Columbia University microbeam：development of an experimental system for targeting cells individually with counted particles

Columbia University microbeam was constructed in 1993 and finished by the end of 1995,It is well established and used routinely to irradiate cells in a highly localized spatial region with a defined number of α-particles,By using this probe,it is possible to study a number of radiobiological questions in ways that cannot be simulated by using conventional broad-field exposures.This report describes the development and current capabilities of the Columbia University microbeam,as well as the preliminary researches undertaken.     

Characteristics of Positive Ions in the Sheath Region of Magnetized Collisional Electronegative Discharges

A hydrodynamic model is used to investigate the characteristics of positive ions in the sheath region of a low-pressure magnetized electronegative discharge. Positive ions are modeled as a cold fluid, while the electron and negative ion density distributions obey the Boltzmann distribution with two different temperatures. By taking into account the ion-neutral collision effect in the sheath region and assuming that the momentum transfer cross section has a power law dependence on the velocity of positive ions, the sheath formation criterion （modified Bohm＇s criterion） is derived and it is shown that there are specified maximum and minimum limits for the ion Mach number M. Considering these two limits of M, the behaviors of electrostatic potential, charged particle density distributions and positive ion velocities in the sheath region are studied for different values of ion-neutral collision frequency.     

Nitrogen Deposition Via N^＋ Implantation： Implications for Primordial Amino Acids Synthesis Revisited

In this paper amino acids synthesis in aqueous solution induced by ion implantation, which was possibly ubiquitous on primitive Earth, is investigated. As a discharge using a graphite rod as the anode under a nitrogen atmosphere was performed against ammonia water, it was found that three kinds of amino acids were produced. They were glycine, serine and alanine. By introducing ion implantation into the carboxylate solution, ammonia and amino acids were also formed via nitrogen deposition/fixation. Another isotopic experiment showed that both OH and H radicals played a crucial role in the arc-discharge-promoted reactions in aqueous solution Therefore, we believe that the impact of ions in the original atmospheric conditions might have functioned as a promoter in the chemical origin and evolution of life.     

SO-FDTD Analysis of the Plasma Reflectance of Epstein Distribution

The analysis of electromagnetic propagation in a dispersive medium is complicated in the time-domain because its dielectric constant is frequency-dependent. In this paper, the dielectric constant of the dispersive medium is written as a rational polynomial function, and the relationship between D and E is derived in the time-domain. It is referred to as the shift operator finite-different time-domain （SO-FDTD） method. Compared to an analytical solution and a piecewise linear current density recursive convolution （PLJERC） solution, the high accuracy and efl%iency of this method is verified by calculating the reflectance of the electromagnetic wave through a cold plasma slab. As the electron density in plasma is distributed as the Epstein formula, the effect of distribution grads and electron collision frequency on the reflectance is calculated by using the SO-FDTD method. The result shows that the increase in the distribution grads coefficient affects the reflectance sharply. When it comes to a smaller distribution grads coelBcient, the increase of the collision frequency showed a significant effect on the reflectance, but on the contrary, there is actually less and less effect till it disappears.     

Focusing characteristics of the relativistic electron beam transmitting in ion channel

Based on the beam–plasma system model established in this paper, the trajectory of the electron beam in the ion channel is studied quantitatively through the envelope equation. Under different initial system parameters, the focusing transmission conditions of the beam in the ion channel are discussed. Then, a series of particle-in-cell simulations are performed, which generally versifies the theoretical results and shows some further details of the focusing behavior of the beam. It is found that the deceleration of some electrons around the focusing point or the beam–plasma interaction at the ion channel boundary will result in the generation of the residual electrons,which forms the electron return current that leads to the new instabilities influencing the focusing characteristics of the beam.     

