聚(ε-己内酯)-b-聚丙烯酸嵌段聚合物的合成

结合配位-插入开环聚合(CROP)及原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)成功制备出一种两亲性新型四臂星型聚合物聚(ε-己内酯)-b-聚丙烯酸(PCL4-b-PAA4)。首先以季戊四醇为四官能团引发剂,辛酸亚锡Sn(Oct)2为催化剂,由ε-己内酯制备出分子量为8000、分子量分布为1.13的四臂星型聚(ε-己内酯)(PCL4),其末端羟基与小分子2-溴异丁酰溴进行酯化反应,得到用于ATRP聚合的星型大分子引发剂(PCL-Br)4,然后引发丙烯酸叔丁酯(tBA)聚合,把得到的PCL4-b-Pt-BA4水解,得到目标产物PCL4-b-PAA4。水解3 h和6 h的样品通过凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)测试可知,分子量分布很窄,分别为1.31和1.40。用核磁共振(1H-NMR)和红外光谱(FT-IR)等手段,对中间及最终产物进行了详细表征。     

PLLA/PBLG嵌段共聚物的合成及其结构表征

以L-丙交酯(LLA)为原料,在催化剂辛酸锡酯Sn(Oct)2的作用下,利用聚(γ-谷氨酸苄酯)的活性端氨基引发LLA进行开环聚合,合成了聚L-丙交酯 (PLLA)与聚(γ-谷氨酸苄酯)(PBLG)的共聚物,对反应条件的各项因素进行了讨论,确定了最佳反应条件是:m(催化剂):m(PBLG)=1:1;反应温度120℃;反应时间6h.并利用红外、核磁和凝胶渗透色谱方法对产物的结构进行表征.结果表明,所制备的共聚物为PLLA/PBLG/PLLA三嵌段共聚物.     

环烷氧锡引发L-丙交酯的开环聚合

以环烷氧锡化合物引发L-丙交酯开环聚合制备高分子量聚L-乳酸。考察了单体引发剂配比、聚合温度和聚合时间等聚合条件对聚合产物特性黏度的影响。用1H-NMR、13C-NMR分析聚合产物微观结构表明,环烷氧锡引发L-丙交酯开环聚合是基于酰氧键断裂开环聚合的“配位-插入”机理。DSC、TGA、XRD等测试结果表明,所得聚L-乳酸具有较高的结晶度和立构规整度。     

ATRP法制备聚甲基丙烯酸2,2,2-三氟乙酯-b-聚苯乙烯嵌段共聚物的研究

用α-溴代丙酸乙酯(EPN-B)/氯化亚铜(CuCl)/联二吡啶(bpy)作为ATRP催化引发体系,环己酮为溶剂,进行甲基丙烯酸2,2,2-三氟乙酯(TFEMA)的原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP),得到单分散PTFEMA-X预聚体.并以此预聚体为大分子引发剂引发苯乙烯聚合,得到分子质量可控、分子质量分布窄的聚甲基丙烯酸2,2,2-三氟乙酯-b-聚苯乙烯嵌段共聚物,考察了大分子引发剂的分子质量、配位剂等对聚合过程的影响.并用1H-NMR、FTIP、GPC、DSC等时产物的结构与性能进行了表征.     

新型生物材料聚(β-苹果酸-co-β-羟基丁酸酯)的合成和结构表征

以苯甲酸四乙铵为引发剂,引发β-苹果酸苄基内酯(MLABe)和β-丁内酯(BL)开环共聚,得到聚(β-苹果酸苄基酯-co-β-羟基丁酸酯)(P(MLABe-co-BL))共聚物。通过核磁共振氢谱(1 H-NMR)、核磁共振碳谱(13 CNMR)和红外光谱(FT-IR)表征,表明合成了聚合物单体MLABe和聚-β-羟基丁酸酯(PHB),为共聚奠定了基础。共聚实验结果表明,聚合物单体含量不同,聚合物组成有明显差别,分子量都在104以上。MLABe的竞聚率比BL的大,因此加入BL的比率越多,聚合时间就越长。MLABe和BL的比例为75/25(物质的量比),聚合时间短且共聚产物分子量适中,分布宽度窄。微观聚合机理表明MLABe和BL的比例为50/50(物质的量比)时,聚合过程酯交换剧烈,趋向于无规共聚。P(MLABe-co-BL)氢化苄基后得到两亲性共聚物聚(β-苹果酸-co-β-羟基丁酸酯)(P(MLA-coBL)),该共聚物改善了PMLA用作药物载体降解快、负电性大的缺点,有望在生物医用材料等方面得到应用。     

应用于心血管支架表面涂层聚乳酸及其共聚物的合成

聚乳酸及其共聚物的制备采用两步法合成,即以DL-乳酸和乙醇酸为原料,制得了高纯度聚合单体丙交酯和乙交酯;再以辛酸亚锡为引发剂,月桂醇为链转移剂(即分子量调节剂),在高真空下开环本体聚合制得了一系列的不同分子量的聚乳酸均聚物和不同配比的共聚物.实验获得了在170℃下,聚乳酸相对分子质量与链转移剂用量的定量关系,并用GPC、IR、1H-NMR、DSC等对聚合物的结构和性质进行了表征.     

