Potassium Lactate Effects on Low-Fat Fresh Pork Sausage Chubs During Simulated Retail Distribution

Typical pork sausage (25% fat) and low-fat (8% fat) sausage with or without 20% added water and 0.4% carrageenan were compared to identical treatments containing 3.0% potassium lactate. Microbial populations of low-fat treatments did not differ (P>0.05). However, typical sausages with lactate had lower psychrotrophic counts than typical sausage. Lactate delayed (P<0.05) pH decline in typical sausages but had no effect on low-fat sausages (P>0.05). Addition of water and carrageenan to commercially manufactured and distributed low-fat sausage had no deleterious effects on microbial, lipid or color stability.     

Properties of Low-Fat Ground Beef Containing Potassium Lactate During Aerobic Refrigerated Storage

Low-fat patties containing water, carrageenan, encapsulated salt and hydrolyzed vegetable protein (carrageenan-based patties) with 0, 1, 2 or 3% potassium lactate were compared to low-fat all-beef patties with no additives. Carrageenan-based patties had enhanced (P<0.05) sensory properties (juiciness, tenderness, mealiness and beef flavor intensity) compared to all-beef patties. The bacterial populations of low-fat, carrageenan-based patties did not differ (P<0.05) from low-fat all-beef patties. Bacterial growth in low-fat, carrageenan-based patties was reduced through the use of 2 or 3% potassium lactate with no deleterious effects on the sensory properties of the low-fat, ground beef. However, low-fat, carrageenan-based patties underwent greater (P<0.5) discoloration and lipid oxidation during aerobic refrigerated storage than all-beef patties.     

Assessment of Sodium Lactate Addition to Fresh Pork Sausage

Sodium lactate was added to fresh pork sausage to determine its effect on refrigerated storage of chubs and retail display of patties. An additional treatment evaluated effects of sodium lactate in fresh sausage with added textured soy concentrate. In fresh sausage stored as 454g chubs, surface discoloration was reduced (P<0.01) and off-odor development abated (P<0.01) with addition of sodium lactate. The lag phase of microbial growth was extended from 10 to 20 days with sodium lactate. Under retail conditions, sodium lactate did not affect lean color (P>0.01) but resulted in more rapid surface discoloration (P<0.01). Presence of textured soy concentrate decreased (P<0.01) effectiveness of sodium lactate against microorganisms.     

Antioxidative Fat Replacer and High-Monounsaturated Oil Used for Pork Fat in Precooked Sausage

One high-fat and four low-fat pork sausage formulations were made: P30 with 30% pork fat (P); P11-W with 11% P and 10% added water (W); P11-WC with 11% P, 9.5% W and 0.5% carrageenan (C); Pso11-WC with 6% P plus 5% high-oleic sunflower oil (So), 9.5% W and 0.5% C; and Pso11-WGcf with 6% P plus 5% So, 7.0% W and 3% defatted glandless cottonseed flour (Gcf). Sausage patty cooking yield was highest for P11-WC and Pso11-WGcf. TBA values for refrigerated precooked patties were lowest for Pso11-WGcf, whereas carrageenan had a prooxidant effect in low-fat patties made with all-pork fat. The oil had no adverse effects on lipid oxidation and sensory properties of low-fat patties with C. The monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio increased by 53–71% in the So-containing low-fat patties when compared to P11-W and P11-WC patties.     

迷迭香提取物对冷藏调理猪肉饼品质的影响

研究不同剂量迷迭香提取物对4 ℃冷藏调理猪肉饼抗脂肪氧化、抑菌能力及品质特性的影响。将0.03%、0.06%和0.09%的迷迭香提取物分别添加到调理猪肉饼中,测定其在10 d冷藏过程中硫代巴比妥酸值、菌落总数、pH值、颜色（L*、a*、b*值）、出品率和感官指标的变化。结果表明：与对照组相比,添加迷迭香提取物的各处理组具有显著的抗脂肪氧化效果和更高的出品率（P＜0.05）,效果与添加0.02%二丁基羟基甲苯相当。迷迭香提取物添加量为0.06%和0.09%的处理组在冷藏7 d后表现出显著的抑菌能力（P＜0.05）,这两组的pH值在冷藏期间显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。迷迭香提取物添加量为0.06%的猪肉饼在冷藏4 d后红度值（a*）与对照组相比显著升高（P＜0.05）,迷迭香提取物添加量为0.09%的猪肉饼在10 d冷藏过程中亮度值（L*）显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,而这两组猪肉饼的黄度值（b*）在冷藏期间均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。此外,猪肉饼的香气、质地和总体可接受程度均没有随迷迭香提取物添加量的增加而发生显著变化（P＞0.05）。可见,迷迭香提取物在调理猪肉饼中具有较好的抗氧化和抑菌效果,并且在一定程度上能改善肉饼颜色,而对肉饼的感官品质不会造成不良影响。     