Numerical Study of Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer Induced by Plasma Discharges

A numerical investigation is conducted to explore the evolution of a plasma discharge and its interaction with the fluid flow based on a self-consistent fluid model which couples the discharge dynamics with the fluid dynamics.The effects of the applied voltage on the distribution of velocity and temperature in initially static air are parainetrically studied.Furthermore,the spatial structure of plasma discharge and the resulting force contours in streamwise and normal directions are discussed in detail.The result shows that the plasma actuator produces a net force that should always be directed away from the exposed electrode,which results in an ionic wind pushing particles into a jet downstream of the actuator.When the energy added by the plasma is taken into account,the ambient air temperature is increased slightly around the electrode,but the velocity is almost not affected.Therefore it is unlikely that the induced flow is buoyancy driven.For the operating voltages considered in this paper,the maximum induced velocity is found to follow a power law,i.e.,it is proportional to the applied voltage to the 3.5 power.This promises an efficient application in the flow control with plasma actuators.     

Aqueous solution of basic fuchsin as food irradiation dosimeter

Dosimetric characterization of aqueous solution of basic fuchsin was studied spectrophotometrically for possible application in the low-dose food irradiation dosimetry. Absorption spectra of unirradiated and irradiated solu- tions were determined and the decrease in absorbance with the dose was noted down. Radiation-induced bleaching of the dye was measured at wavelengths of maximum absorption λmax (540nm) as well as 510nm and 460 nm. At all these wavelengths, the decrease in absorbance of the dosimeter was linear with respect to the absorbed dose from 50 Gy to 600 Gy. The stability of dosimetric solution during post-irradiation storage in the dark at room temperature showed that after initial bleaching during first ten to twenty days, the response was almost stable for about 34 days. The study on the effect of different light and temperature conditions also showed that the response gradually decreased during the storage period of 34 days, which shows that basic fuchsin dye is photosensitive as well as thermally sensitive.     

The Properties of the Space-Charge and Net Current Density in Magnetized Plasmas

A hydrodynamic model is used to investigate the properties of positive space-charge and net current density in the sheath region of magnetized, collisional plasmas with warm positive ions. It is shown that an increase in the ion-neutral collision frequency, as well as the magnitude of the external magnetic field, leads to an increase in the net current density across the sheath region. The results also show that the accumulation of positive ions in the sheath region increases by increasing the ion-neutral collision frequency and the magnitude of the magnetic field. In addition, it is seen that an increase in the positive ion temperatures causes a decrease in the accumulation of positive ions and the net current density in the sheath region.     

Analysis of flow instabilities in forced-convection steam generator

1 Introduction Flow instability appears in a number of two-phase boiling systems, such as reactors, various chemical-process equipments, and phase-change heat exchangers. Steam generators applied in nuclear plant may lead to high-quality density-wave instabilities under some conditions. Oscillations of the flow rate and system pressure are undesirable as they can cause mechanical vibrations, high pressures, and problem of system control, and in extreme circumstances can dis- turb the heat-tran…     

Steady and oscillatory plasma properties in the near-field plume of a hollow cathode

Hollow cathodes serve as electron sources in Hall thrusters,ion thrusters and other electric propulsion systems.One of the vital problems in their application is the cathode erosion.However,the basic erosion mechanism and the source of high-energy ions cause of erosion are not fully understood.In this paper,both potential measurements and simulation analyses were performed to explain the formation of high-energy ions.A high-speed camera,a single Langmuir probe and a floating emissive probe were used to determine the steady and oscillatory plasma properties in the near-field plume of a hollow cathode.The temporal structure,electron temperature,electron density,and both static and oscillation of plasma potentials of the plume have been obtained by the diagnostics mentioned above.The experimental results show that there exists a potential hill (about 30 V) and also severe potential oscillations in the near-plume region.Moreover,a simple 2D particle-in-cell model was used to analyze the energy transition between the potential hill and/or its oscillations and the ions.The simulation results show that the energy of ions gained from the static potential background is about 20 eV,but it could reach to 60 eV when the plasma oscillates.     