低相对分子质量线型和星形聚乳酸及其共聚物多元醇的合成、结构与性能

利用丙交酯在小分子多元醇链转移剂和辛酸亚锡催化剂的作用下开环聚合或与己内酯共聚,合成了一系列线型和星形聚乳酸和聚(乳酸-co-己内酯)多元醇。获得的聚乳酸和聚(乳酸-co-己内酯)实际相对分子质量接近于理论相对分子质量,且相对分子质量分布较窄。聚合过程研究表明,在多元醇链转移剂下丙交酯开环聚合反应较快,其转化率在10min内达到95%以上,且之后聚乳酸多元醇相对分子质量基本不变。通过差示扫描量热法、热重分析研究了聚乳酸和聚(乳酸-co-己内酯)多元醇的热性能。聚乳酸多元醇的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)随着相对分子质量的增大而升高;己内酯的引入可以有效地降低聚乳酸多元醇的Tg,且提高了聚乳酸多元醇热稳定性。     

高分子量聚L-乳酸的合成和表征

采用丙交酯开环聚合合成聚L-乳酸(PLLA),研究了引发剂用量、聚合时间对聚L-乳酸分子量的影响.采用FTIR、DSC、TG分析方法对聚乳酸的结构和热性能加以表征.研究结果表明通过对聚合时间以及引发剂用量的控制,合成出高分子量聚L-乳酸.FTIR分析结果证实了聚L-乳酸的结构,DSC分析表明合成出的聚L-乳酸玻璃化转变温度为62℃,结晶度达到42.3%;TG分析表明聚L-乳酸热分解温度为299℃.     

L-丙交酯和D,L-丙交酯混合制备PLA工艺探讨

以辛酸亚锡为催化剂,采用开环聚合法,对L-丙交酯和D,L-丙交酯混合制备PLA工艺进行探讨,分别考察了D,L-丙交酯含量、催化剂用量、聚合时间、聚合温度和体系真空度对PLA粘均分子量的影响。经过GPC测试,所得PLA的质均分子量达到1.15×105,并采用红外光谱仪和差热-热重分析仪对PLA进行了结构和热性能表征。     

端氨基聚乙二醇-聚乳酸嵌段共聚物的合成及表征

以聚乙二醇为原料,采用四步反应,合成了二碳酸二叔丁酯单保护的氨基聚乙二醇(BOC-PEG-NH2);并以DOe-PEG-NH2为引发剂,引发丙交酯开环聚合,得到了叔丁氧基酰胺基聚乙二醇-聚乳酸嵌段共聚物(BOC-PEG-PLA).在三氟乙酸二氯甲烷溶液中,脱去保护基团,得到了端氨基聚乙二醇-聚乳酸嵌段共聚物(NH2-PEG-PLA).采用核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)、紫外光度仪(UV)表征各聚合物的结构,由凝胶色谱仪(GPC)测定嵌段共聚物的分子量以及分子量分布.结果表明:合成的氨基引发在无催化剂条件下能够引发丙交酯开环聚合,制得分子量高、分子量分布窄的双亲性共聚物.通过三氟乙酸脱保护得到了端氨基聚乙二醇-一聚乳酸(NH2-PEG-PLA),且对分子量没有影响.     

凝固科学技术与材料

从凝固科学与实践发展的角度介绍了当前凝固材料体系的基本框架和凝固科学主要发展阶段的基本理论。作为材料科学与工程的基本组成，凝固科学技术正在现代科学理论的基础上针对传统材料的改性提高和新材料的发展需求，以控形、控构、控性为目标开展优质铸件的定向、晶体生长、快凝、深过冷及各种新型和超常领域凝固过程的研究，并介绍了其中某些方面和展望了可能的发展趋势。     

Development and challenges of planning and scheduling for petroleum and petrochemical production

Production planning and scheduling are becoming the core of production management, which support the decision of a petrochemical company. The optimization of production planning and scheduling is attempted by every refinery because it gains additional profit and stabilizes the daily production. The optimization problem considered in industry and academic research is of different levels of realism and complexity, thus increasing the gap. Operation research with mathematical programming is a conventional approach used to address the planning and scheduling problem. Additionally, modeling the processes, objectives, and constraints and developing the optimization algorithms are significant for industry and research. This paper introduces the perspective of production planning and scheduling from the development viewpoint.     