Effect of antioxidants on stabilization of meat products fortified with n-3 fatty acids

The effects of an n-3 oil emulsion, with and without added antioxidants, on lipid oxidation in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-fortified meat products were studied. An emulsion of n-3 PUFAs was prepared (25% algal oil, 2.5% whey protein isolates, 10mM sodium citrate, 0.2% potassium sorbate, 500ppm of 70% mixed tocopherols, 100μM EDTA, pH 3, pasteurized at 75°C for 30min) and incorporated into fresh ground turkey, and fresh pork sausage (20% fat) to achieve a concentration of 500mg n-3 PUFA/110g meat. An antioxidant combination containing rosemary (0.2% w/w; radical quencher), citrate (0.5% w/w; sequestrant) and erythorbate (1g/kg product; reductant) was prepared and incorporated into ground turkey patties (5cm dia, 1.5cm thick) or fresh pork sausages (5cm dia, 1.5cm thick). Meat products were stored at 4°C or -18°C and analyzed for color (L*, a*, b* values), lipid oxidation (TBARS and lipid hydroperoxides) and n-3 PUFA profile. a* Values of refrigerated ground turkey patties decreased with storage, and an antioxidant combination effect was observed after 4 days (P<0.05). For fresh pork sausages at 4°C, control+antioxidant (CON+ANTI), and n-3+antioxidant (n-3+ANTI) groups showed greater a* values than controls (CON) indicating that the antioxidant combination stabilized meat color. TBARS and lipid hydroperoxides of both n-3 PUFA-enhanced meat products increased with storage (P<0.05); there were no significant changes in TBARS or lipid hydroperoxides for treatments containing the antioxidant combination (P<0.05). The actual level of n-3 PUFA incorporation in both meat products was greater than 87%; n-3 PUFA concentrations did not change within any treatment during storage (P>0.05). These results provide support for including antioxidant protection in n-3 PUFA fortified meat products.     

Effects of sodium lactate and acetic acid derivatives on the quality and sensory characteristics of hot-boned pork sausage patties

Sodium lactate and acetic acid derivatives were evaluated for their effects on color retention, microbial growth, and sensory attributes of hot-boned pork sausage patties. Treatments included: (a) sodium lactate (L), (b) buffered vinegar (V), (c) sodium lactate and vinegar mixture (LV), (d) control with BHA/BHT (C), and (e) negative control (NC). Treatments L and LV decreased TPC at day 14 and day 16 when compared to control samples and reduced bacterial numbers up to 18 days. In addition, use of lactate and vinegar increased (P<0.05) acceptability and juiciness and reduced (P<0.05) off-flavor and rancidity when compared to control treatments at day 14. These results revealed that the L and LV sausage patties retained sensory acceptability and shelf-life quality from day 14 through day 17 as opposed to other treatments. Additionally, sausage patties with LV maintained redness and sensory quality throughout 17 days of shelf-life, as compared to other treatments that retained color and quality for 14 days.     

Storage Stability of Low-fat Ground Beef Made with Lower Value Cuts of Beef

Five combinations of low-fat ground beef treatments were prepared with lower value raw-materials: 90% lean cow trimmings, 50/50 Choice trimmings, 95% lean Choice trimmings, defatted clods and rounds, cow knuckles, and cow chucks. They were compared to a 20% fat control for quality attributes during 24 wk frozen (?20°C) storage. Control patties had greater (P<0.05) cooking loss, shear force, and connective tissue, and lower (P<0.05) juiciness scores than low-fat treatments. All low-fat pattie treatments were rated higher (P<0.05) in flavor intensity than control patties. Low-fat patties manufactured with a majority of lean cow trimmings had a greater color (pigment) and oxidative (lipid) stability.     