两相自然循环系统的静态漂移特性及输热能力限分析

基于分岔理论及其ＤＥＲＰＡＲ数值方法,运用最简单的均相模型计算出典型两相自然循环系统的静态分岔解图,详细讨论了由浮力和阻力随加热功率（含汽率）的非线性变化特性引起的静态分岔机理;导出对应于强迫循环系统的Ｌｅｄｉｎｅｇｇ不稳定性现象及其判断准则;定义稳定性裕度、自然循环系统输热能力限、静态分岔迟滞现象;讨论了系统压力、欠热度、阻力、几何构型等参数对运行稳定性及输热能力限的影响;强调指出了简单理论预测     

沸腾两相自然循环回路静态不稳定性的无量纲研究

定义了无量纲分析的参考尺度 ,采用无量纲分析的方法 ,运用一维均相模型 ,从理论上研究了两相自然循环系统的静态不稳定特性 ,总结出了影响两相自然循环系统静态稳定性的几个重要的无量纲参数。运用分岔理论及其DERPAR数值算法 ,得到了由无量纲量Npch m+表示的沸腾两相自然循环系统的静态分岔图 ,详细分析了由浮力和阻力随无量纲的加热功率的非线性的变化特性。并且给出了几个重要系统参数的效应图。     

两相自然循环系统的静态分岔特性机理分析

基于分岔理论及其DERPAR数值方法及均相模型,计算出两相自然循环系统的静态分岔解图,进一步得到不同压力下质量含汽率和空泡份额随加热功率的变化曲线图;深入讨论了流型转变对两相自然循环流动不稳定性的影响;分析了系统压力、含汽率、汽液两相密度差引起的不稳定性的机理;并比较了不同系统压力、欠热度、阻力、几何构型等参数对质量含汽率和空泡份额的影响。强调指出两相自然循环系统的静态分岔现象主要是由于汽液两相密度差引起的。随着压力的升高,汽液两相密度差异减小,有利于系统的稳定性。     

两相自然循环非能动系统静态分岔特性和参数效应研究

耗散结构在流体动力学中存在,两相自然循环非能动系统稳定性是耗散结构在多相流体动力学中的问题,运用分岔理论及其DERPAR数值方法给出系统随参数变化的演化过程的静态分岔解图图谱。以静态分岔解图呈现的迟滞现象（多平衡解）定义了输热能力限、静态漂移稳定性准则、稳定性裕度、比质量流量输热能力、分岔现象消失—呈单值性的临界参数区的系统演化的自组织特性的物理本质—系统的稳态和时间相关态随着特征参数的演化。用低压下的实验数据与理论计算分析进行比较,变化趋势吻合,尚需进一步验证。     

两相自然循环非线性特征及实验研究

采用均相模型,基于分岔理论预测了两相自然循环系统的流量漂移(静态分岔)相关特性,并对其进行了实验验证.同时,对系统的动态参数时序进行了时域和频域分析,研究了特定工况下沸腾喷发弛张动态不稳定性机理.通过对系统相关时序的相空间重构与分维分析,探讨了系统随加热功率变化的非线性演化规律.     

低压低流速条件下的过冷沸腾换热特性

为探究低压低流速条件下的过冷沸腾换热特性,开展本实验研究。通过分析实验中采集的热工参数和可视化图像,探究了沸腾滞后现象、沸腾失稳现象以及沸腾换热特性。实验发现沸腾起始点壁面过热度较高,而沸腾的发生大幅提高了换热系数,因此出现了显著的沸腾滞后现象。实验中较为光滑的加热面可达到较高的过热度,而低压下快速产生的气泡尺寸较大,在较低的热流密度下气液界面发生剧烈变化,使气泡破裂为多个小气泡并成为核化点。在过冷沸腾换热系数的预测中,Dittus-Boelter对流换热关系式不再适用,采用Hallman关系式和Gnielinski关系式计算对流换热系数,并引入壁面过热度对池式沸腾换热系数进行修正,可使过冷沸腾换热系数的预测精度大幅提高。     