江澳两地高校文创设计的协同研究与商业实践

目的 探索江门世遗文化的传承、发展和转化的新思路,践行国家在《粤港澳大湾区发展规划》纲要中要求江门承担与港澳地区文化创意合作与开发任务的分工。方法 与澳门高校紧密合作,开展专业培训课程,以开平碉楼为例,从人文视角开展设计研究,梳理开平碉楼的文化脉络,把世遗文化的元素和其背后的文化融入文创产品中,提升文创产品的附加值,推动当地文创产业结构的变革。结果 两地高校构建了稳定的科研团队,开设长期有效的设计培训课程,与景区建立了研究协作关系,帮助景区构建了一套产销研的商业模式。结论 以跨区域高校合作为平台,以文创产品为抓手,依托江澳两地的资源优势,可以构建江门世遗文化全新的品牌形象,最终推动开平世遗文化的活化。     

Error and uncertainty in modeling and simulation

This article develops a general framework for identifying error and uncertainty in computational simulations that deal with the numerical solution of a set of partial differential equations (PDEs). A comprehensive, new view of the general phases of modeling and simulation is proposed, consisting of the following phases: conceptual modeling of the physical system, mathematical modeling of the conceptual model, discretization and algorithm selection for the mathematical model, computer programming of the discrete model, numerical solution of the computer program model, and representation of the numerical solution. Our view incorporates the modeling and simulation phases that are recognized in the systems engineering and operations research communities, but it adds phases that are specific to the numerical solution of PDEs. In each of these phases, general sources of uncertainty, both aleatory and epistemic, and error are identified. Our general framework is applicable to any numerical discretization procedure for solving ODEs or PDEs. To demonstrate this framework, we describe a system-level example: the flight of an unguided, rocket-boosted, aircraft-launched missile. This example is discussed in detail at each of the six phases of modeling and simulation. Two alternative models of the flight dynamics are considered, along with aleatory uncertainty of the initial mass of the missile and epistemic uncertainty in the thrust of the rocket motor. We also investigate the interaction of modeling uncertainties and numerical integration error in the solution of the ordinary differential equations for the flight dynamics.     

Density and viscosity of tetralin and trans-decalin

New measurements are reported for the density and viscosity of tetralin and trans-decalin. The density was determined from room temperature to 60°C for tetralin and to 95°C for trans-decalin. The kinematic viscosity was measured up to temperatures slightly above 100°C. Our results improve upon the values recommended by the American Petroleum Institute for these liquids.     

Creation and motion of dislocations and fracture in metal and silicon crystals

By making a step on one surface ( ) of a rectangular small paralellepiped copper crystal, dislocations could be created by the molecular dynamic method. The dislocation created was not a complete edge dislocation but a pair of Heidenreich-Shockley partial dislocations. Each time a dislocation was created, the stress on the surface was released. Small copper crystals having a notch were pulled (until fracture), compressed and buckled by use of the molecular dynamic method. An embedded atom potential was used to represent the interaction between atoms. Dislocations were created near the tip of the notch. A very sharp yield stress was observed. The results of high speed deformations of pure silicon small crystals using the molecular dynamics are presented. The results suggest that plastic deformation may be possible for the silicon with a high speed deformation even at room temperature. Another small size single crystal, the same size and the same surfaces, was compressed using molecular dynamic method. The surfaces are {110}, {112} and {111}. The compressed direction was [111]. It was found that silicon crystals are possible to be compressed with a high speed deformation. This may suggest that silicon may be plastically deformed with high speed deformation.     

SMC／BMC的回收与再利用

SMC／BMC废弃物对工业及环境造成了很大影响，指出了SMC／BMC回收再利用的紧迫性。通过对目前国际上SMC／BMC回收再利用的3种典型途径优缺点的对比，参照国外SMC／BMC回收再利用的先进方法，对我国SMC／BMC回收再利用提供了可行的建议．     

The Candela and Photometric and Radiometric Measurements

The national measurement system for photometric and radiometric quantities is presently based upon techniques that make these quantities traceable to a high-accuracy cryogenic radiometer. The redefinition of the candela in 1979 provided the opportunity for national measurement laboratories to base their photometric measurements on optical detector technology rather than on the emission from high-temperature blackbody optical sources. The ensuing technical developments of the past 20 years, including the significant improvements in cryogenic radiometer performance, have provided the opportunity to place the fundamental maintenance of photometric quantities upon absolute detector based technology as was allowed by the 1979 redefinition. Additionally, the development of improved photodetectors has had a significant impact on the methodology in most of the radiometric measurement areas. This paper will review the status of the NIST implementation of the technical changes mandated by the 1979 redefinition of the candela and its effect upon the maintenance and dissemination of optical radiation measurements.