APPLICATION OF α-TOCOPHEROL IN DRY CHINESE POWCHICKEN SAUSAGES

Chicken breast at 8%, 17% and 25% levels was used to replace pork fat in a low-fat dry Chinese sausage. This replacement resulted in more lipid and oxymyoglobin oxidation; also pH values declined (P<0.05) during 4C storage. Cooking loss decreased with increasing chicken cantent in sausaga (P<0.05). The addition of α-tocopherol to pork/chicken sausages delayed lipid and oxymyoglobin oxidation (P<0.05) but did not influence pH value or cooking loss.     

Storage Stability of Vacuum Packaged Frozen Pork Sausage Containing Soy Protein Concentrate, Carrageenan or Antioxidants

Fresh pork sausage patties containing carrageenan, without or with soy protein and an antioxidant were packaged with or without vacuum. They were evaluated for sensory properties, visual color, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and Hunter color ‘L’, ‘a’, ‘b’ values at 4-wk intervals during 16 wk frozen storage. Rosemary extract was as effective as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)/propyl gallate (PG)/citric acid (CA) in antioxidant properties, but patties with BHT/PG/CA showed less surface discoloration (P < 0.05). In fat-control (FC) products, antioxidants combined with vacuum packaging provided optimum protection against rancidity. With vacuum packaging (VP), reduced-fat products maintained acceptable quality (TBARS and sensory properties) during 16 wks frozen storage.     

Use of carbon monoxide combined with carbon dioxide for modified atmosphere packaging of pre- and postrigor fresh pork sausage to improve shelf life

Fresh pre- and postrigor pork sausage patties were manufactured in the Iowa State University Meat Laboratory and packaged either in modified atmosphere (MAP) with 0.4% carbon monoxide (CO) and 99.6% carbon dioxide (CO2) or on foam trays overwrapped with oxygen-permeable film (OW). Packages were stored at 2 to 40C under fluorescent lights for up to 31 days. Aerobic, anaerobic, and psychrotrophic plate counts, raw and cooked color, purge, and lipid oxidation were measured during storage. Results indicated that both pork sausage products in MAP had lower aerobic and psychrotrophic counts and less lipid oxidation throughout storage (P < 0.05). Raw color of both products in MAP was redder than the OW patties (P < 0.05), but the prerigor pork sausage in MAP benefited more from the CO atmosphere in terms of raw color than the postrigor pork sausage in MAP. Cooked color of the prerigor pork sausage in MAP was significantly redder than cooked color of the postrigor pork sausage. Both pork sausage products in MAP were also lighter (L* value) than the OW patties for raw and cooked color. Therefore, the combination of CO and CO2 in MAP was beneficial in extending the shelf life of pre-and postrigor fresh pork sausage by reducing aerobic and psychrotrophic microbial growth and improving oxidative stability and color, compared to conventional OW packaging. However, increased purge, increased anaerobic growth, and changes in cooking behavior were also observed for the products in MAP during storage (P < 0.05).     

Flavor and Oxidative Stability of Ground Beef Patties as Affected by Source and Storage

Chuck muscles and fat from silage plus grain- and forage-fed steers were stored 7 days at 4°C before patty manufacture or processed into patties and stored at 4°C or ?32°C. The thiobarbituric acid values were constant from 0 to 4 days for frozen patties but decreased (P<0.05) for refrigerated patties. Evaluated by an 11-member trained sensory panel, frozen patties had lower (P<0.05) rancid flavor intensity than refrigerated patties; rancid flavor increased from 0 to 2 or 4 days storage in refrigerated patties. Frozen patties from silage plus grain-fed steers had higher (P<0.05) beefy flavor intensity scores than those from forage beef. However, diet source had no effect (P>0.05) on refrigerated patties.     

Physical and Sensory Characteristics of Low-Fat Fresh Pork Sausage Processed with Various Levels of Added Water

The acceptability of low-fat pork sausage, formulated by replacing fat with added water, was studied. Six sausage blends, consisting of three fat levels (15, 25 and 35%) and two levels of added water (3 and 13%) were stratified across two packaging treatments, chubpacks or mechanically formed patties. Increased amounts of added water in low-fat sausage resulted in cooking losses, color and textural characteristics similar to control sausage. Sensory panel ratings did not differ between sausage formulated to contain 35% fat (3% added water) and those containing 15% fat. Acceptable lower fat pork sausage may be produced with 15% fat if water is used for the replacement of fat.     

