modifications were made to their structures involving relocation of the halogen atom, introduction of more halogen atoms, replacement of the halogen with another group, replacement of the methylene linker with a difluoromethylene linker, replacement of the para‐cyanophenyl ring with other ring structures, and replacement of the triazolyl group with an imidazolyl group. The most potent in vitro DASI discovered is an imidazole derivative with IC₅₀ values against aromatase and steroid sulfatase in a JEG‐3 cell preparation of 0.2 and 2.5 nM , respectively. The parent phenol of this compound inhibits aromatase with an IC₅₀ value of 0.028 nM in the same assay.     

Confusion over different types of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

There are two kinds of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) is the parent n‐3 PUFA; it cannot be synthesized by the human body and as a result is an essential fatty acid. The two long chain n‐3 PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) can in principle be synthesized from ALA or obtained from the diet. While the cardioprotective effects of long chain n‐3 PUFA are well established the effects of ALA on the cardiovascular system are more controversial. The Lyon Diet Heart Study which it is claimed provides evidence for beneficial effects of ALA on the cardiovascular system is flawed. The argument that ALA conversion into EPA and DHA provides significant quantities of the two long chain n‐3 PUFA is unsustainable as rates of conversion are too low. To avoid confusion a distinction needs to be drawn between ALA and the long chain n‐3 PUFA. Health claims for foods rich in EPA and DHA cannot be extended to foods rich in ALA nor is ALA a substitute for EPA and DHA in vegetarian diets.     

接枝改性无卤阻燃聚丙烯的研究

采用接枝改性手段把含有极性基团的乙烯基单体引入非极性的PP大分子骨架，将PP功能化，再与非卤阻燃剂如含NH2基的P－N膨胀型阻燃剂等进行大分子反应，制备了非卤阻燃聚丙烯母粒。着重探讨了含极性基团的乙烯基单体种类及用量等因素对PP阻燃性的影响。在PP大分子链上接枝含极性基团的乙烯基单体，可显著提高PP的阻燃性能；在双单体接枝体系中，单体A与C的配比为10／30时，最高氧指数可达32．0。     

Experimental and Computational Studies on Structure and Energetic Properties of Halogen Derivatives of 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose

The results of structural studies on a series of halogen-substituted derivatives of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) are reported. 2-DG is an inhibitor of glycolysis, a metabolic pathway crucial for cancer cell proliferation and viral replication in host cells, and interferes with D-glucose and D-mannose metabolism. Thus, 2-DG and its derivatives are considered as potential anticancer and antiviral drugs. X-ray crystallography shows that a halogen atom present at the C2 position in the pyranose ring does not significantly affect its conformation. However, it has a noticeable effect on the crystal structure. Fluorine derivatives exist as a dense 3D framework isostructural with the parent compound, while Cl- and I-derivatives form layered structures. Analysis of the Hirshfeld surface shows formation of hydrogen bonds involving the halogen, yet no indication for the existence of halogen bonds. Density functional theory (DFT) periodic calculations of cohesive and interaction energies (at the B3LYP level of theory) have supported these findings. NMR studies in the solution show that most of the compounds do not display significant differences in their anomeric equilibria, and that pyranose ring puckering is similar to the crystalline state. For 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (2-FG), electrostatic interaction energies between the ligand and protein for several existing structures of pyranose 2-oxidase were also computed. These interactions mostly involve acidic residues of the protein; single amino-acid substitutions have only a minor impact on binding. These studies provide a better understanding of the structural chemistry of halogen-substituted carbohydrates as well as their intermolecular interactions with proteins determining their distinct biological activity.     

Study on chain deformation of polyacrylamides in solutions and its flocculation performance during the flocculation process

Effects of external conditions, solution concentration, solvent quality, added salt, and pH on the chain conformation dimension of two kinds of polyacrylamide (PAAm) flocculants, neutral‐PAAm, and cationic‐P(AAm‐DMC) (DMC, 2‐[(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride), in parent solutions and their flocculation performance for Kaolin suspensions have been investigated by Ubbelohde viscometer and spectrophotometer, respectively. It was found that a negative correlation existed between the flocculation performance of PAAm flocculants and their chain sizes in parent solutions. This was attributed to the expanded chain deformation of PAAm flocculants during the flocculation process from the flocculant parent solution to the Kaolin suspension and was interpreted in term of the competitive interaction among the polymeric flocculant, solvent, and Kaolin particle in the chain deformation process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

兑卤——冷结晶法生产氯化钾工艺的研究

兑卤-冷结晶法生产氯化钾是利用晶间卤水和老卤生产氯化钾的新工艺，文章介绍了该工艺的基本原理，工艺过程和技术指标，并进行了技术经济核算。     

Acceleration of thermal decomposition of molten nitrates by Cr in steel and promotion of this effect by halogens

Molten salts have been widely studied as the most common heat storage medium for concentrated solar power (CSP) plants. However, most studies have focused on the corrosiveness of molten salts, while this study innovatively reveals the role of stainless steel in promoting the decomposition of molten salts and the mechanism by which the halogen ions accelerate this process. Considering commercial Solar Salt as an example, the thermal stability, composition, and thermophysical properties of Solar Salt adding Cl⁻, Br⁻, and I⁻ after contacting different stainless steel were analyzed. The results showed that Cr was the main reason for the decomposition of the molten salt, and Cl⁻, Br⁻, and I⁻, all accelerated the decomposition. Meanwhile, different halogen ions promoted the decomposition of molten salts through different mechanisms: oxide layer destruction and chain oxidation.     

一种温控器用水基低卤助焊剂的研制

针对前期研制并已商用的波纹管温控器有机溶剂过多,卤素含量过高等问题,研制了一种水基低卤助焊剂。助焊剂以选用丁二酸、己二酸、有机卤盐活化剂M作为活性剂,OP-10复配蔗糖酯作为表面活性剂,聚乙二醇作为成膜剂,并使用正交实验法确定各组分配比。研制的水基低卤助焊剂对温控器造成的腐蚀更小、产品可靠性更高。