骨粉对放射性废水中钍的吸附行为研究

以骨粉为吸附材料,对水溶液中的Th(Ⅳ)进行吸附研究。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FT-IR)和扫描电镜(SEM)表征了骨粉的理化性质。考察了溶液pH值、钍溶液浓度、接触时间、温度等对骨粉吸附钍的影响,并对骨粉吸附钍的吸附机理进行了探讨。结果表明,骨粉在pH=3时有最大吸附容量。等温吸附实验及动力学研究表明,骨粉对钍的吸附行为符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型,单分子层饱和吸附容量为482.50mg/g。热力学研究表明,骨粉对钍的吸附是自发的吸热过程。     

硅胶对锆钚(Ⅳ)吸附的研究

为了去除乏燃料溶解液和高放废液中的Zr,研究了酸性条件下硅胶对Zr的静态吸附和对Zr,Pu的动态吸附。研究结果表明,在25℃和1mol/L HNO3时,硅胶对Zr的静态吸附容量约为0225mmol/g,随着料液酸度的降低、硅胶粒度的减小、Zr浓度及固液比的升高,硅胶吸附Zr的能力增大;在4mol/L HNO3溶液中,硅胶吸附Zr而几乎不吸附Pu(Ⅳ),因此可用硅胶吸附法使Zr与Pu(Ⅳ)分离。用2个柱体积的02mol/L H2C2O4可将吸附在硅胶上的Zr解吸下来,洗脱率可达992%。硅胶再次吸附Zr时,吸附性能曲线和吸附容量均无明显变化,硅胶可重复使用。     

Identification of initiating events for pressurized water reactor accidents

In order to aid operators in identifying the different initiating events as defined in the Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR), we develop a novel identification procedure. The procedure is based on the monitoring of three key system parameters in a pressurized water reactor (PWR), i.e., the pressure, the average temperature, and the temperature difference of the hot-leg and cold-leg of the reactor coolant system. By monitoring the system thermal state diagram in a pressure–temperature space, an operator can easily identify what initiating event is taking place while a static point in the diagram starts to move. The event data pool is first established by storing the transient analysis results for events of different types using the optimal estimated RELAP5 model. Since the variation ranges of system key parameters at a specific time represent the specific character for each initiating event, the identification procedure can easily determine which cases in which the event data pool can be fitted to on-line data using only variation range comparison without complex calculations. This identification method is believed to be able to help the plant operator to identify the different events and then execute the Emergency Operating Procedure more effectively.     

Estimation of the Lyman-α signal of the EFILE diagnostic under static or radiofrequency electric field in vacuum

The electric field induced Lyman-α emission diagnostic aims to provide a non intrusive and precise measurement of the electric field in plasma, using a beam of hydrogen atoms prepared in the metastable 2 s state. The metastable particles are obtained by means of a proton beam extracted from a hydrogen plasma source, and neutralised by interaction with vaporised caesium.When a 2 s atom enters a region where an electric field is present, it undergoes a transition to the2 p state(Stark mixing). It then quickly decays to the ground level, emitting Lyman-α radiation,which is collected by a photomultiplier. The 2 s→2 p transition rate is proportional to the square of the magnitude of the electric field, and depends on the field oscillation frequency(with peaks around 1 GHz). By measuring the intensity of the Lyman-α radiation emitted by the beam it is possible to determine the magnitude of the field in a defined region. In this work, an analysis of the behaviour of the diagnostic under static or radiofrequency electric field is presented. Electric field simulations obtained with a finite element solver of Maxwell equations, combined with theoretical calculations of the Stark mixing transition rate, are used to develop a model for the interpretation of photomultiplier data. This method shows good agreement with experimental results for the static field case, and allows to measure the field magnitude for the oscillating case.