产酸丙酸杆菌发酵甘油提取物对冷藏调理猪肉饼品质的影响

以未添加抗氧化剂的调理猪肉饼作为对照,研究不同添加量的产酸丙酸杆菌发酵提取物（fermented extract of Propionibacterium acidipropionici,FEPA）对4 ℃冷藏调理猪肉饼品质的影响。将0.2%（以猪瘦肉质量计,下同）、0.3%、0.4%和0.5%的FEPA分别添加到调理猪肉饼中,测定其在1、4、7、10 d冷藏期间的pH值、色泽（L*、a*、b*值）、质量损失率、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS）值、菌落总数和质构变化。结果表明：添加FEPA可显著提高调理猪肉饼冷藏期间的a*值（P＜0.05）,有利于猪肉饼色泽的改善,并能显著降低猪肉饼的咀嚼性、质量损失率、菌落总数（P＜0.05）,显著抑制蛋白和脂肪氧化（P＜0.05）;其中添加0.5%的FEPA可显著降低猪肉饼的硬度（P＜0.05）,且其抑制蛋白、脂肪氧化和抗菌效果最佳,因此在所有处理组中,0.5%的FEPA对调理猪肉饼的品质有较优的改善作用。     

Pallet Location and Freezing Rate Effects on the Oxidation of Lipids and Myoglobin in Commercial Fresh Pork Sausage

Effects of freezing rates on oxidation of commercial fresh pork sausage chubs were evaluated in association with location extremes on a production pallet. Three treatments requiring 9 hr, 2.4 days and 6.8 days for temperature declines from 7°C to ? 15°C were tested. Sausage chubs were analyzed after 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 wk of frozen (- 15°C) plus 3 wk of postfrozen refrigerated (1°C) storage. 2-Thiob-arbituric acid (TBA) numbers did not increase with slower freezing (P>0.05). Hunter “a” values were greater (P<0.05) for the two slower rates. Overall, pallet location of boxed chubs minimally affected oxidative stability. Significant correlations (P<0.05) suggested a positive relationship between lipid and myoglobin oxidation.     

Konjac gel as pork backfat replacer in dry fermented sausages: processing and quality characteristics

The effect of replacing animal fat (0%, 50% and 80% of pork backfat) by an equal proportion of konjac gel, on processing and quality characteristics of reduced and low-fat dry fermented sausage was studied. Weight loss, pH, and water activity of the sausage were affected (P<0.05) by fat reduction and processing time. Low lipid oxidation levels were observed during processing time irrespective of the dry sausage formulation. The fat content for normal-fat (NF), reduced-fat (RF) and low-fat (LF) sausages was 29.96%, 19.69% and 13.79%, respectively. This means an energy reduction of about 14.8% for RF and 24.5% for LF. As the fat content decreases there is an increase (P<0.05) in hardness and chewiness and a decrease (P<0.05) in cohesiveness. No differences were appreciated (P>0.05) in the presence of microorganisms as a result of the reformulation. The sensory panel considered that NF and RF products had acceptable sensory characteristics.     

Effect of enrobing and antioxidants on quality characteristics of precooked pork patties under chilled and frozen storage conditions

Enrobed or coated pork patties containing a (50:50) mixture of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at a level of 100 ppm in the batter mix and meat emulsion were cooked and stored chilled (4±1?°C) and frozen (-18±1?°C) for evaluation of quality. Test samples were compared to control patties (neither enrobed nor antioxidant treated). After 35 days of refrigerated storage no significant difference (P>0.05) was found in pH, 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) values between uncoated and treated samples. Similarly, enrobed patties showed no significant (P<0.05) decrease in TBA values compared to control patties, but had lower relative moisture loss at the 45th day of frozen storage. However, control patties had significantly (P<0.05) higher overall shear values than coated patties under the same storage conditions. Coated samples had higher microbial loads but below the acceptable limit. Total plate counts (TPC) in enrobed and control patties were around 3.48 and 3.05 log(10) cfu/g, respectively, whereas in frozen stored samples these numbers were 2.77 and 2.69 log(10) cfu/g at the end of storage. Sensory scores viz appearance and color, flavor, juiciness, texture, and overall acceptability were higher in treated samples than controls during the entire storage period.     

不同冷却方式对低温熟制猪肉品质的影响

以低温（80 ℃）熟制的猪肉为研究对象,采用冷藏冷却（4 ℃）、冷冻冷却（?18 ℃）和真空冷藏冷却（4 ℃）3种方式将其从80 ℃冷却至10 ℃,研究冷却速率、质量损失率、质构特性、色泽以及硫代巴比妥酸值（TBA）等品质变化,并研究其在4 ℃下贮藏期间的TBA值及气味等品质变化情况。结果表明:真空冷藏冷却和冷冻冷却的冷却速率显著高于冷藏冷却（P<0.05）;冷藏冷却质量损失最大（6.67%）（P<0.05）,冷冻冷却质量损失最少（4.47%）;真空冷藏冷却具有最小的L*值,a*值和最大的b*值（P<0.05）;冷藏冷却处理具有最大的硬度值（13647.14±51.47 g）（P<0.05）;真空冷藏冷却的样品气味较其他两组处理的气味差别大;在冷却结束和贮藏过程中冷藏冷却处理组的TBA值均显著高于其他两组（P<0.05）;随着贮藏时间的增加,3组样品的气味差异变大。冷冻冷却和真空冷藏冷却均能生产较好品质的低温猪肉制品,且具有较好的贮藏品质。     

The storage stability and textural, physico-chemical and sensory quality of low-fat ground pork patties with Carrageenan as fat replacer

Low‐fat ground pork patties (<10% total fat) made with carrageenan added at either 0.25, 0.50 or 0.75% final concentration were processed and the compositional and sensory characteristics compared with control patties which contained 20% fat. The moisture content of raw and cooked low‐fat patties was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than control patties because of greater amounts of water added during formulation. Cooking yield, fat and moisture retention also improved significantly (P < 0.05) in low‐fat patties that had carrageenan incorporated when compared to a control product. The dimensions of the low‐fat patties were maintained better than those of the control product during cooking. The sensory attributes of low‐fat patties with 0.5% carrageenan were similar to those of the high‐fat control. The lipid profile revealed as much as a 47.7 or 44.1% decrease in total lipids and cholesterol content respectively, compared with the controls. The calorie content was reduced by 31.1% in low‐fat cooked patties compared with the controls. The texture profile of low‐fat patties that had been made with 0.5% carrageenan were similar to control patties with only a slight increase in hardness and gumminess in the low‐fat product. The low‐fat ground pork patties made in the present study remained stable without any appreciable loss of physico‐chemical, microbiological and organoleptic quality during refrigerated storage (4 ± 1 °C) for 21 and 35 days in aerobic and vacuum packaging respectively.     

ANTILISTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM OR CALCIUM LACTATE IN PORK LIVER SAUSAGE

The antilisterial activity of sodium, potassium or calcium lactate was tested in pork liver sausage (55% moisture, 2% sodium chloride). Lactate levels of 2, 3 or 4% (w/w) were used and the sausage was sterilized and inoculated with 10⁴–10⁵ cells/g of Listeria monocytogenes strain Scott A. Enhanced inhibitory effects of the organism were observed with increasing concentrations of the salts at two storage temperatures. At 20C, cell numbers in the controls increased by 5 log cycles after 10 days. The change in log CFU/g in samples treated with 4% of the lactate salts was: sodium, 1.4; potassium, 1.35, and calcium, -1.33. At 5C, cell numbers after 50 days of storage increased by 4.5 log cycles in controls, and changes in log CFU/g in samples treated with 3% lactate were: sodium, 0.88; potassium, -0.67, and calcium, -1.49. Increasing the sodium chloride content in the product enhanced the inhibitory effects. While L. monocytogenes grew better in heat processed (water bath) than in heat sterilized sausage, cell growth was suppressed during refrigerated storage by 3% of each of the lactate salts, and the effect of the calcium salt was superior to that of either the sodium or the potassium salt. Although addition of lactates to the sausage lowered the water activity, the change was not sufficient to account for the antilisterial activity of these salts .